Basic Occupational Safety and Healthy Book.pdf
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lOMoARcPSD|29425819 Basic occup 0ational safety and health BS Accountancy (Christ the King College) Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university Downloaded by Aubrey Muhi Lanot ([email protected]) ...
lOMoARcPSD|29425819 Basic occup 0ational safety and health BS Accountancy (Christ the King College) Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university Downloaded by Aubrey Muhi Lanot ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|29425819 BASIC OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH TRAINING Republic of the Philippines DEPARTMENT OF LABOR AND EMPLOYMENT Occupational Safety and Health Center Downloaded by Aubrey Muhi Lanot ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|29425819 TABLE OF CONTENTS Module 1: OSH and the BOSH Framework Page 4 Module 2: OSH Situation in the Global and Local Levels 8 Module 3: Unsafe / Unhealthy Acts and Conditions 18 Module 4: Housekeeping 23 Module 5: Materials Handling and Storage 46 Module 6: Fire Safety 76 Module 7: Electrical Safety 95 Module 8: Machine Safety 110 Module 9: Personal Protective Equipment 129 Module 10: Industrial Hygiene 144 Module 11: Environment Control Measures 167 Module 12: Occupational Health Hazards and Their Health Effects 179 Module 13: Safety and Health Inspection 205 Module 14: Accident Investigation 216 Module 15: Development of an OSH Program 228 Module 16: OSH Legislation 238 Basic Occupational Safety and Health (BOSH) Training Page 2 of 250 Downloaded by Aubrey Muhi Lanot ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|29425819 Basic Occupational Safety and Health (BOSH) Training BOSH Framework Basic Occupational Safety and Health (BOSH) Training Page 3 of 250 Downloaded by Aubrey Muhi Lanot ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|29425819 Unit 1 – Introduction to OSH Module 1: OSH and the BOSH Framework This is a very short module which aims to prepare you for the technical discussions that will follow in the next modules. This will also explain how the discussions will flow and give you basic directions on where we are going. Objectives: Working on this module should help you to: - have an overview of the BOSH Course and the importance of safety and health - define OSH and its three major fields – Occupational Safety, Occupational Health and Industrial Hygiene - identify work hazards and risks and recommend control measures to reduce or eliminate work-related accidents and illness - acquire basic knowledge & skills on OSH, such as safe work practices, that will enable you to plan/develop your company’s Safety and Health program. Overview of the BOSH Course By the end of this course, you should be able to: Understand the National Laws and Regulations on OSH Be aware of the Philippine Statistics on accidents/injuries and illnesses and the reporting requirements of the Department of Labor and Employment Understand the causes of accidents, identify existing/potential safety and health hazards and risks at work, and the mechanisms to prevent these hazards and risks Describe the effects of OSH hazards on the worker Enumerate the effects of occupational illnesses/accidents to the workers, workplace, community, and society Determine the appropriate control measures to prevent hazards and risks Conduct a simulated safety and health audit through a site/plant visit Describe the roles/functions of the supervisor in promoting an OSH-friendly environment in his/her organization Describe the components of a health and safety program List and describe the benefits of an OSH-friendly environment, the different government organizations and non-governmental organizations, private and academic institutions that promote, regulate OSH and how they can network with partners Develop a personal re-entry plan These objectives can be attained by understanding OSH, why we need to learn key concepts in prevention and how we can respond to existing and potential hazards that affect the human body, personal lives, families and communities. Basic Occupational Safety and Health (BOSH) Training Page 4 of 250 Downloaded by Aubrey Muhi Lanot ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|29425819 What is Occupational Safety and Health (OSH)? Occupational safety and health is a discipline with a broad scope involving three major fields – Occupational Safety, Occupational Health and Industrial Hygiene. Occupational safety deals with understanding the causes of accidents at work and ways to prevent unsafe act and unsafe conditions in any workplace. Safety at work discusses concepts on good housekeeping, proper materials handling and storage, machine safety, electrical safety, fire prevention and control, safety inspection, and accident investigation. Occupational health is a broad concept which explains how the different hazards and risks at work may cause an illness and emphasizes that health programs are essential in controlling work-related and/or occupational diseases. Industrial hygiene discusses the identification, evaluation, and control of physical, chemical, biological and ergonomic hazards. “In its broadest sense, OSH aims at: the promotion and maintenance of the highest degree of physical, mental and social well-being of workers in all occupations; the prevention of adverse health effects of the working conditions the placing and maintenance of workers in an occupational environment adapted to physical and mental needs; the adaptation of work to humans (and NOT the other way around). In other words, occupational health and safety encompasses the social, mental and physical well-being of workers, that is, the “whole person”. Successful occupational health and safety practice requires the collaboration and participation of both employers and workers in health and safety programs, and involves the consideration of issues relating to occupational medicine, industrial hygiene, toxicology, education, engineering safety, ergonomics, psychology, etc. Occupational health issues are often given less attention than occupational safety issues because the former are generally more difficult to confront. However, when health is addressed, so is safety - a healthy workplace is by definition also a safe workplace. The reverse, though, may not be true - a so-called safe workplace is not necessarily also a healthy workplace. The important point is that both health and safety issues must be addressed in every workplace.” (Your health and safety at work: INTRODUCTION TO OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY, International Labour Organization, accessed 25 April 2005 http://www.itcilo.it/actrav/actrav-english/telearn/osh/intro/introduc.htm) Basic Occupational Safety and Health (BOSH) Training Page 5 of 250 Downloaded by Aubrey Muhi Lanot ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|29425819 The terms hazard and risk are often interchanged. Because you will be encountering these throughout the course it is a must that you understand the difference between them. Hazard – a source or situation with a potential to cause harm in terms of injury, ill health, damage to property, damage to the environment or a combination of these. Risk – a combination of the likelihood of an occurrence of a hazardous event with specified period or in specified circumstances and the severity of injury or damage to the health of people, property, environment or any combination of these caused by the event. The hazards affecting the workplace under each major area should be detected, identified, controlled and, at best, prevented from occurring by the safety and health officer of the company. Occupational safety and health should be integrated in every step of the work process, starting from storage and use of raw materials, the manufacture of products, release of by-products, use of various equipment and ensuring a non-hazardous or risk-free work environment. Our discussions will therefore flow from the three major areas of OSH and then on to the part where you will prepare a re-entry plan to apply what you have learned in your specific workplace. If you are not working yet, we can simulate a company, a household or a community that will benefit from your re-entry plan. Basic Occupational Safety and Health (BOSH) Training Page 6 of 250 Downloaded by Aubrey Muhi Lanot ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|29425819 Basic Occupational Safety and Health (BOSH) Training OSH Situationer Basic Occupational Safety and Health (BOSH) Training Page 7 of 250 Downloaded by Aubrey Muhi Lanot ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|29425819 Unit 1 – Introduction to OSH Module 2: OSH Situation in the Global and Local Levels Module 2, aims to provide a background on both the local and international OSH situation. We hope that by being aware and focusing on the magnitude of work-related accidents, injuries and illness, you will understand the prevalent conditions that exist which contribute to the accidents and illness at work. Let us share with you a historical event which led to OSH improvements in the early 19 th century. During the industrial revolution of 1800 – 1900s, the use of machines, equipment and chemicals were intensive as manufacturing processes, agriculture and train/steam engine transport were the driving force of the economy. However, numerous work-related accidents and deaths occurred arising from hazards in these industries. Statistics, at that time, showed that safety hazards, chemical exposures and injuries from manufacturing work