Basic Ana & Kines

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Questions and Answers

During eccentric contraction, what happens to the muscle and its role?

  • The muscle neither lengthens nor shortens, creating stability at each terminal end.
  • There is no change in muscle length.
  • The muscle shortens, providing power and speed.
  • The muscle lengthens, providing control. (correct)

In a closed-packed position (CPP) of a joint, which of the following characteristics are present?

  • Slack ligaments and increased joint movability
  • Tight capsule and decreased joint compression
  • Loose capsule and decreased joint congruency
  • Taut ligaments and increased joint congruency (correct)

What is the role of a synergist muscle?

  • To stabilize the origin of the agonist muscle
  • To control the movement produced by the agonist
  • To initiate movement as the primary mover
  • To stabilize intermediate joints or provide force couples (correct)

What is the primary function of a shunt muscle?

<p>To provide stability to a joint, due to its origin being near the functioning joint. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which lever system is designed for speed and typically involves most open kinetic chain (OKC) motions?

<p>Third-class lever (Lever of Speed) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the study of motion without considering the forces that cause it?

<p>Kinematics (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of statics within biomechanics?

<p>Bodies at rest or in constant motion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes translatory motion?

<p>Movement parallel to an axis in one direction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does osteokinematics specifically describe?

<p>The motion of bones relative to the three cardinal planes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following end-feels is typically associated with the presence of effusions, swelling, or edema?

<p>Capsular soft (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes arthrokinematics from osteokinematics?

<p>Arthrokinematics focuses on joint surface movements, while osteokinematics describes gross bone movements. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bone primarily functions as a lever?

<p>Long (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following anatomical locations best approximates the center of gravity (COG) in a typical adult?

<p>Approximately 2 inches anterior to the S2 vertebral body (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the best explanation of kinesiology?

<p>Study of the movements of the body based on physical sciences (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cellular component of bone is primarily responsible for bone resorption?

<p>Osteoclasts (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which plane does pronation and supination of the forearm primarily occur?

<p>Transverse plane (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors contributes to increased stability?

<p>Decreasing the distance between the COG and BOS (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is characteristic of a closed-kinematic chain (CKC) movement?

<p>Distal segment is stable (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following considers internal and external forces acting on the human body?

<p>Biomechanics (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the presented information regarding the line of gravity, which of the following points is anterior to the line of gravity?

<p>Ankle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following joints is classified as a synarthrosis?

<p>Gomphosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ligament provides static stabilization at the hip?

<p>Iliofemoral ligament (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following joints is classified as an amphiarthrosis?

<p>Intervertebral joints (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a uniaxial joint with one degree of freedom (DOF)?

<p>Hinge joint (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary dynamic stabilizer at the ankle and foot?

<p>Soleus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of Osteocytes?

<p>Bone remodelling and calcium regulation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What end-feel is typically associated with soft tissue approximation?

<p>Soft (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate location of the center of gravity (COG) in infants, according to the provided information?

<p>At the T10 vertebral level; roughly around the Xiphoid Process (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What cardinal plane is flexion and extension?

<p>Sagittal Plane (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the movement associated with the frontal plane?

<p>Abduction and adduction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What cardinal plane is associated with rotation, pronation, and supination?

<p>Transverse Plane (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the center of gravity (COG) of the wrist and hand?

<p>3rd metacarpal (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the center of gravity (COG) of the leg?

<p>2nd metatarsal (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the static Line of Gravity stabilizers of the hip?

<p>Iliofemoral ligament (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are functions of bones? (Select all that apply)

<p>Support the body (A), Protect internal organs (C), Aid in movement (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes ellipsoid and condyloid joints?

<p>Joints that allow movement in two planes and permit some rotation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is another name for a saddle joint?

<p>Sellar joint (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure stabilizes the origin of the agonist?

<p>Fixator (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes movement at a constant speed regardless of the amount of resistance applied?

<p>Isokinetic (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs when a muscle shortens across multiple joints, making it difficult to contract properly?

<p>Active Insufficiency (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term that occurs when a muscle that crosses multiple joints can't fully lengthen at all of those joints simultaneously?

<p>Passive insufficiency (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is true about a lever when the mechanical advantage is equal to 1?

<p>Greater force output with less input (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Class 1 in Leverage?

<p>Mechanical Advantage is equal to 1 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of a second-class lever?

<p>The load is between the effort and the fulcrum. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of a third class lever?

<p>The effort is applied between the fulcrum and resistance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of leverage is most common in the human body?

<p>Third-class lever (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient is 4 weeks post medial meniscectomy with limitation of knee extension range of motion. Which mobilization technique would be the most beneficial to increase knee extension ROM?

<p>Anterior glide of tibia with ER (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Kinesiology

The study of movements of the body based on physical sciences.

Biomechanics

The appreciation of various factors acting on the body such as gravity and friction.

Statics

The study of bodies at rest or in constant motion.

Dynamics

The study of bodies undergoing acceleration or deceleration.

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Kinematics

The study of motion without considering the forces involved.

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Osteokinematics

Movement between the shafts of two bones like flexion or extension.

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Arthrokinematics

Movement that occurs between articulating surfaces of joints.

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Degrees of Freedom

The number of independent movements a joint can perform.

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Soft tissue approximation

A type of abnormal end-feel in joints indicating tightness.

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Firm end-feel

An end-feel characterized by stretching of tissues, indicating resistance.

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Osteoblasts

Cells responsible for bone formation and remodeling.

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Types of bones

Categories include long, short, flat, sesamoid, and irregular bones.

