21st Century Literature Review PDF

21st Reviewer: LITERATURE latin word "litera" which means "letters” DEFINATION OF LITERATURE BASED ON DIFFERENT AUTHOR Henry van Dyke -literature are writings which interpret the meanings of nature and life, in words of charm and power, touched of the personality of the author, in artistic form...

21st Reviewer: LITERATURE latin word "litera" which means "letters” DEFINATION OF LITERATURE BASED ON DIFFERENT AUTHOR Henry van Dyke -literature are writings which interpret the meanings of nature and life, in words of charm and power, touched of the personality of the author, in artistic forms of permanent interest. Rene Wellek (Theory of Literature) -posits that literature is a creative act and an art form. Terry Eagleton (Literary Theory) -emphasizes the linguistic ability of literature. -literature's language is more unique, apart from being fictional and imaginative. Thomas de Quincey -he classifies literature into two kinds: 1. The literature of knowledge 2. The literature of power Milagros Tanlayco -"Literature is a record, oral and written, of man's thoughts, man's experience, man's values, in language that is expressed, in language that is beautiful, presented in a manner that is unforgettable. Literature vs literature Literature -Permanence -Canonized by various institutions. literature -Fad / Trends -These works might seek to entertain or divert it's reader attention. 21ST CENTURY LITERATURE all the literary works that are published starting 2001 up to the present time. RELEVANCE OF READING LITERATURE: ​ READING IS A FORM OF ESCAPISM "The book is a film that takes place in the mind of the reader. That's why we go to movies and say, "Oh, the book is better." -Paulo Coelho ​ BOOKS CAN FOSTER CREATIVITY ​ READING REDUCES STRESS IN MIND AND BODY ​ WE CAN LEARN ABOUT OTHER CULTURES AND COUNTRIES WE CAN'T TRAVEL TO. LITERARY STANDARDS ​ ARTISTRY This standards pertains to the technicalities of the composition of the work. ​ INTELLECTUAL VALUE Literature that are characterized as thought-provoking. ​ SUGGESTIVE VALUE The effectivity of this features is literally felt when readers are "moved.” ​ PERMANENCE the ability of a good literature to endure time across culture, gender, age, and history. ​ STYLE refers to the way the writer has expressed themselves in their work, usually reflected in their writing technique, approach in tackling the theme or manner of delivering narration. ​ SPIRITUAL VALUE  the ability of the literary work to inspire its readers by lifting the readers spirit and nourishing it through some sort of realization or enlightenment. ​ UNIVERSALITY This feature suggests that good literature should appeal and be relatable across, culture, gender and time. HISTORY OF PHILIPPINEA LITERATURE PRE-SPANISH PERIOD 1565 ORAL TRADITION Philippine Literature started with this kind / form of tradition word of mouth BABAYLAN refers to the pre-colonial Philippine tradition of female mystical healers whose spiritual connectedness was a source of political and social power BAYBAYIN old form of writing in the - Philippines. LITERATURE: LEGENDS form of prose that tells about the origin of a thing, place, location, or name. Example: The Legend of the Tagalog FOLKTALES made up stories about life, adventure, horror and humor that mirrors a certain group of people. Example: Aswang EPICS a long narrative poems about heroic achievements. Example: Biag ni Lam-ang FOLK SONGS oldest form of Philippine Literature Example: Kundiman EPIGRAMS, RIDDLES, & CHANTS consist of stanzas of wit and wisdom. PROVERBS AND SAYING laws and rules for good behavior EPIGRAMS "There are no gains without pains." - Benjamin Franklin PROVERBS All that glitters is not gold. SPANISH PERIOD 1565-1898 ​ CATHOLICISM ​ ABECEDARIO ​ DOCTRINA CHRISTIANA EN LENGUA ESPANOLA TAGALA -Padre Juan de Placencia -1593 -Padre Domingo Nieva -xylography ​ NUESTRA SEÑORA DEL ROSARIO -1602 - Our Lady of the Rosary -Fr. Blancas de san Jose -Biographies of Saints & Nouenas ​ BARLAAN AT JOSAPHAT GREEK - San Juan Damaseno TAGALOG - Fr. Antonio de Borja ILOKANO- Fr. Agustin Mejia -First Tagalog novel Biblical story ​ URBANA AT FELISA Fr. Modesto de Castro  -Father of Classical Tagalog Prose -It