were very high. This led to the development of guidelines and standards to protect workers from work-related hazards and risks in the above-mentioned industries. As work patterns change, trends on accidents and diseases may also reflect how workers are affected. In the late 20th century and until the present, we see that predominance of the service sector (wholesale and retail trade, education, hotels and restaurants, banks, health-care etc.), and we are now confronted with data that reveal work-related muscle and joint injuries experienced by the service sector workers and the emergence of the science of ergonomics which will be discussed at length in the Occupational Health module. Objectives: Working on this module should help you: - articulate a heightened awareness of the OSH situation, both local and international - identify the problems, issues and challenges associated with OSH conditions in the country Global OSH figures The International Labour Organization (ILO) Safework Introductory Report in 2008 showed that close to 50% of work-related deaths occur in Asia. In developing countries, fatality rates are five to six times higher than in industrialized nations and in developing countries where, every year, around 170,000 agricultural workers and 320,000 people die from exposures to biological risks such as viral, bacterial, insect or animal related risks. Basic Occupational Safety and Health (BOSH) Training Page 8 of 250 Downloaded by Aubrey Muhi Lanot ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|29425819 The latest ILO figures reveal that, “Every 15 seconds, 160 workers have a work-related accident. Every 15 seconds, a worker dies from a work-related accident or disease. Everyday, 6,300 people die as a result of occupational accidents or work-related diseases – more than 2.3 million deaths per year. Over 337 million accidents occur on the job annually; many of these resulting in extended absences from work. The human cost of this daily adversity is vast and the economic burden of poor occupational safety and health practices is estimated at 4% of global Gross Domestic product each year. The safety and health conditions at work are very different between countries, economic sectors and social groups. Deaths and injuries take a heavy toll in developing countries, where a large part of the population is engaged in hazardous activities such as agriculture, fishing and mining. Throughout the world, the poorest and least protected – often women, children and migrants – are among the most affected.” (Safety and Health at Work, International Labour Organization, accessed September 6, 2011 http://www.ilo.org/global/topics/safety-and-health-at-work/lang--en/index.htm ) To see figures in other countries, you may refer to these websites United States of America http://www.bls.gov/iif#tables http://www.bls.gov/data/home.htm Canada http://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/information/information/injury_statistics.html Japan http://www.jniosh.go.jp/icpro/jicosh-old/english/statistics/index.html Philippines http://www.oshc.dole.gov.ph http://www.bles.dole.gov.ph International Labour Organization http://laborsta.ilo.org http://www.ilo.org/public/english/bureau/stat/index.htm Philippine Labor and OSH statistics According to the latest Labor Force Survey (LFS) of the National Statistics Office (NSO), the Philippine labor force/ economically active population, which refers to persons 15 years old and above who are employed or underemployed, totals 38.905M in October 2010. “Of the estimated 36.0 million employed persons in 2010, more than half (51.8%) were engaged in services and about one-third (33.2%) were in agriculture. Most of those who worked in the services sector were into wholesale and retail trade, repair of motor vehicles, motorcycles and personal and household goods (19.5% of the total employed). Basic Occupational Safety and Health (BOSH) Training Page 9 of 250 Downloaded by Aubrey Muhi Lanot ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|29425819 Of the total employed persons, the laborers and unskilled workers comprised the largest group (32.3%). This was followed by farmers, forestry workers and fishermen (16.0%); officials of government and special interest organizations, corporate executives, managers, managing proprietors and supervisors (13.8%); and service workers, shop and market sales workers (10.6%). The rest of the major occupation groups each comprised less than 10 percent ranging from 0.4 percent to 7.7 percent. The majority (54.4%) of the employed were wage and salary workers, most of whom were in private establishments (40.4% of the total employed). Thirty percent were self- employed without any paid employee, four percent were employer in own family- operated business or farm while nearly 12 percent worked without pay in own family- operated farm or business. More than half (63.5%) of the total employed were full time workers or have worked for at least 40 hours per week. On the average, employed persons worked 41.7 hours a week in 2010. The number of underemployed workers in 2010 was 6.8 million, representing an annual underemployment rate of 18.7 percent. Underemployed workers are persons who express the desire to have additional hours of work in the present job, or to have an additional job, or to have a new job with longer working hours. The lowest underemployment rate was observed in Central Luzon (9.1%) while the highest was noted in Bicol Region (36.8%). About 2.9 million Filipinos were unemployed in 2010 representing an unemployment rate of 7.3 percent for the year. The unemployed persons who have attained high school accounted for 45.2 percent of all unemployed. The proportion of unemployed males was greater than that of their female counterparts (63.3% compared to 36.7%).” (2010 ANNUAL LABOR AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS, released February 8, 2011, http://www.census.gov.ph/data/press release/2011/pr1111tx.html) According to the July 2011 Current Labor Statistics of the DOLE Bureau of Labor and Employment Statistics (BLES), there are 8M OFWs with 1.47M deployed in 2010. Of the OFWs deployed in 2010, 1,123,676 are land based and 347,150 are sea-based. After knowing these statistics, the question that comes to mind is “how many Filipino workers are protected from accidents and illnesses while they work?” Basic Occupational Safety and Health (BOSH) Training Page 10 of 250 Downloaded by Aubrey Muhi Lanot ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|29425819 Taken in 2007-2008 and released in 2010, the latest Bureau of Labor and Employment Statistics (BLES) Integrated Survey (BITS) on cases of occupational injuries and diseases that affected private sector establishments covered 6,460 sample non-agricultural establishments with 20 or more workers. It has expanded its coverage 65 industries including building and repairing of ships and boats (manufacturing industry); bus line operation (transport, storage and communications); accounting, bookkeeping and auditing activities; tax consultancy, architectural, engineering and related technical consultancy; call center activities, medical transcription and related outsourcing activities (real estate, renting and business activities); and animated films and cartoons production (other community, social and personal service activities) industries. The BITS results reveal that a total of 44,800 occupational accidents occurred in 4,600 non-agricultural establishments employing 20 or more workers in 2007, a figure lower by 14.7% than the 52,515 accidents that affected 4, 824 establishments in 2003. Occupational injuries resulting from workplace accidents declined by 20.7% from 58,720 in 2003 to 46,570 in 2007. Cases that required absence/s from work stood at 23,265 in 2003 and 20,386 in 2007 or a reduction of 12.4%. Almost all cases with workdays lost in 2007 were temporary disabilities (20,109). This is 12.4% lower than the caseload of 22,964 in 2003. Fatalities decreased by 31.8% Figure 2 (from 170 in 2003 to 116 in 2007. However those permanently incapacitated increased by 23.7 % (from 131 in 2003 to 162 in 2007). Contributing factors to occupational accidents and injuries include machines, equipment, hand tools, materials, buildings, structures and chemical substances. Basic Occupational Safety and Health (BOSH) Training Page 11 of 250 Downloaded by Aubrey Muhi Lanot ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|29425819 On the other hand, training on the proper handling and correct operation of machines, use of personal protective equipment (PPE) precautions and carefulness in work prevent accidents and promote safety in establishments. The largest caseload of injuries with workdays lost in 2007 was recorded in manufacturing establishments at 61.0% (12,427). This industry also posted the biggest share at 61.9% four years earlier. The rest of the industries had lower shares ranging from 0.2% (financial intermediation) to 9.2% (hotels and restaurants) in 2007 and from 0.3% (mining and quarrying) to 11.6% (wholesale and retail trade) in 2003. (Table 1). Relative to their specific industry totals, private education injury cases with workdays lost had multiplied by as much as three times its 2003 level (from 132 in 2003 to 436 in 2007). Other noticeable percentage increases were recorded in mining and quarrying at 58.3% (from 60 in 2003 to 95 in 2007) and in hotels and restaurants at 57.1% (from 1,195 in 2003 to 1,877 in 2007). On the other hand, remarkable decreases were noted in other community, social and personal service entities