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Diarthrosis

A freely movable joint characterized by a synovial membrane.

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Synarthrosis

An immovable joint where bones are closely connected.

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Open vs Closed Kinematic Chains

Open chains involve movement with a free distal segment; closed chains have a fixed distal segment.

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Types of movements

Movement can be classified as uni-axial, bi-axial, or multi-axial based on degrees of freedom.

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Cardinal Planes

Basic anatomical planes used for describing movements: Coronal, Sagittal, Transverse.

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Center of Gravity (COG)

The point where the body's mass is concentrated; varies across the lifespan.

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Higher COG Stability

Stability can be enhanced by lowering the center of gravity and widening the base of support.

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Line of Gravity

Imaginary line that represents the direction of gravitational force through the center of gravity.

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Normal End-Feels

Sensations felt at the end of a joint's range of motion; can be soft, firm, or hard.

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Static Stabilizers

Structures that provide stability during standing or low movement, like ligaments and bones.

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Dynamic Stabilizers

Muscles that provide stability during movement and maintain posture.

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Open-Packed Position

A position of a joint where the capsule is loose and ligaments are slack, allowing greater mobility.

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Closed-Packed Position

A position of a joint where the capsule is tight and ligaments are taut, providing stability.

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Agonist

The muscle that contracts to produce a movement; also known as the prime mover.

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Antagonist

The muscle that relaxes or controls the motion of the agonist muscle during movement.

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Isotonic Contraction

A type of muscle contraction where the joint angle changes; includes concentric and eccentric movements.

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Factors contributes to increased stability

Decreasing the distance between the COG and BOS

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closed-kinematic chain (CKC) movement

Distal segment is stable

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Pronation and supination of the forearm primarily occur

Transverse plane

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osteokinematics

The motion of bones relative to the three cardinal planes

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Study Notes

Anatomy & Kinesiology Basics

  • Kinesiology studies body movements based on physical science
  • Biomechanics studies forces on the body (e.g., gravity, friction, internal/external resistance)
  • Statics describes bodies at rest with constant motion
  • Dynamics describes bodies accelerating/decelerating
  • Kinematics studies motion regardless of forces
    • Translatory/Linear: parallel to an axis, unidirectional
    • Rotatory/Angular: around an axis
  • Osteokinematics: Movement between bone shafts (e.g., flexion/extension, abduction/adduction/rotation)
  • Arthrokinematics: Movement between articulating surfaces
    • Spinning
    • Gliding/sliding
    • Rolling/rocking

Cardinal Planes

  • XY (coronal/frontal): Front-Back, Antero-posterior
    • Movements: Abduction/adduction, deviations, flexion/extension, inversion/eversion
    • Exceptions: 1st CMC (carpometacarpal joint)
  • YZ (sagittal): Left-Right, Medio-lateral
    • Movements: Flexion/extension
    • Exceptions: 1st CMC
  • XZ (transverse/horizontal): Up-down, Vertical
    • Movements: Rotation, pronation/supination

Center of Gravity (COG)

  • Adults: ~2 inches anterior to the S2 vertebra (~55% of height)
  • Infants: T10, xiphoid process

Regional COG

  • Head: Base of the occipital area
  • Head, neck, & trunk: T1
  • Upper Extremity (UE): Just above the elbow joint
    • Arm: medial head of triceps brachii
    • Forearm: pronator teres
    • Wrist & hand: 3rd metacarpal
  • Lower Extremity (LE): Just above the knee joint
    • Thigh: adductor brevis
    • Leg: popliteus
    • Ankle & foot: 2nd metatarsal

COG Stability

  • Lower COG height
  • Wider base of support (BOS)
  • Decreased COG-to-BOS distance

Line of Gravity

  • A vertical line that passes through the body's COG

Degrees of Freedom

  • Number of independent movements permitted around a joint

Normal End-Feels

  • Soft: soft tissue approximation
  • Firm: tissue stretch
  • Hard: bony approximation (bone-to-bone)

Abnormal End-Feels

  • Empty: pain/muscle spasm
    • Early: acute
    • Late: chronic
  • Soft: effusion, swelling, edema
  • Hard: adhesions
  • Boggy: bursae
  • Springy-block: meniscal tear

Osteology

  • Functions of bones: Framework, RBC formation, fat storage, lever
  • Cellular components: Osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, osteocytes
  • Bone types: Long, short, flat, sesamoid, irregular

Open-Closed Kinematic Chains (OKC/CKC)

  • OKC: Proximal segment is stable; distal segment moves (e.g., non-weight bearing)
  • CKC: Distal segment is stable; proximal segment moves (e.g., weight bearing)

Arthrology

  • Types of joints: Synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, diarthrosis
    • Synarthrosis: immovable (e.g., sutures, teeth)
    • Amphiarthrosis: slightly moveable (e.g., synchondrosis, syndesmosis)
    • Diarthrosis: freely movable (e.g., synovial joints, joint fluid, capsule)

Myology

  • Mechanisms of Contraction: Agonist (prime mover), antagonist, synergist, fixator
  • Contraction Types: Isotonic (change in joint angle; concentric, eccentric), isometric (no change in joint angle), isokinetic (constant speed), shunt (origin near joint), spurt (origin far from joint)
  • Length-Tension Relationship: The relationship between muscle length and force production
  • Muscle Excursion
    • Active Insufficiency: Shortest length; maximum contraction
    • Passive Insufficiency: Maximum length; limits range of the second joint

Leverage

  • Lever types: Lever of balance (MA=1.0), lever of power (MA>1.0), lever of speed (MA<1.0)

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