Bark Lecture 2 MTI PDF

Barks containing tannins Hamamelis  Pomegranate  Cinchona  Witch-Hazel Bark (Hamamelis) ‫قشر هماميلس‬ Origin: Dried stem bark of Hamamelis virginiana (Fam. Hamamelidaceae).  Constituents 1- Hamamelitannin (gallotannin 7%) and smaller amounts of condensed tannins. ...

Barks containing tannins Hamamelis  Pomegranate  Cinchona  Witch-Hazel Bark (Hamamelis) ‫قشر هماميلس‬ Origin: Dried stem bark of Hamamelis virginiana (Fam. Hamamelidaceae).  Constituents 1- Hamamelitannin (gallotannin 7%) and smaller amounts of condensed tannins.  Actions and Uses Astringent for diarrhea Haemostatic in excessive menstruation, haemorrhoids, rectal and nasal bleeding Anti-inflammatory for prostate congestion. In eye and skin inflammation. Anti-aging or anti-wrinkle in skin preparations (skin toner).  Contra-indications Tannins are contraindicated in: Constipation. Iron deficiency anemia. Malnutrition.  Chemical test For Tannins Powder + water filtrate Ferric chloride bluish- black ppt.  Pharmaceutical Preparations: Decongestyl supp.( congestion and inflammation of the prostate). Avenoc oint. (for haemorrhoids). Barks containing volatile oil Cinnamon Cassia Canella Cascarilla  Cinnamon bark ‫قشر دار صينى‬ Ceylon Cinnamon, Darsieni,Quirfa Helwa Origin: Dried decorticated bark of shoots of coppiced trees of Cinnamomum zeylanicum F. Lauraceae  Coppicing Is a method in which tree stems are repeatedly cut down to near the ground level  Coppicing 1 Tree to be coppiced(4-6 years) cut close to the ground 2 3 Constituents: 1- Volatile oil composed of cinnamic aldehyde(55-65%) and eugenol(4-8%). 2-Tannins(1%). 3-Mucilage. Uses : 1-Antispasmodic, carminative. 2-Sedative and analgesic (Cinnamaldehyde) 3-Antiseptic and mild astringent, flavouring agent. 4-Emmenagogue 5-Helps maintain normal blood sugar (Cinnamaldehyde) Drug interactions: Cinnamon may increase the risk of bleeding when taken with drugs that increase the risk of bleeding, as aspirin, anticoagulants N.B.:(Cinnamaldehyde inhibits the aggregation of of platelets and may reduce the tendency of blood to clot, i.e. has anticoagulant effect). Cinnamon may lower blood sugar levels. Caution is advised when using antidiabetic medications.  Contra-indication Not recommended during pregnancy and lactation. Pharmaceutical Preparations Carminex (syrup) Composition: Each 100 ml contains: Cinnamon oil 0.1 ml Fennel oil 0.1 ml Caraway oil 0.1 ml Indications: *Flatulence *Digestive disorders, spasm, colic, nausea,..  Cassia bark Chinese cinnamon ‫قشر قرفة صينى‬ Origin: Dried bark of Cinnamomum cassia F. Lauraceae Occurs in channeled pieces or single quills Constituents: 1- Volatile oil containing mainly cinnamaldehyde(85%) , no eugenol. 2-Tannins and mucilage(more) Uses: Substitute for Cinnamon 1- Carminative and has anti-ulcer properties. 2- Analgesic in abdominal pain, flavouring agent.  Pericycle (Sclereides) Cinnamon(Decorticated) Pericycle (Sclereides) Cassia(Complete) Pericycle (Sclereides) Cinnamon(Decorticated) Cassia(Complete) Main differences between Cinnamon and Cassia Items ‫قرفة حلوة‬Cinnamon Cassia ‫قرفة صينى‬ ‫ دار صينى‬Ceylon cinnamon Chinese cinnamon Origin dried decorticated stem bark dried stem bark of of shoots of coppiced trees of Cinnamomum cassia Cinnamomum zylanicum Lauraceae Lauraceae Shape Single or double compound Channeled or single quill quill Colour Yellowish-brown Dark brown Kind Decorticated Complete bark Taste Sweet, less astringent Sweet more astringent Microscopically:Cork - No cork -Presence of cork Pericycle Continuous Discontinuous Keratenchyma Present Absent Elements Diameter of fibre Less than 30 µ More than 30 µ Diameter of starch Less than 10 µ More than 10 µ Active constituents 55-65% cinnamic 85% cinnamic aldehyde aldehyde Eugenol (4-8%) No eugenol Vol. oil (0.5-1%) Vol. oil (1- 1.5%) Tannins(1%) More tannins Mucilage More mucilage Tests for eugenol FeCl3 Blue colour -ve KOH Needle crystals -ve  Acicular crystals of calcium oxalate Oil cells Acicular crystals of calcium oxalate Phloem fibres Cork Starch granules Sclereides Powdered Cassia  Barks containing glycosides Saponin Cyanogenic Phenolic Anthraquinone glycosides glycoside glycoside glycosides Quillaia Wild Cherry Cascara & Salix(Willow) Frangula Saponin glycosides B-Barks containing anthraquinone glycosides Cascara Frangula  Cascara bark ( ‫قشر مقدس )الكسكرة‬ Cascara sagrada, Cascara Buckthorn Origin: Dried stem bark of Rhamnus purshiana (Fam. Rhamnacea), collected at least one year before being employed medicinally.  