at 66.1% (from 546 in 2003 to 185 in 2007) and in financial intermediation activities at 52.0% (from 100 in 2003 to 48 in 2007). Basic Occupational Safety and Health (BOSH) Training Page 12 of 250 Downloaded by Aubrey Muhi Lanot ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|29425819 Definition of Terms: Occupational accident - an unexpected and unplanned occurrence, including acts of violence arising out of or in connection with work which results in one or more workers incurring a personal injury, disease or death. It can occur outside the usual workplace/premises of the establishment while the worker is on business on behalf of his/her employer, i.e., in another establishment or while on travel, transport or in road traffic. Occupational injury - an injury which results from a work-related event or a single instantaneous exposure in the work environment (occupational accident). Where more than one person is injured in a single accident, each case of occupational injury should be counted separately. If one person is injured in more than one occupational accident during the reference period, each case of injury to that person should be counted separately. Recurrent absences due to an injury resulting from a single occupational accident should be treated as the continuation of the same case of occupational injury not as a new case. Temporary incapacity - case where an injured person was absent from work for at least one day, excluding the day of the accident, and 1) was able to perform again the normal duties of the job or position occupied at the time of the occupational accident or 2) will be able to perform the same job but his/her total absence from work is expected not to exceed a year starting the day after the accident, or 3) did not return to the same job but the reason for changing the job is not related to his/her inability to perform the job at the time of the occupational accident. Permanent incapacity - case where an injured person was absent from work for at least one day, excluding the day of the accident, and 1) was never able to perform again the normal duties of the job or position occupied at the time of the occupational accident, or 2) will be able to perform the same job but his/her total absence from work is expected to exceed a year starting the day after the accident. Fatal case - case where a person is fatally injured as a result of occupational accident whether death occurs immediately after the accident or within the same reference year as the accident. Injuries incurring days away from work recorded a Frequency Rate (FR) of 2.79 in 2007. This was 1.28 percentage points lower than the FR of 4.07 in 2003. Expectedly, this was coherent to the 12.4% reduction in the number of cases of occupational injuries to 20,386 in 2007 from 23,265 in 2003. Categories by incapacity for work on cases with workdays lost recorded frequency rates as follows: Basic Occupational Safety and Health (BOSH) Training Page 13 of 250 Downloaded by Aubrey Muhi Lanot ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|29425819 Definition of Terms: Frequency Rate (FR) – refers to cases of occupational injuries with workdays lost per 1,000,000 employee-hours of exposure. Incidence Rate (IR) – refers to cases of occupational injuries with workdays lost per 1,000 workers. Severity Rate (SR) – refers to workdays lost of cases of occupational injuries resulting to temporary incapacity per 1,000,000 employee-hours of exposure. Average Workdays Lost – refer to workdays lost for every case of occupational injury resulting to temporary incapacity. Cases of occupational diseases in non-agricultural establishments employing 20 or more workers decreased by 14.8% from 55,413 in 2003 to 47,235 in 2007. Incidences of occupational diseases decreased in almost all types of diseases in 2007 except in bronchial asthma (+29.9%), occupational dermatitis (+18.6%) and essential hypertension (+7.8). Work-related musculoskeletal diseases were most prevalent in non-agricultural establishments employing 20 or more workers both in 2003 and 2007. This type of disease accounted for 37.2% (2003) and 28.1 % (2007) of the totals. Other types which made up more than 10% of the total diseases in 2007 were bronchial asthma (18.5%), infections (13.8%), essential hypertension (13.0%) and occupational dermatitis (12.6%). Source of data: Bureau of Labor and Employment Statistics, BLES Integrated Survey (2003/2004 and 2007/2008). The present local data does not present a total picture of OSH situation in the Philippines. As you can see, the BITS survey is limited only to the 6,460 companies covered out of the estimated 780,500 existing establishments in the country. Many companies do not report accidents and injuries. Data gathering has been problematic because of the following conditions: Under reporting of work-related accidents and illnesses. Rule 1050 of the Philippine Occupational Safety and Health Standards (OSHS) requires all employers to report all work accidents or occupational illnesses resulting to disabling conditions to the DOLE Regional Office in their area. However, very few companies submit reports. Basic Occupational Safety and Health (BOSH) Training Page 14 of 250 Downloaded by Aubrey Muhi Lanot ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|29425819 Limited coverage of the OSH information and education and OSHS implementation. Vulnerable groups such as the informal sector (which amounts to 28M or 80% of the Filipino workforce) are often left out in the OSH education, information and program implementation because they are do not have the capacity to pay for trainings and most of the time are not even aware that they can protect themselves from accidents and illnesses. Many of them think that the diseases and accidents they experience is part of the nature of their work and cannot be prevented. On a positive note, OSHC has been doing a lot of OSH awareness campaigns for informal workers. Inadequate number of trained OSH personnel. There has been an upsurge of OSH awareness worldwide and companies both here and abroad require companies to hire trained OSH personnel. This has caused an exponential increase in the number of workers who have undergone and are wanting to avail of OSH trainings but because accidents continue to happen, more dedicated and trained personnel are needed. Absence of strict penalties. There is no system of fines for violations of the different provisions of the OSHS. Weak enforcement of OSH laws –problem is traceable also to the absence of strict penalties on violations of OSH standards. Fragmented OSH administration. There is no central authority to coordinate all OSH efforts. Public apathy on OSH concerns. Most people do not generally pay attention to OSH concerns. Low priority on OSH concerns by both management and labor. The former is more concerned about profit while the latter is with wages and other monetary benefits. Emerging issues in OSH Aside from the problems already identified, participants should also be aware that there are emerging OSH issues – such as women workers’ issues, OSH and child labor, OSH in the informal sector, agriculture, in schools and lifestyle diseases such as AIDS and diabetes, and many others. Women are often faced with multiple burdens. They have take on the burden of the home they perform the role of a wife and a mother. These may also affect her performance at the workplace and add to the stresses that come with the job. The hazards that a women worker is exposed to while at work to can affect her reproductive health and for a pregnant worker, her unborn child. Basic Occupational Safety and Health (BOSH) Training Page 15 of 250 Downloaded by Aubrey Muhi Lanot ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|29425819 There are 250 million child laborers around the world of which 3.7 million are found in the Philippines. Of these, 2.2M are in hazardous jobs. Employing children in these types of work greatly affects the quality of their life and in serious cases, may even cause serious disabilities or death. The OSHC researches on the footwear industry, fishing, mining, and agriculture, helped in the formulation of policies, in advocacy campaigns to take children out of hazardous work. The use of pesticides in farms is also another issue. Farmers or farm workers who handle pesticides may be unaware of the hazards that they are exposed to. Constant exposure of a worker, has enormous adverse effects his or her health. Workers handling pesticides may even bring home residues of the chemicals and, affecting their families and the community. There is also little mechanism on OSH for the informal sector considering that they represent more than half of the total workforce and is the sector badly in need of OSH information since they have the tendency to ignore such concerns just to get their daily incomes. In schools, students are also exposed to hazards such as chemicals and electricity, while bullying and hazing (both psycho-social issues) are becoming more common. Many school buildings are also risks themselves. Although the number of work-related accidents and illnesses has decreased in the recent years here in the Philippines, cases of occupational injuries and diseases continue to occur. We at the OSHC subscribe to the principle that “one life lost is one too many.” Everyone must therefore be involved in the effort to contain OSH concerns to enhance one’s working life. After all, most of us work mainly for economic purposes - “ang hanap-buhay ay para ikabuhay, hindi para ikamatay.” Basic Occupational Safety and