Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the scientific name of the tree from which Ceylon Cinnamon is derived?
What is the scientific name of the tree from which Ceylon Cinnamon is derived?
Which part of the Cinnamomum zeylanicum tree is used for cinnamon?
Which part of the Cinnamomum zeylanicum tree is used for cinnamon?
Which other name is commonly associated with Ceylon Cinnamon?
Which other name is commonly associated with Ceylon Cinnamon?
What type of product is produced from the bark of Cinnamomum zeylanicum?
What type of product is produced from the bark of Cinnamomum zeylanicum?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary component of cinnamon bark that is utilized for medicinal purposes?
What is the primary component of cinnamon bark that is utilized for medicinal purposes?
Signup and view all the answers
Which property of cinnamon serves as a sedative and analgesic?
Which property of cinnamon serves as a sedative and analgesic?
Signup and view all the answers
What effect does cinnamaldehyde have on blood clotting?
What effect does cinnamaldehyde have on blood clotting?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is a function of cinnamon as an emmenagogue?
Which of the following is a function of cinnamon as an emmenagogue?
Signup and view all the answers
Which potential interaction should be considered when taking cinnamon with other medications?
Which potential interaction should be considered when taking cinnamon with other medications?
Signup and view all the answers
Which health benefit is linked to cinnamon's ability to help maintain normal blood sugar levels?
Which health benefit is linked to cinnamon's ability to help maintain normal blood sugar levels?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Barks Containing Tannins
- Hamamelis, pomegranate, and cinchona are barks containing tannins.
Witch-Hazel Bark (Hamamelis)
- Origin: Dried stem bark of Hamamelis virginiana (Family Hamamelidaceae).
- Constituents: Mainly 1-Hamamelitannin (gallotannin 7%) and smaller amounts of condensed tannins.
Actions and Uses of Hamamelis
- Astringent for diarrhea
- Haemostatic in excessive menstruation, haemorrhoids, rectal and nasal bleeding
- Anti-inflammatory for prostate congestion
- Treats eye and skin inflammations
- Used in anti-aging or anti-wrinkle skin preparations (skin toner).
Contraindications for Tannins
- Constipation
- Iron deficiency anemia
- Malnutrition
Chemical Test For Tannins
- Powder + water → filtrate → Ferric chloride → Bluish-black ppt.
Pharmaceutical Preparations
- Decongestyl suppository (for prostate congestion and inflammation)
- Avenoc ointment (for hemorrhoids)
Barks Containing Volatile Oil
- Cinnamon
- Cassia
- Canella
- Cascarilla
Cinnamon Bark (Ceylon Cinnamon)
- Origin: Dried decorticated bark of shoots of coppiced trees of Cinnamomum zeylanicum (Family Lauraceae).
- Coppicing: A method where tree stems are repeatedly cut down to near the ground level.
- Constituents: Volatile oil composed of cinnamic aldehyde (55-65%) and eugenol (4-8%), tannins (1%), and mucilage.
Uses of Cinnamon Bark
- Antispasmodic and carminative
- Sedative and analgesic (cinnamaldehyde)
- Antiseptic, mild astringent, and flavoring agent
- Emmenagogue
- Maintains normal blood sugar (cinnamaldehyde)
Drug Interactions of Cinnamon
- May increase the risk of bleeding when taken with aspirin, anticoagulants.
- May lower blood sugar levels. Caution advised when using antidiabetic medications.
Contraindications for Cinnamon Bark
- Not recommended during pregnancy and lactation.
Carminex Syrup
- Composition: Each 100ml contains 0.1ml cinnamon oil, 0.1ml fennel oil, and 0.1ml caraway oil.
- Indications: For flatulence, digestive disorders, spasm, colic, nausea.
Cassia Bark (Chinese Cinnamon)
- Origin: Dried bark of Cinnamomum cassia (Family Lauraceae).
- Occurs in channeled pieces or single quills.
- Constituents: Volatile oil mainly containing cinnamaldehyde (85%), no eugenol, tannins, and mucilage.