is a correspondence story between two sisters ​ ANG DALIT KAY MARIA -Fr. Mariano Sevilla -a collection of song praising Virgin Mary -Flores de Mayo ​ LIBRO DELOS CUATROS POSPRIMERAS DE HOMBRES -The Book on the Four Fathers of the Church -Typography -Biography of the Four Father of Catholic Church ​ TOMAS PINPIN - Librong pagaaralan nang manga Tagalog nang uicang Castila (1610) ​ UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS 1611 ​ SPANISH LANGUAGE BECAME THE LITERARY LANGUAGE ​ EUROPEAN LEGENDS AND TRADITIONS BROUGHT HERE BECAME ASSIMILATED IN OUR SONGS, CORRIDOS, AND MORO-MOROS ​ SONGS ​ CORRIDO ​ O, BIRHENG KAIBIG-ibig, Ina naming nasa langit, liwanAgan yaring isip nang sa layo'y dimalihis." ​ MORO-MORO -a folk drama that depicts the conflict between Christians and Muslims in the Philippines ​ MANY GRANIMAR BOOKS WERE PRINTED IN TAGALOG (FILIPINO), ILOCANO, AND VISAYAN ​ ARTE Y REGLAS DE LA LENGUA TAGALA -Arts and Rules of the Tagalog Language -Fr. Blancas de San Jose -Fernando Bagongbanta (Ladino) ​ VOCABULARIO DE LA LENGUA TAGALA -Vocabulary of the Tagalog Language -Fr. Pedro de San Buenaventura ​ VOCABULARIO DE LA LENGUA PAMPANGA -Vocabulary of the Kapampangan Language -Fr. Diego ​ VOCABULARIO DE LA LENGUA BISAYA -Vocabulary of the Visayan Language  -Mateo Sanchez ​ ARTE DE LA LENGUA ILOKANA -Arts of the Ilokano Language -Fr. Francisco Lopez ​ ARTE DE LA LENGUA BICOLANA -Art of the Bicol Language -Fr. Marcos Lisbon SPANISH-INFLUENCED DRAMAS TIBAG -to excavate -the search for the holy cross St. Helena -May LAGAYLAY -a special occasion celebrated by the Pilareños of Pilar, Sorsogon -May CENACULO -the passion and death of Jesus Christ -cantada -Hablada PANUNULUYAN -the search of the Virgin Mary and St. Joseph for an inn SALUBONG -the meeting of the Risen Christ and His mother, Virgin Mary. CARILLO -shadow play ZARZUELA -musical comedy or melodrama in three acts Торіс: Man & Social issue SAINETE -short musical and exaggerated comedies -One act play PANAMBITAN -is a chant of free verse by a bereaved person beside the corpse of the dead DUPLO -is a poetic joust in speaking and reasoning with roles taken form the Bible's Proverbs and sayings and usually performed in the wake of a dead person -Ang nawawalang loro ng hari KARAGATAN -a legend about a princess who dropped her ring in the middle of the ocean for her suitors to dive a retrieve -Ang nahulog na singsing ng dalaga sa karagatan BALAGTASAN -In honor of Baltazar. (Francisco Balagtas) -This is a poetic joust or a contest of skills in debate on a particular topic or issuc -Bukanegan - Pedro Bukanes (Ilocos) -Crisotan (Pampanga) - Juan Crisostomo Soto THE PERIOD OF ENLIGHTENMENT 1565-1898 DR. JOSE P. RIZAL Jose Protacio Rizal Mercado Alonzo y Realonda LA LIGA FILIPINA RIZAL BOOKS MARCELO H. DEL PILAR DIARIONG TAGALOG DASALAN AT TOCSOHAN GRACIANO LOPEZ JAENA LA SOLIDARIDAD  AMERICAN REGIME 1898-1941 ​ Philippine Independence was proclaimed on June 12, 1898. ​ The surrender of General Miguel Malvar (Batangas) and General Simeon Ola (Bicol) ​ Filipino writers explored all forms of literature. ​ El Nuevo Dia (The New Day) -established by Sergio Osmena in 1900 ​ El Grito del Pueblo (The Call of the Nation) -established by Pascual Poblete in 1900 ​ El Renacimiento (The Rebirth) -founded by Rafael Palma Characteristics of Literature during this Period -There were three groups of writers who contributed to Philippine Literature Tagalog, Writer. Spanish, English. Spanish Writer ​ Cecilio Apostol write poems dedicated to our heroes. ​ Fernando Ma. Geurero f.t. Apostol King's Balagtasan in Spanish. ​ Jesus Balmori - pen name Batikuling. He was elected Poet Laureate in Spanish ​ Adelina Guerea first woman poet in the Philippines. Tagalog Writer  ​ Lope K. Santos - Father of National Language Grammar ​ Jose corazon De Jesus Huseng Batute. He was deemed as "Makata ng Pag-ibig." ​ Amado V. Hernandez "Makata ng mga Manggagawa" ​ Valeriano Hernandez Peña was popularly known as "Tandang Anong". Pen name: Kuntil Butil. Author of Nena and Neneng. Father of Tagalog Novel. English Writer ​ Paz Marquez Benitez Author of Dead Star(Alfredo, Esperanza & Julia). Womens Journal ​ Zoilo Catang Author of a child of Sorrow (Rosa, Lucio & Oscar) (Novel) ​ Jose Garcia Villa pen name DOVECLION. Author of Footnote to youth. (Dudong, Teang & Blas) -English became a medium of instruction as well as the language that Americans tought to our ancestors through the establishment of the public education. ​ University of the Philippines ​ Philippine School Normal ​ Philippine School of Arts and Trades -The tagalog writers continued in their lamentations on the conditions of the country and their attempts to arouse love for one's native tongue. - The English writers imitated the themes and methods of Americans  JAPANESE PERIOD 1941-1945 ​ Philippine Literature in english came to halt. ​ The liwayway magazine place under strict surveillance (Ishiwara) ​ The topics and themes were often about life in the province. Poetry during this Period Haiku -is a poem of free verse of Japanese origin. It has 17 syllables divided into 3 lines. Tanaga -is an indigenous type of Filipino poem, that is used traditionally in the Tagalog language Karaniwang Anyo (Usual Form) -a popular poem written in this period where rhye scheme and verse are not prescribed. THE REBIRTH OF FREEDOM 1946 - 1970 Highlights: ​ The Americans returned in 1945. ​ On the 4th of July, the Philippines regained freedom. ​ In this period, the post liberation period was marked by a kind of "struggle of mind and spirit. ​ The Palanca Awards was launched in the 1950's by Carlos Palanca Sr. The first awardees in its first year in the short story category.  ​ Ang kwento ni Mabuti (Genoveva Edroza) ​ Mabangis na Kamay...Maamong Kamay (Pedro S. Dandan) ​ Planeta, Buwan at mga Bituin (Elpidio P. Kapulong) PERIOD OF ACTIVISM 1970-1972 Highlights: ​ Ponciano B. Pineda -Father of Commission on the Filipino Language -youth activism in 1970-72 was due to domestic and worldwide causes. ​ THE SEED OF ACTIVISM -resulted in the declaration of Martial Law in 1972. ​ PERIOD OF THE BLOODY PLACARDS -Pineda also said that this was the time when the youth once more proved that it is not the constant evasion that shapes our race and nationalism. ​ THE LITERARY REVOLUTION -Campus newspapers showed -rebellious emotions. The once aristocratic writers developed awareness for society. They held pens and wrote on placards in red paint the equivalent of the word MAKIBAKA (To dare!). PERIOD MARTIAL LAW 1972-1980 Highlights: ​ The Carlos Palanca Awards continued to give annual awards. ​ Almost all themes in most writings dealt with the development or progress of the country ​ The military government established a new office called the Ministry of Public Affairs that supervised the newspapers, books and other publications.  ​ The government took part in reviving old plays like the cenaculo, the zarzuela and the Embayoka of the Muslims. ​ Proclamation No. 1001. PERIOD OF THE THIRD REPUBLIC 1972-1980 Highlights: ​ The assassination of Ninoy on August 21, 1983. ​ Both the public and private sectors in government were chanting, and shouting; women, men and the youth became bolder and their voices were raised in dissent. ​ The Don Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards for literature which launched in 1950 was continued its recognition of the best in the literary fields. ​ In 1984, the Palanca Awards started choosing the best in novel writing. ​ Poems during this period of the Third Republic were romantic and revolutionary. ​ Many Filipino song's dealt with themes that were really true-to-life like those of grief, poverty, aspirations for freedom, love of God, of country and of fellowmen. ​ The yearly Festival of Filipino Films continued to be held during this period. The people's love for sex films also was unabated. POST EDSA PERIOD 1972-1980 Highlights: ​ In a short span of the existence of the true Republic of the Philippines, several changes are evident. ​ Book - As a new era begins, the moments of the glorious, bloodless revolution were commemorated. Some of the books were People Power and Bayan Ko.  ​ Newspapers and other publications Newspapers that were once branded crony newspapers became instant opposition papers overnight. ​ One of the notable differences of this time from the previous is its attempt to ensure that literature is used to guard democracy. NATIONAL ARTIST FOR LITERATURE IN THE PHILIPPINES A BRIEF INTRODUCTION NATIONAL ARTIST OF THE PHILIPPINES What is National Artist? is a Filipino citizen who has been given the rank and title of National Artist in recognition of his or her significant contributions to the development of Philippine arts and letters. In a field of the following: Music, Dance, Theater, Visual Arts, Literature, Film and Broadcast Arts, and Architecture or Allied Arts. What is the Order of National Artist? is thus a rank, a title, and a wearable award that represents the highest national recognition given to Filipinos who have made distinct contributions in the field of arts and letters. THE INSIGNIA OF THE ORDER OF NATIONAL ARTISTS ​ eight-pointed conventionalized sunburst ​ sampaguita wreath in green and white enamel ​ Central Badge - Blue/Red/White ​ Baybayin (K) - Katotohanan/Kagandahan / Kabutihan ​ The composition of the Grand Collar is silver gilt bronze. In place of a rosette there is an enameled pin in the form of the insignia of the order PROCESS OF NOMINATION AND CONFERMENT OF THE ORDER LEGAL BASIS Presidential Proclamation No. 1001, s. 1972 which created the Award and Decoration of National Artist, "to give appropriate recognition and prostige to Filipinos who have distinguished themselves and made outstanding contributions to Philippine arts and letters. Proclamation No. 1144, s. 1973 named the CCP Board of Trustees as the National Artist Awards Committee (or Secretariat) Presidential Decree No. 208, s. 1973 reiterated the mandate of the CCP to administer the National Artist Awards as well as the privileges and honors to National Artists. Executive Order No. 236 s. 2003 the Honors Code of the Philippines National Artists Award - Order of National Artists Executive Order No. 435, s. 2005 amended Section 5 (IV) of E0 236 giving the President the power to name National Artists without need of a recommendation. ORDER OF NATIONAL ARTIST FOR LITERATURE PHILIPPINES ​ Amado V. Hernandez -​ Proclaimed N.A.L. (1973) -​ poet, playwright, and novelist, is among the Filipino writers who practiced "committed art." -​ as a writer you must act as the conscience of society  -​ Hernandez's contribution to the development of Tagalog prose is considerable — he stripped Tagalog of its ornate character and wrote in prose closer to the colloquial than the "official" style permitted. -​ His first novel is Mga Ibong Mandaragit, a socio-political novel. ​ Jose Garcia Villa -​ Proclaimed N.A.L. (1973) -​ a filipino poet, literary critic, short story writer, and painter. -​ he is a comma poet Reverse Consonance -​ The last sounded consonants of the last syllable, or the last princpal consonant of word, are reversed for the corresponding rhyme. NEAR-RUN/REIGN/RAIN/GREEN -​ His famous work is Footnote to Youth. ​ Nicomedes "Nick" Joaquin -​ Proclaimed N.A.L. (1976) -​ Filipino novelist, poet, playwright, essayist, and biographer -​ pen name: Quijano de Manila -​ The most distinguished Filipino writer in English writing. -​ He also enriched the English language with critics coining "Joaquinesque" a reinventions of English based on Filipinisms. -​ His famous work is A Portrait of the Artists as Filipino. ​ Carlos P. Romulo -​ Proclaimed N.A.L. (1982) -​ career spanned 50 years of public service as an educator, soldier, university president, journalist, and diplomat. -​ He was the only Asian to win America's coveted Pulitzer Prize in Journalism -​ He was a reporter at newspaper editor at the age of 20 and a publisher at 32. -​ In all, he wrote and published 18 books -​ His famous work is I WALKED WITH HEROES. ​ Francisco Arcellana -​ Proclaimed N.A.L. (1990) -​ writer, poct, essayist, critic, journalist, and teacher, is one of the most important progenitors of the modern Filipino short story in English. -​ He pioneered the development of the short story as a lyrical prose-poctic form -​ famous works "The Mats” ​ N.V.M. Gonzalez -​ Proclaimed N.A.L. (1997) -​ Nestor Vicente Madali Gonzalez -​ A fictionist, essayist, poet, and teacher -​ he won the First Commonwealth Literary Contest in 1940 -​ Distinctively wrote of the Filipino life, or Filipino in the World -​ Famous work: The Wind of April (The aspiration of the Author) ​ Rolando S. Tinio -​ Proclaimed N.A.T.L. (1997) -​ Thespian, playwright, poet, teacher, critic, and translator marked his carcer with prolific artistic productions. -​ After staging productions for the Ateneo Experimental Theater (its organizer and administrator as well), he took on Teatro Pilipino. -​ It was Teatrong Pilipino who revive traditional Filipino drama by re-staging old theater forms. -​ It was the excellence and beauty of his practice that claimed for theater a place among the arts in the Philippines in the 1960s. -​ Bagay Poets -​ Famous work: Sisit sa Kuliglig (A collection of Poem) ​ Levi Celerio -​ Proclaimed N.A.M.L. (1997) -​ is a prolific lyricist and composer for decades -​ He wrote lyrics for more than 4,000 Filipino folk, Christmas and love songs, including many that became movie titles. ​ Edith L. Tiempo -​ Proclaimed N.A.L. (1999) -​ A poet, fictionist, teacher and literary critic -​ Her works are characterized by a remarkable fusion of style and substance, of craftsmanship and insight. -​ Famous work: Bonsai (Treasuring Memories) ​ F. Sionel Jose -​ Proclaimed N.A.L. (2001) -​ a publisher, lecturer on cultural issues, and the founder of the Philippine chapter of the international organization PEN. -​ His works represent the social underpinnings of class struggles and colonialiom in the society. -​ Famous work: Rosales saga (Political and Historical) ​ Virgelio S. Almario -​ Proclaimed N.A.L. (2003) -​ a Filipino author, post, critic, translator, editor, teacher, and cultural manager. -​ pen name: Rio Alma -​ Almario campaigned against the usage and proliferation of siyokoy words -​ Many Filipino writers have come under his wing in the literary workshops he founded-the calian ca Arte at Tula (CAT) and the Linangan sa Imahen, Retorika at Anyo (LIRA). -​ His earliest pieces of literary criticism were collected in Ang Makata sa Panahon ng Makina (1972) ​ Alejandro R. Roces -​ Proclaimed N.A.L. (2003) -​ is a short story writer and essayist and considered as the country's best writer of comic short stories. -​ "You cannot be a great writer; first, you have to be a good person" brought to public attention to the aesthetics of the country's fiestas -​ He is known for his widely anthologized "My Brother's Peculiar Chicken." (Binabaeng Manok) ​ Dr. Bienvenido Lumbera -​ Proclaimei N.A.L. (200G) -​ a poet, librettist, and scholar. -​ As a poet, he introduced to Tagalog literature what is now known as Bagay poetry, a landmark aesthetic tendency that has helped to change the vernacular poetic tradition. -​ Lumbera lived true to his belief that writers should immerse with the masses and help to improve society. -​ Famous Work: Rama Hari (Rama, Sita, & Ravana) ​ Lazaro Francisco -​ Proclaimed N.A.L. (2009)  -​ he developed the social realist tradition in Philippine fiction -​ Master of Tagalog novel -​ He put up an arm to his advocacy of Tagalog as a national language by establishing the Kapatiran ng mga Alagad ng Wikang Pilipino (KAWIKA) in 1968 -​ Famous work: Bayang Nagpatiwakal - Ilaw sa Hilaga ​ Cirilo F. Bautista -​ Proclaimed N.A.L. (2014) -​ is a poet, fictionist and essayist with exceptional achievements and significant contributions to the development of the country's literary arts -​ Throughout his career that spanned more than four decades, he established a reputation for fine and profound artistry; his books. Iectures, poetry readings and creative writing workshops continue to influence his peers and generations of young writers. -​ As a way of bringing poetry and fiction closer To the people who otherwise would not have the opportunity to develop their creative talent, Bautista held funded and unfunded workshops throughout the country. In his campus Iecture circuits, Bautista updated students and student-writers on literary developments and techniques. -​ Famous work: Sugat ng Salita Literary Genres -​ known to be a conversational language presented orally or in writing TYPES OF PROSE: ​ SHORT STORY - Shorter than a novella and has simpler plot ​ NOVELETTE -​ light and romantic or sentimental ​ NOVELLA -​ intermediate in length and complexity between a short story and a novel ​ NOVEL -​ long narrative in written form that has very complicated plot ​ LEGEND -​ national or folk hero. Legend is based on fact but also includes imaginative material -​ based on a real person or event but cannot be proven ​ MYTH -​ explains the origin of the world, humanity, death, or natural phenomena. ​ MYTHOLOGY -​ religious or cultural tradition ​ FABLE -​ animals that can behave like humans ​ PARABLE -​ found in the sacred scriptures DIFFERENT TYPES OF NARATION ​ DIALOGUE -​ written or spoken conversational exchange between two or more people ​ FORESHADOWING -​ A hint or culture indicating a future event ​ PLOT TWIST -​ changes the direction of a story's plot or its expected outcome ​ ELIPSIS -​ words or events that allows readers to fill the gaps in the sentence or narrative. ​ COMIC BOOK DEATH -​ apparent death and subsequent return of a long-running character ​ REVERSE CHRONOLOGY -​ organizing information or telling a story by starting with the most recent event and working backwards ​ IN MEDIAS RES -​ story that begins partway through its plot, with the missing events filled in later through dialogue, flashbacks, or other techniques. ​ DEUS EX MACHINA -​ unsolvable problem in a story is suddenly or abruptly resolved by an unexpected and unlikely occurrence. DRAMA: is a literary genre that can use both prose and poetry ​ MELODRAMA -​ strong emotion is present in this drama POETRY: written in verse and emphasizes the rhythmic use of words to create imagery THREE CATEGORIES OF POETRY: 1. NARRATIVE POETRY -​ describes important details in the order -​ They classified narrative poetry as: ​ EPIC - about heroic deeds of a person with extraordinary abilities ​ METRICAL TALE - relates to real or imaginary events in simple, straightforward language ​ BALLAD - simple and concerned with some strongly emotional event 2. LYRIC POETRY - short poem which that is songlike. ​ HAIKU -17 syllables ​ ODE - celebrates a person, place, thing, or idea  ​ ELEGY - deals with life and death ​ SONNET - deals with love and mostly consists of 14 lines 3. DRAMATIC POETRY - form of dialogues in plays with rhymes, repeating rhythms INTRODUCTION: THE 21ST CENTURY LITERARY GENRES -​ 21st Century Literature added the use of computer or digital devices as another method of producing literary works while adhering to the principles of pre existing genres ELECTRONIC LITERATURE ​ has the capability of being interactive through its hyperlink function. ​ There are two types of Electronic Literature: 1. Digital Fiction 2.Digital Poetry DIGITAL FICTION 1.​ HYPERTEXT FICTION -​ use nonlinearity and interaction between text and reader. 2.​ INTERACTIVE FICTION -​ a videogame or popularly known as Role Playing Game or RPG. DIGITAL POETRY  1.​ HYPERTEXT POETRY -​ poetry that utilizes links in order for the readers to understand some important words with in the poem. 2.​ INTERACTIVE POETRY -​ a platform for authors to collaborate and create poem. 3.​ CODE POETRY -​ poems created from the programming language. 4.​ VISUAL / CONCRETE POETRY -​ poetry that uses words in the lines and stanzas to form images. GRAPHIC LITERATURE ​ Images + words = Graphic Literature ​ sequential way of naration. 1.​ JAPANESE MANGA -​ is a graphic novel or comics originated in Japan. 2.​ GRAPHIC NOVEL -​ This is a book that combines images, illustrations, and words in order to create a story. 3.​ COMIC STRIP -​ shorter than a comic and usually being published in periodical. BLOG -​ a genre of electronic literature which contains wide variety of topics which is commonly published on the internet. CHICK LIT -​ literature that is all about empowering women and showcasing the nature of women. -​ chick lit is an outlet for showcasing contemporary women SPECULATIVE FICTION  -​ literature that is dealing with topics that could have the posibility of turning into reality. FLASH FICTION -​ is a type of prose narrative that takes the form of very brief, self-contained stories LGBT THEMED LITERATURE -​ intended to dwell in the life of LGBT people. ELEMENTS OF FICTION FICTION -​ Fiction is a literary work which deals with invented or imagined person, event, or setting, determining its elements is vital to better understand its message, meaning, or lesson. SETTING​ the story takes place in​ ​ MORAL/THEME refers