Health (BOSH) Training Page 16 of 250 Downloaded by Aubrey Muhi Lanot ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|29425819 Basic Occupational Safety and Health (BOSH) Training Unsafe/Unhealthy Acts and Conditions Basic Occupational Safety and Health (BOSH) Training Page 17 of 250 Downloaded by Aubrey Muhi Lanot ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|29425819 Unit 1 – Introduction to OSH Module 3: Unsafe / Unhealthy Acts and Conditions Objectives Working on this module should help you to: identify the different unsafe and unhealthy acts and conditions in your workplace differentiate unsafe/unhealthy acts from unsafe/unhealthy conditions explain the relationship between unsafe/unhealthy acts and unsafe/unhealthy conditions identify Filipino traits and characteristics in the workplace which result in unsafe/ unhealthy acts and conditions define accident and its causes enumerate ways to promote safety consciousness What are unsafe/unhealthy acts and conditions? To be able to define this, let us first go back to the work system composed of various elements: workers, raw materials, tools and equipment and the work environment. The interplay of these elements results in the performance of specific tasks like production of goods. But when an accident happens, the task/s will not be accomplished or will be delayed. Accidents An accident is an unexpected, unforeseen, unplanned and unwanted occurrence or event that causes damage or loss of materials or properties, injury or death. Common types of accidents: fall from height and fall from the same level (slips and trips) struck against rigid structure, sharp or rough objects struck by falling objects caught in, on or in between objects electrocution fire Costs of accidents Corollary to accidents are costs that companies have to bear whether directly or indirectly. The cost of accidents can be best explained by the Iceberg Theory. Once an accident happens, money has to be spent for medical expenses of the injured worker/workers, insurance premiums and, in some cases, for penalty and litigation expenses. Companies also spend huge amounts to replace damaged equipment and wasted raw materials. These are what we consider as the direct costs of accidents. But these are just the tip of the iceberg. Basic Occupational Safety and Health (BOSH) Training Page 18 of 250 Downloaded by Aubrey Muhi Lanot ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|29425819 The larger and more dangerous part of the iceberg however is the part that lies beneath the water. This represents the indirect costs of an accident which have a more damaging impact to the worker, their families, the company and the community in general. Indirect costs include: 1. Lost or lesser productivity of the injured – workers lose their efficiency and income due to work interruption on the day of the injury. 2. Loss of productivity among other employees due to work stoppage when assisting the injured worker, inspection or merely out of curiosity. The psychological impact of the accident reduces the workers’ productivity. 3. Loss of productivity among supervisors because instead of focusing on managing people and the work flow, they spend their time assisting the injured, investigating the accident and preparing inspection reports. 4. Hiring and training replacement workers 5. Downtime due to equipment damage Apart from these are humane aspects of accidents such as sorrow due to loss, hardships and inconveniences, physical pain and discomfort and psychological problems. Accident causation After knowing what accidents are and the costs that will be incurred when these happen, we will now look at the primary causes of accidents. Understanding this topic will help you identify appropriate measures to prevent accidents from happening. Are these phrases familiar to you? – "Oras na niya" – "Malas niya lang" – “Tanga kasi” – “Kasama sa trabaho” People usually utter the abovementioned phrases or statements when someone gets injured or dies in an accident. However, these are not the real causes of accidents but mere excuses of people who do not understand the concepts of occupational safety and health. Accidents are primarily caused by unsafe and unhealthy acts and conditions. Unsafe/unhealthy Act: the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) defines this as “any human action that violates a commonly accepted safe work procedure or standard operating procedure.” This is an act done by a worker that does not conform or departs from an established standard, rules or policy. These often happen when a worker has improper attitudes, physical limitations or lacks knowledge or skills. Basic Occupational Safety and Health (BOSH) Training Page 19 of 250 Downloaded by Aubrey Muhi Lanot ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|29425819 Examples of unsafe acts include: horse playing, smoking in non-smoking areas, using substandard/defective tools, non - wearing of goggles/gloves, driving without license, reporting to work under the influence of liquor or drugs, and improper storage of paints and hazardous chemicals among others. Unsafe/unhealthy Condition: ANSI defines this as the physical or chemical property of a material, machine or the environment which could possibly cause injury to people, damage to property, disrupt operations in a plant or office or other forms of losses. These conditions could be guarded or prevented. Examples of unsafe conditions include: slippery and wet floors, dusty work area, congested plant lay-out, octopus wiring, scattered objects on the floor/work area, poor storage system, protruding nails and sharp objects, unguarded rotating machines/equipment, etc. In identifying unsafe/unhealthy acts and conditions, you should be as specific as possible. The term “poor housekeeping” is a very general and vague term that does not tell you the real condition/situation of the workplace that needs to be addressed. You should avoid using general terms when citing for unsafe/unhealthy acts and conditions. Rather, you must state specifically what you are referring to, like: dusty workplace and improper storage of paints. The term “Non-wearing of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)” is another generalized statement of an unsafe act. To be more specific, you must cite the kind of PPE that is not used or improperly worn by the worker. In this case, your observation should be: not wearing gloves and mask while mixing chemicals, not wearing goggles while welding, or not wearing safety shoes while walking on slippery surface. It is very important to state the specific unsafe/unhealthy acts and conditions since these become the basis for recommendations to the management. A general statement of the problem will only mean a general recommendation or solution, not an accurate one. If you state that the problem is “poor housekeeping”, logically your recommended solution would be “good housekeeping”. Although this is very basic, being definite and specific in identifying unsafe/unhealthy acts and conditions is critical in convincing the management that safety and health issues in the workplace are worth their attention and commitment. Basic Occupational Safety and Health (BOSH) Training Page 20 of 250 Downloaded by Aubrey Muhi Lanot ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|29425819 Can accidents be prevented? Herbert William Heinrich, an American industrial safety pioneer who worked as an Assistant Superintendent of the Engineering and Inspection Division of Travelers Insurance Company, did a study on the insurance claims. After reviewing thousands of accident reports completed by supervisors, who generally blamed workers for causing accidents without conducting detailed investigations into the root causes, Heinrich found out that 98% of workplace accidents are preventable and only 2% are non- preventable. Of the 98% preventable accidents, 88% is due to unsafe/unhealthy acts or “man failure” and 10% is due to unsafe/unhealthy conditions. This study explains the rationale for focusing interventions on changing the behaviors and attitudes of workers and management towards safety and health. How do you prevent yourself from performing unsafe/unhealthy acts that will cause unsafe/unhealthy conditions at work? It is important to raise everybody’s consciousness to such a degree that we all begin to realize that our actions affect other people in the workplace, even if these appear to have nothing to do with them. If you agree that we are part of the problem, then, probably we can be part of the solution, too. OSHC believes that Filipinos are inherently responsible workers. Given the proper education, training, and the right motivation, we can do our part in making a safe and a healthy workplace. That is why we are conducting this BOSH Training Course. Below are additional references you can check out to learn more about this module http://www.oshc.dole.gov.ph/ http://www.ilo.org/public/english/protection/safework/cis/ http://www.itcilo.it/actrav/actrav-english/telearn/osh/intro/introduc.htm http://training.itcilo.it/actrav_cdrom2/es/osh/add/sechyg.htm Basic Occupational Safety and Health (BOSH) Training Page 21 of 250 Downloaded by Aubrey Muhi Lanot ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|29425819 Basic Occupational Safety and Health (BOSH) Training Housekeeping Basic Occupational Safety and Health (BOSH) Training Page 22 of 250 Downloaded by Aubrey Muhi Lanot ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|29425819 Unit 2 – Occupational Safety Module 4: Housekeeping This module aims to introduce