Lipids Exam Notes PDF

Okay, here is the conversion of the image into a markdown format. ### Structural Storage lipids directs their aggregation into forming membrane bilayer, this aggregation is determined by their hydrophilic interaction in one end and their hydrophobic interaction with one another phospholipids. Exam...

Okay, here is the conversion of the image into a markdown format. ### Structural Storage lipids directs their aggregation into forming membrane bilayer, this aggregation is determined by their hydrophilic interaction in one end and their hydrophobic interaction with one another phospholipids. Examples of structural lipids are glycerolipids, galactolipids and the sterols (cholesterol). ### SUB-CLASSES of LIPIDS Fatty acids are carboxylic acids with long chain hydrocarbon side groups. They are usually found in esterified form and are more often esterified to glycerides and sphingosine. They are esterified to proteins in the blood as lipoproteins. FAs are usually not found freely in nature. The naturally occurring fatty acids are usually between carbon 12-24. Live naturally occuring FAs are usually even numbers carbon atoms. Predominantly the common chain length is C16 Examples like palmitic acid, stearic & linoleic acids. Saturated fatty acids are fully reduced and they do not contain double bands and as a result they can rotate freely on their own tell, they are flexible. Unsaturated F.As - liquid at room temperature. The solubility melting point of fatty acids is dependent on the number of carbon atoms in their chain length, the shorter the fatty acid chain the more the solubility & the lower the melting point. alute, the longer the fatty acid chain, the less the solubility, and the higher the melting Point. from 1,2,5, Unsaturated fatty acids contain double bonds ice can have more unsaturated fatty acids then effects. Polyunsaturated FAs contains more than one double bond. Double bond in Poly-unsaturated F.As occur at intervals of 3 carbon atoms at once so they are not conjugated system. Double bonds in fatty acids are in cis configuration. Monounsaturated F. As contains a single double bond. *Conjugated systems are found in Isopranoids, saturated F. As are in reduced forms they tend tor can easily rotate about their carbon chain. They are flescible Hence they tend to pack about each other & form solid structure sche to their disco information Lend to bend a degree of and hence accur a's oils with Prose VanderWaal. ### Triacylglycerides They are composed of 3 fatty acids that are esterified into a single triglyceride, They are non-Polar, are completely hydrophobic, neutral. Examples are triglycerides, fats, or brand neutral lipids. The image shows the chemical diagram of triglycerides which contains glycerol: $H_2C - CH - CH_2$ and the structure of $C=0$ is attached with $R_1, R_2, R_3$. Triglycerides are form of storage of energy in biological membranes (adipose tissue). toaxes are esterne of long chain fatty acids and long chain alcohol. It has higher Melting Point than triglyceride The last structure is palmitic acid $CH_3(CH_2)_{14}-C^{O}-O-CH_2-(CH_2)_{28}-CH_3$ 1-Triacontano/bee waxes. ### Structural lipids They form the core of the membrane lipid bilayer which function as a barrier to the passage of polar molecules and ions. They are amphipathic in nature - contains lipids. philic moieties (heads) and hydrophobic moieties (tails). Amphipathic - if some will internact with polar and other Part interact with non polar environment. Combinations of the Various "heads" and tails" results in enamous diversity in the lipid bilayer, Phospholipids-glycer/thanhts and shenjomyeling Types of structural lipids: * Glycerophospholipids * Sphingolipids * Glycosyl glycerides * Ether lipids * sterols A elfenphospholipids are also calleel phosphoglycerides. They are deriVatives of phosphatidic acids Chooo fatty acord moieties esterifeddo glycerol phosphide at $C_1 and C_G$ The image contains two chemical structures. The first structure is Glycerol-3-phosphate: * $CH_2$ * $OH$ * $OH$ * $O-P=O$ The second is Glycerol and the structure is not clear. | Head group | Formula | Name of Phospholipid | | :----------- | :---------------------------------- | :----------------------- | | Water | H | Phosphatidecid | | Ethanolamine | -CH2CH2NH2 | phogholdels thanolamine | | choline | -CH2CH2 N(CH3)3 | Phosphatidylcholine | | Serine | - CH2 CH(NH3) COO | Phosphonatylserine | | Glycerol | ft, ett (ott) ctto ott | phosphatidylglycerol | | | | diphaptiallylglycerol | | myo-Inositol | The image shows a chemical diagram | phospha hdylinositol | B Sphingolipids They are derlatives of sphingosine (also called 4-sphingenine)- afiy namino alcohol) Another, destinative of sphingosina is cons ceramics. In ceramides, a fatty/agl group is linked to the amino group on $C_6$ of sphingolino Via an amide antagonist is the parasit compound of other in trabrede Types of sphingolipids: The image contains three chemical structures The first is sphingosine: The second one is Ceramide Third one is unknown * sphingomyelins * Corebrosides * Globosides Gangliosides (glucose head group) Sphingomyelins Ceramides bearing a phosphatidylcholine) phos phochdine as head groups. They are classified as Splicephalipid sily: They are similar to phosphatidyl leidine zin theginConformation and charge distribution giloos in myelin that insulak the They are abcon of Neurons: The image shows structure as below: The first structure: $CH_2$ with $N-CH_3$ and $CH_3$ $CH_3 CH_3$ The second one: $O-P=O$ Third one: $H_2C - C - C - H$ There is $NH$ and $C$ is attached with $(CH_2)_{14} CH_3 At sphingomyelin Cerebrosides loo to They are ceramides, bearing a single sugar residue (Glucose, galactose) as the polar head group on C-1 ilia a glycosidic lineage:. They are also classified as glycolipid, and They are non-ionic Die they carry no charge) Mose with glucose are mostly present in plasma membrane of non-neural cells, those bearing galadose are present in neural cells. Globosides They are Ceramides bearing two er mere sugar as their Polar head group sugar Presents ore and N-acetyl-D- neutral at physiological pH (pH=7) D-glucose, D-galactose Jalactosamine: They are Gangliorides They are complex sphingolipids. They are ceramides with oligosaccharides as their head group Oligosaccharides have at least one residue of N-acetylneuraminic acid (Sialic acid) at the terminal. They are negatively charged at pH=7 and they are primarily present on the outer leaflet on the plasma membrane voliere they cerve as recognition site or receptors plat 28/10/22 od ESTEROIDS General steroid ckeleton: Present in Memorandum of Most Eukaryotic cells and they are derivatives of cyclopentano per hydrophenanthrene the steroid nucleus is compared of it fused rings, three: coith is compos ed of it fused rings, three: with 6 carbons and the fourth with fivet cordon't major steroids are cholesterol Present in animal calls, stigmasterol Present in plant cells and Ergosterol Present in fungi.. Cholesterol. Amphipache in nature A Polar head group which is a hydroxyl group ipresent at $C_3$ and an alkyl group at St The image contains the chemical formula of steriods.