to the philosophical questions your story explores. POINT OF VIEW the perspective from which a story is told. CHARACTERS the players within a story CONFLICT is what prevents the protagonist from achieving their goals EXPOSITION the introduction or beginning of a story that reveals important background information RISING ACTION the escalating cause and effect that comes from the characters’ choices. CLIMAX the most intense moment in a story, when the main conflict is resolved. FALLING ACTION the part of a story that occurs after the climax and before the resolution. RESOLUTION the conclusion of a story's plot, or how the conflict is solved. SPECULATIVE FICTION ​ Speculative fiction is a literary “super genre,” ​ based on conjecture and do not exist in the real world. ​ Sometimes called “what-if” books, speculative literature changes the laws of what is real and then speculates on the outcome. ​ The term “speculative fiction” was used for the first time by Robert Heinlein in 1947. TYPES OF SPECULATIVE FICTION  Science fiction: stories with imagined technologies that don’t exist in the real world, like time travel, aliens, and robots. Sci-fi fantasy fiction: sci-fi stories inspired by mythology, folklore, and fairy tales that combine imagined technologies with elements of magical realism. Supernatural fiction: sci-fi stories about secret knowledge or hidden abilities including witchcraft, spiritualism, and psychic abilities. Space opera fiction: a play on the term “soap opera,” sci-fi stories that take place in outer space and center around conflict, romance, and adventure. Urban fantasy fiction: fantasy stories that take place in an urban setting in the real world but operate under magical rules. Utopian fiction: stories about civilizations the authors deem to be perfect, ideal societies. Dystopian fiction: stories about societies deemed problematic within the world of the novel, often satirizing government rules, poverty, and oppression. Apocalyptic fiction: stories that take place before and during a huge disaster that wipes out a significant portion of the world’s population. The stories center around characters doing everything they can to stay alive—for example, running from zombies or trying to avoid a deadly plague. Post-apocalyptic fiction: stories that take place after an apocalyptic event and focus on the survivors figuring out how to navigate their new circumstances—for example, emerging after a global nuclear holocaust or surviving a total breakdown of society. Alternate history fiction: stories that focus on true historical events but are written as if they unfolded with different outcomes. Superhero fiction: stories about superheroes and how they use their abilities to fight supervillains. FLASH FICTION Flash fiction is a genre of fiction, defined as a very short story. While there is no set word count that separates flash fiction from more traditional short stories, flash fiction stories can be as short as a few words (while short stories typically run for several pages). Flash fiction is also known as sudden fiction, short-short stories, micro fiction, or micro stories. CHARACTERISTICS OF FLASH FICTION BREVITY Flash fiction compresses an entire story into the space of a few paragraphs. There is no defined word count for flash fiction, but some commonly used word limits in flash fiction range from just six words on the short end to around 1,000 words on the longer end. COMPLETE PLOT A flash fiction story is indeed a story, with a beginning, middle, and end. This sets it apart from a prose poem or vignette, which can explore an emotion, memory, or thought without a plot. SURPRISE Great flash fiction often incorporates surprise, usually in the form of a twist ending or an unexpected last line. This is not a gimmick: the aim is to prompt the reader to think deeply about the true meaning of the story GRAPHIC NOVELS A graphic novel, as its name suggests, is a novel that tells a complete story via illustrations. A graphic novel will offer the type of resolution that one expects from a novel, even if it is part of a series. Effectively, this makes a graphic novel longer and more substantive than a comic book, which is a serialized excerpt from a larger narrative. FOUR CATEGORIES OF GRAPHIC NOVELS SUPERHERO STORIES: Graphic novels focused on protagonists with superhuman, paranormal, or magical or technological powers (like Spider-Man, or Batman). NON-SUPERHERO STORIES: These are graphic novels which are grounded in the realities of the real world. PERSONAL NARRATIVES: These are graphic novels that tell a story from their author’s life, ranging from focused memoir to full autobiography.  