you to the importance of good housekeeping in preventing most common accidents in the workplace (we also think it will be good to implement in your homes and schools). The 5S, a Japanese concept that aims to optimize time for production, is a very practical, simple and proven approach to improving housekeeping in the workplace. Housekeeping is important because it lessens accidents and related injuries and illnesses. It therefore improves productivity and minimizes direct/indirect costs of accidents/illnesses. Housekeeping means putting everything in its proper place. It is everybody’s business to observe it in the workplace. Objectives Working on this module should help you to explain the value of practicing good housekeeping recall and explain the role of management, supervisor and employees in good housekeeping activities identify and discuss good housekeeping practices Defining Housekeeping Let us begin by showing you what housekeeping is not: It is shown when your surroundings have: cluttered and poorly arranged areas untidy piling of materials improperly piled-on materials that results to damaging other materials items no longer needed blocked aisles and passageways materials stuffed in corners and out-of-the-way places materials getting rusty and dirty from non-use excessive quantities of items overcrowded storage areas and shelves overflowing bins and containers broken containers and damaged materials Do you agree with this? Housekeeping is avoiding all of the above and many more. Now instead of just being crabby and complaining about poor housekeeping, why don’t we see how we can instill and implement good housekeeping in our workplace? Look at the two pictures below. Do you know about with these seven wastes and how we can eliminate them? You got it! Through good housekeeping! Basic Occupational Safety and Health (BOSH) Training Page 23 of 250 Downloaded by Aubrey Muhi Lanot ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|29425819 SEVEN (7) WASTES 1. Scrap and Rework 2. Overproduction 3. Non-effective work 4. Transportation 5. Inventory 6. Non-effective motion 7. Waiting What is 5S? 5S is a systematized approach to: organizing work areas keeping rules and standards maintaining discipline 5S utilizes: workplace organization work simplification techniques 5S practice… develops positive attitude among workers cultivates an environment of efficiency, effectiveness and economy 5S Philosophy Productivity comes from the elimination of waste It is necessary to attack the root cause of a problem, not just symptoms Participation of everybody is required To acknowledge that the human being is not infallible Basic Occupational Safety and Health (BOSH) Training Page 24 of 250 Downloaded by Aubrey Muhi Lanot ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|29425819 5S Terms: 1. Seiri/Sort/Suriin – is the first S which means sorting out unnecessary items and discarding them. Make the work easy by eliminating obstacles Eliminate the need to take care of unnecessary items Provide no chance of being disturbed with unnecessary items Prevent faulty operation caused by unnecessary items. 2. Seiton/Systematize/ Sinupin – is the second S which means we need to organize things How to SEITON Your Workplace Stratification Required Action Must be placed SEITON Items frequently used near the point of use Items Items sometimes Can be placed Necessary used farther away Items not Must be stored used at all separately with SEIRI must be kept clear identification 7 Seiton Principles: Follow the first-in-first-out (FIFO) method for storing items Assign each item a dedicated location. All items and their locations should be indicated by a systematic labeling Place items so that they are visible to minimize search time Place items so they can be reached or handled easily. Separate exclusive tools from common ones. Place frequently used tools near the user. Basic Occupational Safety and Health (BOSH) Training Page 25 of 250 Downloaded by Aubrey Muhi Lanot ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|29425819 3. Seiso/Sweep/Simutin – is the third S which means we have to sanitize or clean our workplace. Keep environmental condition as clean as the level necessary for the products Prevent deterioration of machinery and equipment and make checking of abnormalities easy Keep workplace safe and work easy 4. Seiketsu/Standardize/Siguruhin – is the fourth S which means we have to standardize what we are doing. 5. Shitsuke/Self- Discipline/Sariling kusa – is the fifth and last S which means we have to do this process without prodding. Some Suggested Good Shitsuke Practices Contact people with a big smile. How to Shitsuke Be a good listener. JANUARY Be devoted and kaizen-oriented. Demonstrate team spirit. Conduct yourself as the member of a reputable organization. Be punctual. Always keep your workplace clean and tidy. Observe safety rules strictly. Good housekeeping is needed for quality improvement. By this we lessen rejects/losses. If the workplace is in order, it is easy to do the job. An easier job, having no defects, continuous production and an orderly workplace is akin to work improvement. And now that ISO Certification is the trend, the impression of a company to the community is very important. A company that follows good housekeeping principles will surely be recognized as a provider of quality service and products. Basic Occupational Safety and Health (BOSH) Training Page 26 of 250 Downloaded by Aubrey Muhi Lanot ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|29425819 Steps in implementing 5S Step 1: Preparations a. Understanding 5S concepts and benefits by the CEO b. CEO’s visit to the 5S model companies c. CEO’s commitment to 5S implementation d. Organize 5S working Committee e. 5S facilitators f. Train facilitators and practitioners Step 2: Management’s official announcement a. CEO officially announces implementation of 5S program b. CEO explains the objectives of 5S to all colleagues c. Publicize 5S organizational chart and lay-out d. Work out various promotional tools 5S CORE GROUP ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES PLAN CHECK – Situation Appraisal – 5S Audit – Setting Benchmarks or – Documentation of Targets Targets – Implementation Plan – Review Targets DO – Announcements ACT – Corrective Measures – Education – Revise Plans – Akafuda – Difficulties – Big Seiso Encountered – Seiso Inspection – Seiton Campaign – Special 5S Projects Organizing to Implement 5S Managing Director 5S Auditor 5S Steering Comm. 5S Facilitators 5S Working Comm. 5S Audit Comm. 5S Trainer 5S Trainer 5S Trainer 5S Trainer Unit 1 Unit 2 Unit 3 Unit 4 Basic Occupational Safety and Health (BOSH) Training Page 27 of 250 Downloaded by Aubrey Muhi Lanot ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|29425819 5S IMPLEMENTATION ORGANIZATION 5S ADVISORY COMMITTEE 5S STEERING COMMITTEE 5S FACILITATOR DIVISION 1 DIVISION 2 DIVISION 3 DIVISION 4 MANAGER MANAGER MANAGER MANAGER SECTION H SECTION D SECTION B SECTION G SECTION A SECTION E SECTION F SECTIONC SECTION I LEADER LEADER LEADER LEADER LEADER LEADER LEADER LEADER LEADER ALL WORKERS – 5S ACTIVITIES Management’s Role Providing adequate equipment Including housekeeping in the planning of all operations Including maintenance of good housekeeping as part of individual’s job responsibility Providing clean-up schedule and personnel Maintaining executive supervisory and interest Supervisor’s Role Maintaining constant check on housekeeping conditions Seeing that employees maintain good housekeeping Having unusual situations corrected or cleaned up immediately Planning for orderliness in all operations Issuing definite instructions to employees Insisting on clean-up after every job Worker’s Role Follow housekeeping procedures Maintain an orderly workplace Report to supervisors any unsafe condition Basic Occupational Safety and Health (BOSH) Training Page 28 of 250 Downloaded by Aubrey Muhi Lanot ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|29425819 Step 3: Big clean-up day a. Organize a big clean-up day after 5S implementation announcement by CEO b. Divide company premises into small areas and assign a small group of people for each area c. Provide enough cleaning tools and materials d. This big cleaning must include public areas such as gardens, canteen and car park e. Everybody must participate in this big cleaning day Step 4: Initial seiri a. Establish disposal standards for unnecessary items b. Apply “Disposal Notices” to all questionable items c. Carefully examine responses to disposal notices d. Dispose unnecessary items according to disposal standards e. A company-wide seiri should be planned and practiced annually Daily Seiso and Seiton activities a. Identify areas for improvement and work out a priority listing by colleagues b. Select untidy, inconvenient and unsafe areas c. Set each activity for 3-6 months d. Organize presentations by small groups e. Standardize good 5S practices visibly f. Motivate colleagues for creative improvements Hard 5S – refers to all facets of the work environment a. Furniture – tables, shelves, drawers b. Equipment – computers, projector, fax, copier c. Lay-out of desk and equipment Soft 5S a. Office policies and procedures b. Dress code c. Sharing of responsibilities, telephone etiquette Basic Occupational Safety and Health (BOSH) Training Page 29 of 250 Downloaded by Aubrey Muhi Lanot ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|29425819 5S Office guidelines Desks Do not place anything under your desk (Seiton) Dispose of unnecessary items in your drawers (Seiri) Arrange