21st Century Literature from the Philippines PDF

21ST CENTURY LITERATURE FROM THE PHILIPPINES TO THE WORLD (REVIEWER) By: Mr. Kim P. Parrenas 4. Intellectual Value – Great literature stimulates our thought. It makes us realize fundamental truth...

21ST CENTURY LITERATURE FROM THE PHILIPPINES TO THE WORLD (REVIEWER) By: Mr. Kim P. Parrenas 4. Intellectual Value – Great literature stimulates our thought. It makes us realize fundamental truths Definitions of Literature about life and human nature; thus, enriching our mental life. Literature is the total of preserved writings 5. Spiritual Value – Great literature inspires and brings belongings to a given language or people (Webster). out moral values making us better persons Literature is a written record of man’s best 6. Style – Great literature is marked with the thoughts and feelings. peculiar way in which the writer sees life, forms Literature is the written or printed productions of his/her ideas, and expresses them distinctly. the human mind collectively, which deals with 7. Suggestiveness – Great literature appeals to our themes of permanent and universal interest, emotions, stirs our imagination, feeling, moves us characterized by creativeness and grace of deeply and evokes visions over and beyond the level of expression, as poetry, fictions, essays, etc., ordinary life and experience distinguished from works of scientific, technical or journalistic nature (Webster Comprehensive HISTORICAL BACKGROUND AND THE DEVELOPMENT Dictionary, International Edition). OF THE PHIPPINE LITERATURE Literature is the writings having excellence of form and expressing ideas of permanent or universal Pre- Spanish Literature / Pre-Colonial Period interest or the body of written works produced in Pre-Spanish Literature is characterized by: particular language, country or age (Webster’s Ninth A. LEGENDS are a form of prose and the common New Collegiate Dictionary). theme of which is about the origin of a thing, location or name. Types of Literature: Examples of legends: The Legend of Mount Makiling Oral Literature - is preserved and handed down from Ang Alamat ng Pinya one generation to another by word of mouth. Why Women Wash the Dishes Written Literature- is one that gets its form from the The Legend of Olongapo use of the pen by literary genius. Reasons B. FOLK TALES are made up of stories about life, adventure, love, horror and humor where one can Why People Write: derive lessons about life. For self-expression. To spread knowledge and C. EPICS are long narrative poems where a series information. of heroic achievements or events, usually by a hero, To pass on ideas and values. are dealt with. To impart truth, accuracy, and evaluation D. MYTHS are narratives that describe and portray in symbolic language the origin of the basic elements LITERARY STANDARDS and assumptions of a culture. Great Literature is characterized by the following E. FOLK SONGS are one of the oldest forms of Philippine qualities: literature that emerged in the Pre-Spanish period. Folk 1. Permanence - Great literature stands through the songs mirror the culture of the early Filipinos. ages and still opens new world of meaning and a. Kundiman (courtship/serenade) experience. It can be read repeatedly. b. Ang Oyayi o Hele (Lullaby) 2. Universality - Great literature appeals to anyone, c. Kumintang (War song) anywhere, anytime forever relevant. d. Soliranin (song for laborers) 3. Artistry – Great literature appeals to our e. Ang Dalit o Imno (Worship song) aesthetic sense or sense of beauty. f. Talindaw (songs for farming/fishing)  5. The Passion - This book is about the life and sufferings of Jesus Christ OTHER FORMS OF PRE SPANISH POETRY 6. Urbana at Felisa - This book was written by Modesto de Castro, known to as the Father of A. Epigrams (Salawikain) – They served as laws or rules Classic Prose in Tagalog. on good behavior by our ancestors. These are like 7. Ang Mga Dalit Kay Maria (Psalms for Mary) allegories or parables that teach lessons for the young. - This is a collection of songs praising Virgin Mary. It was written in 1865 by a Filipino priest, B. Riddles (Bugtong) or Palaisipan – These are made up Fr. Mariano Sevilla of one or more measured lines with rhyme which consists 4 to 12 syllables. It is an example of oral AMERICAN COLONIAL PERIOD 1910 – 1945 literature. C. Chant (Bulong) - This is used in witchcraft or SHORT STORIES enchantment. 1. Dead Stars was the first short story written D. Maxims – These are verses with rhyming couplets of in English by Paz Marquez Benitez. 5, 6 or 8 syllables, each line has the same number 2. The Small Key was written by Paz Latorena. of syllables. It is also an example of oral literature. 