Uses of Cassia Bark
- Substitute for cinnamon
- Carminative and has anti-ulcer properties
- Analgesic in abdominal pain, flavoring agent
Microscopically: Cinnamon and Cassia
- Cork (presence or absence)
- Pericycle (continuous or discontinuous)
- Keratenchyma (presence or absence)
- Element's diameter of fiber (less than 30 μ or more than 30 μ)
- Diameter of starch (less than 10 μ or more than 10 μ)
- Active constituents (e.g., cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, tannins)
- Chemical tests (e.g., for eugenol, mucilage).
Barks Containing Glycosides
- Saponin glycosides (Quillaia)
- Anthraquinone glycosides (Cascara & Frangula)
- Cyanogenic glycoside (Wild Cherry)
- Phenolic glycoside (Salix (Willow))
Cascara Bark
- Origin: Dried stem bark of Rhamnus purshiana (Family Rhamnaceae), collected at least one year before use.
Frangula Bark
- Origin: Dried stem bark of Rhamnus frangula (Family Rhamnaceae), collected at least one year before use.
Cascara and Frangula Storage
- Cascara and frangula must be stored at least one year before use due to changes in active constituents.
Fresh and Stored Bark Constituents
- Fresh bark contains anthranols and anthrones.
- Stored bark contains corresponding anthraquinones, resulting in a less emetic and irritant effect
Active Constituents of Cascara and Frangula
- Cascara: Cascarosides A, B, C, D
- Frangula: Frangulins A and B
Chemical Tests for Cascara and Frangula
- Borntrager's test
- Micro-sublimation test
- Test for callose mucilage
Actions and Uses of Cascara and Frangula
- Laxative or purgative (fecal softener)
- Treats occasional constipation and disorders requiring easy evacuation (anal fissures, hemorrhoids)
- Tonic and stomachic in small doses.
Mechanism of Action of Cascara and Frangula
- Stimulant or irritant laxatives that increase peristaltic movement of the intestine.
Contraindications for Cascara and Frangula
- Intestinal obstruction and inflammation
- Pregnancy and lactation
- Colitis
- Children under 12 years old
Side Effects of Cascara and Frangula
- Cramp or griping of GIT
- Repeated defecation leading to hypokalemia
- Disturbances of electrolyte balance (especially potassium deficiency)
Pharmaceutical Preparations (Cascara)
- Muccin tablets (contains Cascara extract)
- Normalin Tablets (contains Cascara extract and hyoscyamus)
Willow Bark (Salix)
- Origin: Dried barks of Salix alba, Salix purpurea, and other species of Salix (Family Salicaceae).
- Active constituents: Phenolic glycosides (1.5-11%), salicin, p-coumaric, caffeic, and ferulic acids, salicyl alcohol, and tannins (8-20%).
Uses of Willow Bark
- Antipyretic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, astringent.
- Feverish colds and infections (influenza)
- Rheumatic disorders, gout
- Mild headache
- Diarrhea
Mechanism of Action of Willow Bark
- Salicin is metabolized to salicylic acid.
- Inhibits the synthesis of prostaglandins and leukotrienes via cyclo-oxygenase and lipo-oxygenase enzymes.
- Analgesic action is slow-acting but lasts longer than standard aspirin products.
Quillaia Bark (Soap Bark)
- Botanical Origin: Dried inner bark of Quillaia saponaria Molina (Family Rosaceae).
- Powder appearance: Pinkish-white
- Characteristics: Numerous fragments of tortuous lignified phloem fibers, crossed by medullary rays, fragments of parenchyma containing starch and prisms of broken calcium oxalate and numerous starch granules (simple or compound), and sclereides; no cork cells.
Active Constituents of Quillaia Bark
- Two colorless amorphous, triterpenoid saponin glycosides (a-quillajic acid and b-quillaia sapotoxin)
- Sugars and uronic acids
- Starch and calcium oxalate.
Uses of Quillaia Bark
- Substitute for soap (forms lather)
- Treatment for various chest problems (expectorant)
- Treats skin ulcers and eruptions
- Anti-dandruff in hair preparations
- Foaming agent in fire extinguishers
Test for Quillaia Bark Identity
- Shaking powdered Quillaia with water produces a persistent froth
- Saponins exhibit a hemolytic effect on red blood cells (RBCs).
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
This quiz explores the properties and uses of tannin-containing barks, such as Hamamelis and pomegranate. Learn about their actions, contraindications, and the chemical tests for tannins. Additionally, discover pharmaceutical preparations that utilize these natural compounds.