items in your desk drawers neatly for easy retrieval (Seiton) Do not pile up documents on your desk top (Seiton) Wipe your desktop every morning Do not leave unnecessary things on your desk top when you go home (Seiton) Office machines Clean office machines and equipment regularly (Seiso) Set electric cables neatly for safety and good appearance (Seiton) inspect machines regularly and take action for required servicing (Shitsuke) Toilets Flush after use (Seiketsu) Wash hands after using the toilet (Seiketsu) Clean up toilet and wash basin everyday (Seiso/Seiketsu) Replenish toilet paper, soaps and paper towels (Seiton/Seiketsu) All users should always try to keep toilets clean and tidy (Shitsuke) Check exhaust fans regularly for effective function (Seiso) Canteen Do not leave unnecessary things on the dining table (Seiton/Seiketsu) Tuck chairs properly after use (Seiton) Return chairs and tables to their original location when used for meetings or functions (Seiton) Put away all cups and plates after each meal (Seiso/Seiketsu) Clean up tables immediately after each meal (Seiso/Seiketsu) Hallways Do not smoke while walking in the hallways (Shitsuke) Do not place anything in the hallways without permission (Seiri/Seiton/Shitsuke) Pick-up and dispose any waste in the hallway (Seiketsu/Shitsuke) Avoid talking loudly along hallways (Shitsuke) Notice Boards Ensure that outdates notices are removed (Seiketsu) Ensure that all information are updated regularly (Seiri) Items should be neatly aligned and properly secured (Seiton) Pins must be readily available (Seiton) Check that the location of notice boards are appropriate (Seiton) Basic Occupational Safety and Health (BOSH) Training Page 30 of 250 Downloaded by Aubrey Muhi Lanot ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|29425819 Visual Control - a technique that enables people to make the rules easy to follow, differentiate normal and abnormal situations and act accordingly, with the use of visual aids. Pointers in making visual control a. Should be easy to see from a distance b. Should be properly and strategically located c. Should be easy to follow d. Should facilitate distinction of what is right and what is wrong Step 5: Periodic 5S audits a. Establish 5S evaluation and incentive plan b. Conduct 5S evaluation and inspection regularly c. Organize 5S inter-department competition d. Periodically award groups and individuals e. Organize study tours to other companies f. Organize 5S inter-company competition Purpose of 5S audit a. Turn PDCA Cycle (Plan-Do-Check-Act) b. Analyze the results of actual implementation in the workplace c. Give support and guidance to the members of each unit d. Dissemination of good practices e. Regular audit sustains the program Key points in the implementation of 5S 1. Start small, easy and proceed slowly but steadily 2. Start with the most suitable “S” 3. Only one or two “S” are enough for the initial practice 4. Set simple, easily achievable and step by step targets 5. Everyone’s participation is important 6. Management should take leadership of 5S movement 7. Record improvements for comparison 8. Devise schemes to stimulate awareness and stimulate enthusiasm Basic Occupational Safety and Health (BOSH) Training Page 31 of 250 Downloaded by Aubrey Muhi Lanot ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|29425819 5S TOOL BOX Promotion Tools Implementation Tools Evaluation Tools 5S Newsletters 5S Days (once a month) 5S Guidance Stickers 5S DAY What is Seiton? Here is a need for Here is Seiton is arranging a need for SEIRI Here is necessary items in good order so they can easily SEITON a need for be selected for use SEISO 5S Posters 5S Study Tours CEO’s Inspection Tours Seiri Seiton Shitsuke Seiketsu Seiso 5S Banners Photographing for Improvement 5S Checklists We all Practice 5S 5S Badges 5S Inter-Department Competition Congratulations! SUPER Here is an Department A 5S Excellent Example of Department B Department C 5S Practice Department D 5S Evaluation procedure 1. Walking rally – by to and middle management 2. Fixed point photograph – visual comparison of “before” and “after” 3. Achieved level of evaluation – for predetermined targets which are upgraded step-by-step after each evaluation 4. Competition – among departments /workplaces 5. Combination of the above RECORD IMPROVEMENTS WITH PHOTOGRAPHS STEP 1 STEP 2 5S IMPROVEMENT RECORDS WORKPLACE LOCATION NO. 88 SPARE PARTS STORAGE STEP 1 DATE 01/04/95 STEP 2 DATE 10/04/95 STEP 3 DATE STEP 4 DATE COMMENTS COMMENTS COMMENTS COMMENTS Very messy. Much improved, but... Needs Seiri, Seiton and Seiso needs further study RATING RATING RATING RATING Basic Occupational Safety and Health (BOSH) Training Page 32 of 250 Downloaded by Aubrey Muhi Lanot ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|29425819 5S Evaluation Form ITEM FOCUS SCORE Desks / tables / chairs Are they tidy and conveniently 10 8 6 4 2 organized? Cabinets/shelves Are they clean and labeled for 10 8 6 4 2 the easy retrieval of things needed? Documents/files Are they clean and systematically 10 8 6 4 2 organized? Forms/office supplies Are they tidy and conveniently 10 8 6 4 2 stored for retrieval? Telephones Are they clean and well- 10 8 6 4 2 maintained? Facsimiles Are they clean and well- 10 8 6 4 2 maintained? Typewriters/word- Are they clean and well- 10 8 6 4 2 processors maintained? Computers/monitors Are they clean and well- 10 8 6 4 2 maintained? Printers Are they clean and well- 10 8 6 4 2 maintained? Copying machines Are they clean and well- 10 8 6 4 2 maintained? Electric wiring Is it tidy, safe and conveniently 10 8 6 4 2 laid out for operation? Lighting/ventilation Are they adequate for efficient 10 8 6 4 2 operation? Floors/walls/windows/ceiling Are they dust-free and well- 10 8 6 4 2 maintained? Fire extinguishers Are they adequate and well- 10 8 6 4 2 maintained? Emergency exits Are they adequate and clear of 10 8 6 4 2 obstacles in case of emergencies? Safety devices Are they adequate and well- 10 8 6 4 2 maintained? Working clothes/shoes Are they clean and do they 10 8 6 4 2 present a good image? Waste baskets Are clean and well-maintained? 10 8 6 4 2 Others 10 8 6 4 2 Basic Occupational Safety and Health (BOSH) Training Page 33 of 250 Downloaded by Aubrey Muhi Lanot ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|29425819 Factors leading to the success of 5S a. Strong sponsorship and leadership of CEO b. Active promoter/5S committee c. Good launching activity d. Regular audits e. Good documentation f. Visits by external consultants g. Competition Factors that hinder the success of 5S a. Project sponsor is not the decision maker b. Organizational policies c. Lack of experience in undertaking cross-functional activities d. Lack of top management support e. Implementation carried out through orders from the management f. Implementation done by task forces g. 5S treated as a project h. Emphasis on immediate results Notes: Here are additional notes on good housekeeping in the workplace as well as inspection checklists from the Canadian Center of Occupational Health and Safety (CCOHS) Why should we pay attention to housekeeping at work? Effective housekeeping can eliminate some workplace hazards and help get a job done safely and properly. Poor housekeeping can frequently contribute to accidents by hiding hazards that cause injuries. If the sight of paper, debris, clutter and spills is accepted as normal, then other more serious health and safety hazards may be taken for granted. Housekeeping is not just cleanliness. It includes keeping work areas neat and orderly; maintaining halls and floors free of slip and trip hazards; and removing of waste materials (e.g., paper, cardboard) and other fire hazards from work areas. It also requires paying attention to important details such as the layout of the whole workplace, aisle marking, the adequacy of storage facilities, and maintenance. Good housekeeping is also a basic part of accident and fire prevention. Effective housekeeping is an ongoing operation: it is not a hit-and-miss cleanup done occasionally. Periodic "panic" cleanups are costly and ineffective in reducing accidents. Basic Occupational Safety and Health (BOSH) Training Page 34 of 250 Downloaded by Aubrey Muhi Lanot ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|29425819 What is the purpose of workplace housekeeping? Poor housekeeping can be a cause of accidents, such as: tripping over loose objects on floors, stairs and platforms being hit by falling objects slipping on greasy, wet or dirty surfaces striking against projecting, poorly stacked items or misplaced material cutting, puncturing, or tearing the skin of hands or other parts of the body on projecting nails, wire or steel strapping To avoid these hazards, a workplace must "maintain" order throughout a workday. Although this effort requires a great deal of management and planning, the benefits are many. What are some benefits of good housekeeping practices? Effective housekeeping results in: reduced handling to ease the flow of materials fewer tripping and slipping accidents in clutter-free and spill-free work areas decreased fire hazards lower worker exposures to hazardous substances (e.g. dusts, vapours) better control of tools and materials, including inventory and supplies more efficient equipment cleanup and maintenance better hygienic conditions leading to improved health more effective use of space reduced property damage by improving preventive maintenance less janitorial work improved morale improved productivity (tools and materials will be easy to find) How