3. Footnote to Youth was written by Jose E. Sayings (Kasabihan)- These are used in teasing Garcia Villa. or giving remarks or comments on a person’s actuations. F. Sawikain (Sayings) –These sayings do not have NOVELS hidden meaning 1. Child of Sorrow was the first novel in English by Zoilo Galang. SPANISH PERIOD (1565-1898) NEWSPAPERS A. SPANISH INFLUENCES ON PHILIPPINE LITERATURE: 1. EL NUEVO DIA (The New Day) ALIBATA was the first Filipino alphabet which 2. EL GRITO DEL PUEBLO (The Call of the was replaced by the Roman alphabet. Nation) 3. EL RENACIMIENTO (The Rebirth) Lessons on Christian Doctrine became the basis of religious practice PLAYS The Spanish language which became the 1. Kahapon, Ngayon, at Bukas (Yesterday, medium of instruction and literary language Today and Tomorrow) written by Aurelio Tolentino. during this time lent many of its words to our 2. Tanikalang Ginto of Juan Abad language. 3. Malaya by Tomas Remigio Legends and traditions from Europe were 4. Walang Sugat by Severino Reyes assimilated in our songs, corridos, and moro- moros. OPENING OF PUBLIC SCHOOLS Ancient literature was collected and translated Philippine Normal College in 1901 (now to Tagalog and other dialects. Philippine Normal University) Grammar books were printed in Filipino, like Silliman University in Dumaguete City as Tagalog, Ilocano and Visayan. the first American private school Our magazines and periodicals gained a Central Philippine University as the second religious tone. American private school Negros Oriental High School in 1902 THE FIRST BOOKS St. Paul University Dumaguete City in 1904 1. The Christian Doctrine (Doctrina Cristiana) Cebu Normal School in 1915 This was the first book printed in the Filamer Christian University 1904 Philippines in 1593 in Xylography. Iloilo Normal School in 1902 2. Nuestra Senora del Rosario Zamboanga Normal School in 1904 This was the second book printed in the Philippines National University in 1901 written by Fr. Blancas de San Jose in 1602 University of Manila in 1914 3. Libro de los Cuatro Post Primeras de Philippine Women’s University in 1919 Hombre (in Spanish and Tagalog) Far Eastern University in 1933 - This is the first book printed in typography. University of the Philippines in 1908 4. Ang Barlaan at Josephat - This is the first Biblical story printed in the Philippines JAPANESE PERIOD LITERATURE (1941 – 1945) Philippine Literature was interrupted in its KEY THEMES IN POST-WAR PHILIPPINE LITERATURE development when we were conquered by Japan between 1941-1945. During this period, the War and Its Aftermath – Writers depicted the horrors Japanese stopped the use of the English Language of war and its impact on Filipinos (Without Seeing the in almost all newspapers except for the Tribune and Dawn by Stevan Javellana). the Philippine Review, Pillars, Free Philippines and Nationalism and Identity – Literature emphasized Filipina. Filipino pride and cultural heritage (essays and speeches There was no freedom of speech and of the by Carlos P. Romulo). press. Victoria Abelardo described Filipino Social Injustice and Class Struggle – Writers exposed writings during the Japanese occupation as poverty, inequality, and political corruption (The pessimistic and bitter. Woman Who Had Two Navels by Nick Joaquin). The weekly magazine Liwayway was placed under strict surveillance until it was managed by Moral Decay and American Influence – Some works a Japanese named Ishiwara. criticized the effects of neocolonialism and The common theme of most poems during the Westernization. Japanese occupation was nationalism, love and life Rural vs. Urban Conflict – Literature contrasted in the barrios, faith, religion and the arts. provincial traditions with modern city life. The only contact with the outside world 3. Literary Genres and Forms was done with utmost secrecy through the Short Stories – Became the dominant literary form, underground radio program called “Voice of often tackling social and psychological themes. Freedom.” Poetry – Writers shifted from traditional meter and rhyme to free verse and modernist styles. HAIKU. It is made up of 17 syllables divided into three Novels – Few full-length novels were written, but some lines. The first line has 5 syllables, the second, 7 tackled war and nationalism. syllables and third, five syllable Essays and Journalism – Many intellectuals wrote about post-war politics and society. TANAGA. is similar to Haiku. It is also short with Drama – Stage plays and radio dramas became popular, measurement and rhyme with 17 syllables and often dealing with social themes. allegorical in meaning PROMINENT WRITERS AND WORKS POST-WAR PERIOD (1946–1960S) FICTION & NOVELS 1. Historical Context Stevan Javellana – Without