ASHAPE Review 2024 English Grammar PDF

ASHAPE Review 2024 English - Grammar I. SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT General Rule: The SUBJECT and the VERB must always agree in number. Singular Subject = Singular Verb...

ASHAPE Review 2024 English - Grammar I. SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT General Rule: The SUBJECT and the VERB must always agree in number. Singular Subject = Singular Verb Plural Subject = Plural Verb Example: The incoming grade 10 students prepare for their Senior High School entrance exams. Plural subject plural verb SVA Rules: 1. Two or more subjects joined by “and” are considered PLURAL. Ex: Porthos, Aramis, and Athos are the Three Musketeers. D’Artagnan and the “Three Musketeers” are novel characters based on real people. 2. Subjects modified by “each” and “every” are always SINGULAR. Ex: Each boy and girl needs to present their work to the crowd. In The Giver, every family gets the same things from the community. 3. The number of the subject is not changed by the words between the subject and the verb. Ex: The dogs in the pet store deserve loving homes. 4. A compound subject may be used with a singular verb if it refers to the same person, place, or thing. Ex: My mom’s specialty and my favorite dish is spaghetti. (The compound subject refers to the same thing, so the verb should be singular.) 5. Plural subject is joined by “either-or”, “neither-nor”, “but”, and “or” always agree with the subject closest to it. Ex: Either the blue shirt or the black polo suits your jeans. Neither John nor his brothers make informed decisions for themselves. Not the brothers but their sister makes informed decisions for herself. 6. For these INDEFINITE PRONOUNS: ALWAYS SINGULAR: Anybody Anyone Each Either Everybody Everyone Neither Nobody No one One Somebody Someone ALWAYS PLURAL: Both Few Many Several DEPENDS ON THE NOUN THAT FOLLOWS: All Many Most Some * If the noun that follows is countable, then the verb is plural. If the noun is abstract or mass, then the verb is singular. Ex: Everyone needs help. Few have seen the movie. All of the books are for Grade 8 students. Some sugar was added to the dish. 7. For compound subjects with positive and negative parts, make the verb agree with the positive subject. Ex: My family members except my youngest sister are afraid of snakes. Positive Negative 8. In inverted sentences (where the verb is found before the subject), locate the subject to determine the correct verb. Ex: Rarely do we see such dedication and passion in a student. *“Here” and “There” are never subjects. If a sentence begins with either word or if either word is found before the verb, it is an inverted sentence. Look for the subject after the verb. Ex: Here lies the secret to success. There are several ways of dealing with stress. 9. If the collective noun refers to the group as a SINGLE unit, then it requires a SINGULAR VERB. However, if the collective noun refers to the INDIVIDUAL MEMBERS of the group, then it requires a PLURAL VERB. Ex: The committee meets every Tuesday to discuss the new policies. (The collective noun “committee” refers to the entire group, therefore it is considered singular.) The team are celebrating with their families and friends. (The word “their” helps us determine that the collective noun “team” refers to the individual members.) 10. There are SPECIAL NOUNS which are always SINGULAR or PLURAL (if no quantifier or amount word was used). ALWAYS SINGULAR: advice, baggage, bread, clothing, equipment, food, furniture, garbage, information, jewelry, luggage, news (despite the “s” in the end of the word, this is singular), stuff, transportation ALWAYS PLURAL: binoculars, briefs, clothes, earphones, eyeglasses, goggles, headphones, jeans, pants, pliers, scissors, shorts, tweezers  Ex: Several pieces of jewelry were stolen from the store last night. The garbage needs to be collected. II. PRONOUN-ANTECEDENT AGREEMENT Basic Rule: A pronoun should agree in number and gender with its antecedent. ❖ A pronoun is a word that is used in place of one or more nouns or pronouns. ❖ The word that a pronoun stands for or refers to is called the antecedent of the pronoun. Ex: Stan bought a suit and an overcoat. He will wear them tomorrow. REMEMBER!!! 1. When the following indefinite pronouns are used as antecedents, the pronouns that follow them should be SINGULAR. (each, each one, either, either one, neither, anyone, anybody, anything, everyone, neither one, someone, somebody, something, everybody, none, no one, nobody, everything) Ex: Anyone who finished his or her test may leave. 2. Two or more antecedents joined by “and” usually require a PLURAL pronoun. Ex: Ben and Noah should attend their Basketball trainings regualrly. When the antecedents are preceded by “each” or “every”, the pronoun should be SINGULAR. Ex: Every twists and turns of life does its part in bringing us closer to our destiny. Singular antecedents joined by “or”, “either-or”, or “neither-nor” require SINGULAR pronouns. Ex: Neither Bea nor Jane finished her examinations on time. Has either Ajdin or Chinh finished their report? 