do I plan a good housekeeping program? A good housekeeping program plans and manages the orderly storage and movement of materials from point of entry to exit. It includes a material flow plan to ensure minimal handling. The plan also ensures that work areas are not used as storage areas by having workers move materials to and from work areas as needed. Part of the plan could include investing in extra bins and more frequent disposal. The costs of this investment could be offset by the elimination of repeated handling of the same material and more effective use of the workers' time. Often, ineffective or insufficient storage planning results in materials being handled and stored in hazardous ways. Knowing the plant layout and the movement of materials throughout the workplace can help plan work procedures. Basic Occupational Safety and Health (BOSH) Training Page 35 of 250 Downloaded by Aubrey Muhi Lanot ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|29425819 Worker training is an essential part of any good housekeeping program. Workers need to know how to work safely with the products they use. They also need to know how to protect other workers such as by posting signs (e.g., "Wet - Slippery Floor") and reporting any unusual conditions. Housekeeping order is "maintained" not "achieved." Cleaning and organization must be done regularly, not just at the end of the shift. Integrating housekeeping into jobs can help ensure this is done. A good housekeeping program identifies and assigns responsibilities for the following: clean up during the shift day-to-day cleanup waste disposal removal of unused materials inspection to ensure cleanup is complete Do not forget out-of-the-way places such as shelves, basements, sheds, and boiler rooms that would otherwise be overlooked. The orderly arrangement of operations, tools, equipment and supplies is an important part of a good housekeeping program. The final addition to any housekeeping program is inspection. It is the only way to check for deficiencies in the program so that changes can be made. The documents on workplace inspection checklists provide a general guide and examples of checklists for inspecting offices and manufacturing facilities. What are the elements of an effective housekeeping program? Dust and Dirt Removal In some jobs, enclosures and exhaust ventilation systems may fail to collect dust, dirt and chips adequately. Vacuum cleaners are suitable for removing light dust and dirt. Industrial models have special fittings for cleaning walls, ceilings, ledges, machinery, and other hard-to-reach places where dust and dirt may accumulate. Special-purpose vacuums are useful for removing hazardous substances. For example, vacuum cleaners fitted with HEPA (high efficiency particulate air) filters may be used to capture fine particles of asbestos or fiberglass. Dampening (wetting) floors or using sweeping compounds before sweeping reduces the amount of airborne dust. The dust and grime that collect in places like shelves, piping, conduits, light fixtures, reflectors, windows, cupboards and lockers may require manual cleaning. Compressed air should not be used for removing dust, dirt or chips from equipment or work surfaces. Basic Occupational Safety and Health (BOSH) Training Page 36 of 250 Downloaded by Aubrey Muhi Lanot ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|29425819 Employee Facilities Employee facilities need to be adequate, clean and well maintained. Lockers are necessary for storing employees' personal belongings. Washroom facilities require cleaning once or more each shift. They also need to have a good supply of soap, towels plus disinfectants, if needed. If workers are using hazardous materials, employee facilities should provide special precautions such as showers, washing facilities and change rooms. Some facilities may require two locker rooms with showers between. Using such double locker rooms allows workers to shower off workplace contaminants and prevents them from contaminating their "street clothes" by keeping their work clothes separated from the clothing that they wear home. Smoking, eating or drinking in the work area should be prohibited where toxic materials are handled. The eating area should be separate from the work area and should be cleaned properly each shift. Surfaces Floors: Poor floor conditions are a leading cause of accidents so cleaning up spilled oil and other liquids at once is important. Allowing chips, shavings and dust to accumulate can also cause accidents. Trapping chips, shavings and dust before they reach the floor or cleaning them up regularly can prevent their accumulation. Areas that cannot be cleaned continuously, such as entrance ways, should have anti-slip flooring. Keeping floors in good order also means replacing any worn, ripped, or damaged flooring that poses a tripping hazard. Walls: Light-coloured walls reflect light while dirty or dark-coloured walls absorb light. Contrasting colours warn of physical hazards and mark obstructions such as pillars. Paint can highlight railings, guards and other safety equipment, but should never be used as a substitute for guarding. The program should outline the regulations and standards for colours. Maintain Light Fixtures Dirty light fixtures reduce essential light levels. Clean light fixtures can improve lighting efficiency significantly. Aisles and Stairways Aisles should be wide enough to accommodate people and vehicles comfortably and safely. Aisle space allows for the movement of people, products and materials. Warning signs and mirrors can improve sight-lines in blind corners. Arranging aisles properly encourages people to use them so that they do not take shortcuts through hazardous areas. Keeping aisles and stairways clear is important. They should not be used for temporary "overflow" or "bottleneck" storage. Stairways and aisles also require adequate lighting. Basic Occupational Safety and Health (BOSH) Training Page 37 of 250 Downloaded by Aubrey Muhi Lanot ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|29425819 Spill Control The best way to control spills is to stop them before they happen. Regularly cleaning and maintaining machines and equipment is one way. Another is to use drip pans and guards where possible spills might occur. When spills do occur, it is important to clean them up immediately. Absorbent materials are useful for wiping up greasy, oily or other liquid spills. Used absorbents must be disposed of properly and safely. Tools and Equipment Tool housekeeping is very important, whether in the tool room, on the rack, in the yard, or on the bench. Tools require suitable fixtures with marked locations to provide orderly arrangement, both in the tool room and near the work bench. Returning them promptly after use reduces the chance of being misplaced or lost. Workers should regularly inspect, clean and repair all tools and take any damaged or worn tools out of service. Maintenance The maintenance of buildings and equipment may be the most important element of good housekeeping. Maintenance involves keeping buildings, equipment and machinery in safe, efficient working order and in good repair. This includes maintaining sanitary facilities and regularly painting and cleaning walls. Broken windows, damaged doors, defective plumbing and broken floor surfaces can make a workplace look neglected; these conditions can cause accidents and affect work practices. So it is important to replace or fix broken or damaged items as quickly as possible. A good maintenance program provides for the inspection, maintenance, upkeep and repair of tools, equipment, machines and processes. Waste Disposal The regular collection, grading and sorting of scrap contribute to good housekeeping practices. It also makes it possible to separate materials that can be recycled from those going to waste disposal facilities. Allowing material to build up on the floor wastes time and energy since additional time is required for cleaning it up. Placing scrap containers near where the waste is produced encourages orderly waste disposal and makes collection easier. All waste receptacles should be clearly labeled (e.g., recyclable glass, plastic, scrap metal, etc.). Storage Good organization of stored materials is essential for overcoming material storage problems whether on a temporary or permanent basis. There will also be fewer strain injuries if the amount of handling is reduced, especially if less manual materials handling is required. The location of the stockpiles should not interfere with work but they should still be readily available when required. Stored materials should allow at least one meter (or about three feet) of clear space under sprinkler heads. Stacking cartons and drums on a firm foundation and cross tying them, where necessary, reduces the chance of their movement. Stored materials should not obstruct aisles, stairs, exits, fire equipment, emergency eyewash fountains, emergency showers, or first aid stations. All storage areas should be clearly marked. Basic Occupational Safety and Health (BOSH) Training Page 38 of 250 Downloaded by Aubrey Muhi Lanot ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|29425819 Flammable, combustible, toxic and other hazardous materials should be stored in approved containers in designated areas that are appropriate for the different hazards that they pose. Storage of materials should meet all requirements specified in the fire codes and the regulations of environmental and occupational health and safety agencies in your