Seeing the Dawn (A novel The Post-War Period in the Philippines (1946–1960s) about the horrors of World War II in the Philippines). was marked by: Nick Joaquin – The Woman Who Had Two Navels (Explores identity and colonial mentality). Independence from the United States (1946) – The N.V.M. Gonzalez – A Season of Grace (Depicts rural life Philippines became a republic, shaping nationalist and social struggles). themes in literature. Rebuilding from World War II – Writers reflected on POETRY the destruction and trauma caused by the war. José Garcia Villa – Footnote to Youth (Modernist poetry, Emerging Social Issues – Literature tackled poverty, focus on language and structure). corruption, social injustice, and neocolonialism. Amado V. Hernandez – Isang Dipang Langit (Poetry Rise of Nationalism – There was a growing emphasis on reflecting social injustice and oppression). Filipino identity and culture. Introduction of New Literary Forms – Writers ESSAYS & JOURNALISM experimented with modernist techniques, free verse Carlos P. Romulo – I Am a Filipino (Nationalist essays on poetry, and social realism in fiction. independence and identity). Salvador P. Lopez – Literature and Society (Critiques of social realism in literature).   Literature reflects modern issues like globalization, migration, LGBTQ+ rights, and the digital age. DRAMA & PLAYS Wilfrido Ma. Guerrero – Three Rats (A psychological drama about betrayal). KEY THEMES IN MARTIAL LAW AND CONTEMPORARY Severino Montano – Sabina (Focuses on Filipino family LITERATURE dynamics and struggles). Oppression & Resistance – Literature served as a tool INFLUENCE OF POST-WAR LITERATURE IN THE to expose injustices (Dekada ‘70 by Lualhati Bautista). PHILIPPINES Censorship & Freedom – Many works were banned or Rise of Social Realism – Writers moved away from circulated underground. romanticism and focused on real-world issues. Human Rights & Political Struggles – Martial Law Growing Nationalism – Literature played a role in literature highlighted torture, disappearances, and strengthening Filipino identity and culture. dictatorship. Modernization of Literary Forms – Writers Globalization & Migration – Literature from the 2000s experimented with new styles influenced by Western onward explored the Filipino diaspora. literature. Identity & Modernization – Writers tackled Filipino Criticism of American Influence – Some works identity in an increasingly digital and globalized world. examined the effects of U.S. colonization and 3. Literary Genres and Forms neocolonialism. Protest Literature – Writings that exposed government Platform for Political Discourse – Literature became a abuses. tool for social and political critique, laying the Underground & Alternative Journalism – Secret groundwork for future activism in the 1970s. publications critical of the regime. Autobiographical Fiction & Memoirs – Personal MARTIAL LAW AND CONTEMPORARY PERIOD (1972– accounts of Martial Law struggles. PRESENT) Spoken Word Poetry & Digital Literature – Rise of performance poetry and online storytelling in the HISTORICAL CONTEXT contemporary period. The Martial Law and Contemporary Period (1972– Present) in Philippine literature reflects the nation’s PROMINENT WRITERS AND WORKS struggle under dictatorship, the restoration of democracy, and the evolution of modern Filipino FICTION & NOVELS identity. Lualhati Bautista – Dekada '70 (A family’s experience during Martial Law). Martial Law Period (1972–1986) F. Sionil José – Mass (Explores corruption and class  Declared by President Ferdinand Marcos in struggles). 1972, leading to strict censorship and Jessica Hagedorn – Dogeaters (Examines Marcos-era repression. Philippine society).  Writers faced persecution, imprisonment, and exile for critiquing the government. CONTEMPORARY DIGITAL & SPOKEN WORD POETS  The rise of protest literature, underground Juan Miguel Severo – Spoken word poetry (Love, publications, and social realism. activism, and LGBTQ+ themes).  The 1986 People Power Revolution led to Mark Angeles – Digital poetry on social issues. Marcos' ousting and the return of democracy. INFLUENCE OF MARTIAL LAW AND CONTEMPORARY Contemporary Period (1986–Present) LITERATURE  Freedom of expression returned, allowing more Inspired political awareness – Many writings shaped diverse themes and literary experimentation. activism and resistance.  Digital and global influences changed the way Bridged traditional and modern storytelling – Digital Filipinos consume literature. platforms expanded literature’s reach. Encouraged diverse voices – More representation for LGBTQ+, women, and overseas Filipinos. Continued critique of power structures – Literature remains a tool for social change, even today.