3. If one singular and one plural antecedent are joined by “or”, “either-or”, or “neither-nor”, the pronoun agrees in number with the closer antecedent. Ex: Either Steph or Joe will bring his laptop tomorrow.  4. The pronoun after the words “is”, “are”, “was”, “were”, “am”, or “as”, we use the SUBJECT pronouns. Ex: It was I who called your house last night. Your brother is nearly as tall as I am! REMEMBER!!! The Proximity Rule: The pronoun should be placed as close as possible to its antecedent to avoid confusion. Consistency in Person: Maintain a consistent person when using pronouns. Example: Incorrect: "If one wants to succeed, you have to work hard." Correct: "If one wants to succeed, one has to work hard." or "If you want to succeed, you have to work hard." III. VERB TENSES ❖ What are TENSES? Indicates time, and sometimes the continuation or completeness of an action. Using proper tenses gives the reader or listener an idea of the time when the incident mentioned in a statement takes place. PERFECT PROGRESSIVE PERFECT SIMPLE (has/have/had + past tense) (be verb + -ing) PROGRESSIVE PAST past perfect past progressive past perfect progressive PRESENT present perfect present progressive present perfect progressive FUTURE future perfect future progressive future perfect progressive 1. SIMPLE TENSES does not use auxiliary verbs refers to specific time period during which something happens OR something happened and is over OR something will happen. a. Simple Past Ex: She walked to school yesterday. b. Simple Present Ex: She walks to school every day. c. Simple Future Ex: She will walk to school tomorrow. 2. PERFECT TENSES uses have, has, or had as auxiliary verb allows action to continue over time. indicates that an action or circumstance occurred earlier than the time under consideration.  a. Past Perfect (had + past participle form of the verb) often used to talk about events or actions that took place before a certain point in the past. BEFORE before; AFTER after rule: ○ “A had happened before B happened.” ○ “B happened after A had happened.” Ex: Charlie had failed to see images in the ink blots before the psychologist First event Second event encouraged him to try again. b. Present Perfect (has/have + past participle form of the verb) USES: a. to show an action/condition that started in the past and continues up to the present. Ex: We have been together as a class for a little over a year now. b. to show an action that was completed in indefinite time. Ex: I have already read “Cyrano de Bergerac.” c. to show an action that was recently completed. Ex: I have just finished studying for AP. Present perfect VS Simple past: ○ PRESENT PERFECT – often used when giving recent information; not time specific; time frame is not done Ex: EJ has failed Math again. (This is new information.) You have taken the summative already. (We don’t know when) I have not yet seen a movie this week. (Time is unfinished) ○ SIMPLE PAST – used when giving older information; used when time is clear; time frame is done Ex: EJ failed Math when he was in Grade 8. (This is old information.) He took the summative last Friday. (We know when.) I watched a movie last week. (Time is finished.) c. Future Perfect (will have + past participle form of the verb) used for an action that will happen in the future before another action Ex: I will have already eaten breakfast by the time my brothers arrive. First future event Second future event 3. PROGRESSIVE TENSES uses “is”, “are”, “was”, or “were” as auxiliary verb with “-ing” ending on main verb focuses on “progress” of action. a. Present progressive (action is in progress right now) Ex: She is walking to school right now. b. Past progressive (action was in progress in the past) Ex: She was walking to school when it started raining.  c. Future progressive (action will be in progress in the future) Ex: She will be walking to school at 8 AM tomorrow. GENERAL TIP: Do not switch from one tense to another unless the timing of an action demands that you do. ○ Avoid unnecessary shifts in using tenses. Example: INCORRECT: James sat on the chair and removes the leaves from his hair. (past) (present) CORRECT: James sat on the chair and removed the leaves from his hair. (past) (past) Keep verb tense consistent in sentences, paragraphs, and essays. Ex: (Past Perfect first before past tense.) He had read the book before he watched the movie. IV. PREPOSITIONS ❖ Prepositions show the relationship between other words in a sentence. ❖ They link nouns, pronouns, and phrases to other words in the sentence. ❖ The word or phrase that the preposition introduces is called the object of the sentence. 1. Prepositions of TIME In On At Use for non specific times to designate days and to designate specific during a day, a month, a dates times season, or a year Example(s) She likes to jog in the My brother is coming The train is due at 12:15 morning. on Monday. pm. It’s too cold in winter to We’re having a part on run outside. the 4th of July. He started the job in 1971. He’s going to quit in August. 