MANGA: Graphic novels conforming to the aesthetics of Japanese comic culture is called Manga. LITERARY TECHNIQUES & DEVICES ​ FIGURE OF SPEECH is a word or phrase that possesses a seperate meaning from its literal definition. ​ ALLITERATION the repetition of the initial consonant sound. Example: ​ She sells seashells by the seashore ​ Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers ​ ASSONANCE the repetition of the internal vowel sounds. Example: ​ How now brown cow ​ Chips and dips ​ МЕТАРНOR a figure of speech that makes an implicit comparison of a word or phrase to another to show similarity. Example: ​ Her smile is a sunshine during summertime. ​ SIMILE just like metaphor, this figure of speech compares two different objects or persons with a similar characteristics and uses "like" and "as." Example: ​ You were as brave as a lion. ​ ONOMATOPOEIA Example: The boxes fell from the shelves with a very loud thump. ​ SYNECDOCHE The use of a part to represent the whole. ​ Two heads are better than one in accomplishing a task. LITERARY TECHNIQUES ​ ALLEGORY a literary device used to express large, complex ideas in approachable manner. a Example: ​ Alamat ng Cubat - Bob Ong ​ ALLUSION is a reference, typically brief, to a person, place, thing, event, or other literary work with which the reader is presumably familiar Example: ​ Chocolate cake is my Achilles heel ​ We got a new Einstein in school today. ​ ANACHRONISM an act of attributing a custom, cuent or object to a period to which it does not belong. ​ CLIFFHANGER plot device marks the end of a section of a narrative with the express purpose of keeping audiences engage in the story. ​ FORESHADOWING a hint or clue indicating a future event. ​ FLASHBACK this device gives a glimpse of what happened before in order to explain the circumstances in the present. ​ HUMOR intends to elicit a funny notion. ​ IMAGERY visually descriptive technique to concretize a picture. ​ VIGNETTE a brief evocative account, or episode. description LITERAL LANGUAGE, FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE AND SYMBOLISM LITERAL LANGUAGE -​ uses words exactly according to their conventionally accepted meaning's or denotations. There are various ways that can be used in order to understand the words in the text: DENOTATION -​ Dictionary STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS -​ Full understanding of the structure of the word. Morphemes ​ free morphemes - Root Word ​ bound morphemes - it is attached to free morphemes Affixes ​ Prefix - before the word ​ Suffix - after the word CONTEXT CLUES -​ This technique of finding the meaning of the unfamilliar words through looking at the premise of the sentence or the words Resurrounding the unfamiliar word. DEFINITION CLUES (, - ()) -​ The pandemic a worldwide spread of infection - is affecting many lives, especially the poor. EXAMPLE CLUE -​ He has recalcitrant behavior, unruly and rude all the time. SYNONYM CLUE (also known as, sometimes called, tha is, or, and in other words) -​ I need to cajole or persuade him to not leave the party carly. ANTONYM CLUE (however, although, but) -​ When the light brightens, the pupils contract, however, when it is dark, they dilate. MODE/TONE CLUE -​ The boy went down into the dark, damp cellar despite a sense of foreboding. FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE -​ This is the other facet of language and literature that shows depth and complexity of a writers mind. Idioms: ​ Falling in love ​ kill two birds with one stone ​ Raining cats and Dog's SYMBOLISM -​ is the use of symbols to signify ideas and qualities, by giving them symbolic meaning's that arc different from their literal sense. -​ ACTION, EVENT OR A WORD SPOKEN BY SOMEONE “MADE BY KATRICE MAMARIL, DO NOT SHARE WITHOUT PERMISSION.”