jurisdiction. http://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/hsprograms/house.html What is an example of a workplace housekeeping checklist for construction sites? DO: Gather up and remove debris to keep the work site orderly. Plan for the adequate disposal of scrap, waste and surplus materials. Keep the work area and all equipment tidy. Designate areas for waste materials and provide containers. Keep stairways, passageways, ladders, scaffold and gangways free of material, supplies and obstructions. Secure loose or light material that is stored on roofs or on open floors. Keep materials at least 2m (5 ft.) from openings, roof edges, excavations or trenches. Remove or bend over nails protruding from lumber. Keep hoses, power cords, welding leads, etc. from lying in heavily travelled walkways or areas. Ensure structural openings are covered/protected adequately (e.g. sumps, shafts, floor openings, etc.) DO NOT: Do not permit rubbish to fall freely from any level of the project. Use chutes or other approved devices to materials. Do not throw tools or other materials. Do not raise or lower any tool or equipment by its own cable or supply hose. Flammable/Explosive Materials Store flammable or explosive materials such as gasoline, oil and cleaning agents apart from other materials. Keep flammable and explosive materials in proper containers with contents clearly marked. Dispose of greasy, oily rags and other flammable materials in approved containers. Store full barrels in an upright position. Keep gasoline and oil barrels on a barrel rack. Store empty barrels separately. Post signs prohibiting smoking, open flames and other ignition sources in areas where flammable and explosive materials are stored or used. Store and chain all compressed gas cylinders in an upright position. Mark empty cylinders with the letters "mt," and store them separately from full or partially full cylinders. Basic Occupational Safety and Health (BOSH) Training Page 39 of 250 Downloaded by Aubrey Muhi Lanot ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|29425819 Ventilate all storage areas properly. Ensure that all electric fixtures and switches are explosion-proof where flammable materials are stored. Use grounding straps equipped with clamps on containers to prevent static electricity buildup. Provide the appropriate fire extinguishers for the materials found on-site. Keep fire extinguisher stations clear and accessible. http://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/hsprograms/cklstcon.html What is an example of a Housekeeping Inspection Checklist? Use the following checklist as a general workplace guide. Floors and Other Areas Are floors clean and clear of waste? Are signs posted to warn of wet floors? Are floors in good condition? Are there holes, worn or loose planks or carpet sticking up? Is anti-slip flooring used where spills, moisture or grease are likely? Are there protruding objects such as nails, sharp corners, open cabinet drawers, trailing electrical wires? Are personal items, such as clothing and lunch boxes, in assigned lockers or storage areas? Is the work area congested? Are floors well-drained? Aisles and Stairways Are aisles unobstructed and clearly marked? Are mirrors installed at blind corners? Are aisles wide enough to accommodate workers and equipment comfortably? Are safe loading practices used with hand and power trucks, skids, or pallets? Is the workplace lighting adequate? Are stairs well lit? Are stairs covered with an anti-slip tread? Are faulty stair treads repaired? Spill Control Are all spills wiped up quickly? Are procedures followed as indicated on the material safety data sheet? Are spill absorbents used for greasy, oily, flammable or toxic materials? Are used rags and absorbents disposed of promptly and safely? Is a spill area surrounded by a barrier to prevent a spill from spreading? Basic Occupational Safety and Health (BOSH) Training Page 40 of 250 Downloaded by Aubrey Muhi Lanot ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|29425819 Equipment and Machinery Maintenance Is equipment in good working order, with all necessary guards or safety features operational or in place? Is equipment damaged or outdated? Are tools and machinery inspected regularly for wear or leaks? Is equipment repaired promptly? Are drip pans or absorbent materials used if leaks cannot be stopped at the source? Is a machine that splashes oil fitted with a screen or splash guard? Are machines and tools cleaned regularly? Waste Disposal Are there adequate numbers of containers? Are there separate and approved containers for toxic and flammable waste? Are waste containers located where the waste is produced? Are waste containers emptied regularly? Are toxic and flammable waste chemicals handled properly? Storage Are storage areas safe and accessible? Is material stacked securely, blocked or interlocked if possible? Are materials stored in areas that do not obstruct stairs, fire escapes, exits or firefighting equipment? Are materials stored in areas that do not interfere with workers or the flow of materials? Are bins or racks provided where material cannot be piled? Are all storage areas clearly marked? Do workers understand material storage and handling procedures? Fire Prevention Are combustible and flammable materials present only in the quantities needed for the job at hand? Are combustible and flammable materials kept in safety cans during use? Are hazardous materials stored in approved containers and away from ignition sources? Are sprinkler heads clear of stored material? Are fire extinguishers inspected and located along commonly travelled routes, and close to possible ignition sources? Are oily or greasy rags placed in metal containers and disposed of regularly? http://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/hsprograms/cklstgen.html Basic Occupational Safety and Health (BOSH) Training Page 41 of 250 Downloaded by Aubrey Muhi Lanot ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|29425819 What is an example of a workplace housekeeping checklist for stockpiling? Lumber Lay lumber before stacking on a solid level sill. Use cross-piling or cross-stripping whenever the pile exceeds 1.2 meters (4 ft.) in height. Exercise care when cutting bands used to bundle lumber. Avoid being trapped by falling materials. Reinforcing steel Use wooden spacers to separate piles of reinforcing steel. Unload reinforcing steel by mechanical means whenever possible. Check all bundles for broken or weak tie wires before attempting to unload. Pipe Stack pipe on solid, level sills only. Block pipes to prevent them from rolling. Place lagging between layers to reduce the pressure and prevent the pile from spreading. Remove pipe from ends of the pile. Do not stack pipe higher than 1.5 meters (5 ft.). Structural steel Pile structural steel to prevent tipping and slipping. Give special attention when loading structural steel from trucks. Place slings on steel before releasing binder chains. Bagged and stacked material Maintain stability. Do not allow piles to exceed ten bags in height unless the face of the piles are supported by the walls of a storage bin or enclosure. Cross-pile bagged materials on skids and pile only to a convenient height. The height depends on the nature and ability of the mechanical aids used and the weight of the bagged materials. Bricks, Blocks, Tiles Pile bricks, blocks or tiles on a solid, level surface only. Use extreme caution when removing metal bands. Do not stockpile material on a scaffold beyond the safe loading capacity. http://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/hsprograms/cklststk.html Basic Occupational Safety and Health (BOSH) Training Page 42 of 250 Downloaded by Aubrey Muhi Lanot ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|29425819 What is an example of a Workplace Housekeeping Checklist? DO: Minimize fire hazards by keeping workplace free of accumulated combustible materials and waste. Ensure that exits and aisles are clear of obstructions to allow easy evacuation of the building. Place all trash and scrap in proper containers. Keep oily rags in covered metal containers. Dispose of hazardous materials in approved marked containers. Store equipment and materials in their assigned location. Clean air vents and filters to maintain ventilation efficiency. Ensure that boxes, drums, and piles are located on a firm foundation and properly stacked. Clean up tools and unused materials after finishing a job or before leaving the job site. Clean up spills promptly according to procedures, using personal protective equipment (PPE) where necessary. Report hazards such as uneven boards, cracks, burnt-out lights. Fix immediately. Bundle hoses and cables when not in use. Place empty containers and pallets in designated locations. Dump small containers into larger ones. Keep only enough combustible materials at job site for job at hand. DO NOT: Do not pile material around fire extinguishers, sprinklers, or emergency exits. Do not leave clean-up to last few minutes of shift or day. Do not clean equipment without "locking out." Do not reach into waste containers. Dump contents or remove bag. Do not blow off dust with compressed air. Use a vacuum or brush. Do not collect broken glass and metal straps in plastic bags. Do not use bare hands when collecting waste. Wear gloves to avoid cuts and splinters. Do not place materials on stairs. Do not use kegs or boxes as chairs or ladders. http://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/hsprograms/cklstwrk.html Basic Occupational Safety and Health (BOSH) Training Page 43 of 250 Downloaded by