2. Prepositions of PLACE In On At Use for the names of land areas (towns, states, to designate street for specific addresses cities, countries, names and avenues continents) Example(s) She lives in Quezon City. His school is on Nico lives at 55 Garnet Ilocos Norte is in Region Katipunan Avenue. Road. I.  3. Prepositions of LOCATION In On At Use for an area or volume for a surface for a point Example Sue spent the whole The frost made patterns My car is at the house. afternoon at the fair. on the window. V. CONJUNCTIONS ❖ Conjunctions are words that connect clauses, sentences, words, or phrases, enabling smoother and more coherent writing and speech. ❖ They help link ideas and indicate the relationship between different parts of a sentence. 1. Coordinating conjunctions connect words, phrases, or clauses of equal importance often remembered by the acronym FANBOYS For indicates reason I brought an umbrella, for it looked like it will rain. And adds information She likes to read books, and listen to music in her free time. Nor “and not” He doesn’t like tea, nor does he like coffee. But for creating contrast She is friendly but shy. Or for giving options Would you like tea or coffee? Yet for unexpected outcomes The weather was cold, yet we went swimming. So for presenting a result It started raining, so we went inside. 2. Subordinating conjunctions connect an independent clause with a dependent clause, indicating relationships such as cause, time, condition, contrast, etc. Ex: Although it was raining, they went for a walk. Dependent clause Independent clause Call me when you arrive. Independent clause Dependent clause She stayed home because she was sick. Independent clause Dependent clause  3. Correlative conjunctions work in pairs to connect words or phrases of equal importance. a. Either/or: presents two alternatives Ex: "You can either stay here or come with us." b. Neither/nor: negates two alternatives Ex: "She likes neither apples nor oranges." c. Both/and: adds two ideas together Ex: "Both the teacher and the students were excited." d. Not only/but also: emphasizes additional information Ex: "He is not only smart but also very kind." VI. RUN-ON SENTENCES ❖ occurs when two or more independent clauses (complete thoughts) are joined together improperly without correct punctuation or conjunctions. Ex: RUN-ON: Do not throw cigarette ends on the floor the cockroaches are getting cancer. Independent clause 1 Independent clause 2 Techniques in Correcting Run-Ons: 1. Separate with a Period (.) Chop the run-on sentence into separate simple sentences. Example: RUN-ON: The Bluetooth Headphones will elevate your online schooling experience enjoy high quality streaming audio with a wireless range of up to 25 feet. CORRECTED: The Bluetooth Headphones will elevate your online schooling experience. Enjoy high quality streaming audio with a wireless range of up to 25 feet. 2. Separate with a Semicolon ( ; ) Turn the run-on into a compound sentence. Example: RUN-ON: Do not throw cigarette ends on the floor the cockroaches are getting cancer. CORRECTED: Do not throw cigarette ends on the floor; the cockroaches are getting cancer. 3. Use the comma-coordinating conjunction combination (, coor. conjunction) Turn the run-on into a compound sentence. Ex: RUN-ON: Do not throw cigarette ends on the floor the cockroaches are getting cancer. CORRECTED: Please don’t throw your cigarette ends on the floor, for the cockroaches are getting cancer.  4. Use a subordinating conjunction Turn the run-on into a complex sentence. Example: RUN-ON: Success usually does not happen overnight it comes from years of hard work. CORRECTED: Success usually does not happen overnight as it comes from years of hard work. VII. ERRORS IN MODIFIER USE 1. Misplaced Modifiers Modifiers must always be placed near the word being modified. A sentence is said to have a Misplaced Modifier if it is placed far from the word it describes. 2. Dangling Modifiers Dangling Modifiers are participial phrases found in the sentences which DO NOT HAVE the NOUNS they are supposed to describe or modify. VIII. PARALLELISM happens when closely related parts of a sentence fit together using similar grammatical form. It makes writing clearer and easier for the reader to understand. REMEMBER!!! When writing a list, every item should start with the SAME type of verb or noun, adjective, or adverb FORMAT. Example: Incorrect: Our baby is cute and behaves well. Word: Adjective Verb phrase Correct: Our baby is cute and well-behaved. Adjective Adjective 1. Gerunds – “-ing” We went running, biking, and swimming. 2. Verbs – “-ed” We walked, jumped, and skipped. 3. Nouns We drove to the lake, mountains, and beach. 4. Adjectives She had purple, messy, spiky hair.  5. Adverbs Lovingly, graciously, and generously, she helped us out. 6. Infinitives – to + verb She likes to swim, to bike, and to run. 7. Prepositional Phrases – with, to, from, in, on, at, etc. + nouns The meeting will be held in the conference room, at noon, and for two hours. Prepared by: Ma. Grace Ann R. Hill, LPT Ateneo de Manila Junior High School References: Usage - Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement, https://webapps.towson.edu/ows/pro_antagree.htm. Accessed 11 July 2024. “13 Rules of Subject Verb Agreement.” Valencia College, https://valenciacollege.edu/students/learning-support/osceola/labs/documents/13RulesofSubject-VerbAgreement.pdf. Accessed 10 July 2024. ASHAPE Review Grammar Slides 2022