Frangula bark Quishrel Awsagel-Aswad ‫قشرالعوسج اﻻسود‬ Origin: Dried stem bark of Rhamnus frangula, f. Rhamnaceae. Collected at least one year before employed medicinally.  Give reason: Fresh bark contains: Anthranols , anthrones (active cathartic but emetic, irritant) Stored bark contains : Corresponding anthraquinones less emetic , less irritant , changes in intestine to anthranols After 1 year storage The irritant principals (anthranols) present in fresh barks changes to less irritant corresponding anthraquinones Oxidation Anthranols Anthraquinones Irritant cathartic Fresh bark Less irritant, mild cathartic After 1 year storage  Active constituents Cascara Frangula Anthraquinones Cascarosides Frangulins A ,B A, B,C,D Chemical tests 1-Borntrager's test boil filtrate HCL Powder + alc.KOH cold Shake with ether ammonia Solution etherial layer orange red color in aqueous layer 2-Microsublimation test ;heat in dry tube Yellow cryst. alkali Reddish- brown color 3-Test for callose mucilage: T.S.+ corallin soda, the callus plates acquire a red stain +ve in Cascara, -ve in Frangula.  Actions and Uses: 1-Laxative or purgative in large doses ( fecal softener) Occasional constipation Disorders that requires easy evacuation with soft stool as: Anal fissures, hemorrhoids, after recto- anal operations 2-Tonic and stomachic in small doses. Cascara Frangula Cathartic with Agreeable cathartic Preferable than cascara disagreeable taste (less disagreeable taste) Mechanism of action: Stimulant or irritant laxatives(Cascara,Frangula) increase the peristaltic movement of the intestine.  Contra-indications In intestinal obstruction and inflammation. During pregnancy and lactation. Colitis. Children under 12 years old. Side effects Cramp or griping of GIT. Repeated defecation hypokalemia (low concentration of potassium (K+) in the blood) leading to cardiac disorders, muscular weakness. (Long-time use: disturbance of electrolyte balance especially potassium deficiency)  Pharmaceutical Preparations tablets Packing: 20 tablets Cascara extract Price: $5.50  Pharmaceutical Preparations Cascara Frangula NormalinTablets Non griping laxative (Cascara extract 70mg + hyoscyamus10 mg) Role of hyoscymus.??? Explain ? 1-Normalin tablet is contraindicated in patient with cardiac disorders ?? 2- use of mucinum tablets after recto-anal operations,haemorrhoids.? 8% Frangula D-Barks containing Phenolic glycosides  Willow Bark Salix ‫قشر الصفصاف‬ Origin:- The dried barks of Salix alba , Salix purpurea and other species of Salix (Family Salicacea)  Active constituents Phenolic glycosides (1.5-11%) , salicin(salicylic derivatives) (does not cause gastric or intestinal upset or bleeding as aspirin) P-coumaric, caffeic and ferulic acids, salicyl alcohol (saligenin) Tannins (8-20%)  Actions and Uses Antipyretic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, astringent actions  indicated in : Feverish colds and infections (influenza) Rheumatic disorders, gout Mild headache Diarrhea (tannin)  Mechanism of action Salicin splits by the intestinal flora Saligenin + glucose absorbed&oxidised in blood&liver Salicylic acid inhibits the synthesis of prostaglandins and leukotrienes via cyclo-oxygenase and lipo- oxygenase enzymes. The analgesic action of willow is slow-acting but last longer than standard aspirin products.  Quillaia Bark ‫ قشر الكويﻼيا‬Soap Bark Botanical Origin It is the dried inner part of the bark of Quillaia saponaria Molina, Family Rosaceae. Powder: Powdered Quillaia is pinkish-white in color. It is characterized by: 1. Numerous fragments of tortuous lignified phloem fibres crossed by the medullary rays. 2. Fragments of parenchyma containing starch and prisms of broken calcium oxalate. 3. Numerous starch granules, simple or compound. 4. Sclerides. 5. No cork cells.  Active Constitutents: Two colorless amorphous, triterpenoid saponin glycosides named: a- Quillajic acid. b- Quillaia sapotoxin. Sugars and uronic acids. 3- Starch and calcium oxalate. Uses: 1. Quillaia bark can be used as a substitute for soap, since it forms a lather with water, owing to the presence of a glucoside saponin. 2. Treatment for various chest problems mainly as an expectorant. 3. It is used in some skin creams to treat skin ulcers and eruptions. 4. It is used in hair preparations and shampoos as anti-dandruff. 5. It is used also as foaming agent in fire extinguishers. Test for Identity: 1. When powdered Quillaia is shaken with water a copious persistent froth is produced. 2. Saponins are characterized by their hemolytic effect on RBCs.