AS311 UNIT EXAM REVIEWER.docx

**INTRODUCTION TO ARMY OPERATIONS** **LESSON 1** **PA HISTORY** - **Battles before Colonization** - clans and barangays - composed of hunters and land fighters - defenders of the tribes (warriors) - conventional weaponry (Kris, Kampilan, Blowguns, Lantaka) - **The Forces' First T...

**INTRODUCTION TO ARMY OPERATIONS** **LESSON 1** **PA HISTORY** - **Battles before Colonization** - clans and barangays - composed of hunters and land fighters - defenders of the tribes (warriors) - conventional weaponry (Kris, Kampilan, Blowguns, Lantaka) - **The Forces' First Test (1521)** - Battle of Mactan (Lapu-Lapu vs Magellan) - Root of PA - **The Fight for Freedom (1892-1898)** - Three-century rule of the Spaniards - **July 7, 1892** - Andres Bonifacio founded Samahang Kataastaasan, Kagalanggalang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan (***nucleus of revolutionary PA***) - **March 22, 1897** - Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo President of the PH Revolutionary Government at Tejeros Convention - ***Founding day of PA*** - Gen. Artemio Ricarte, elected as ***first*** Captain General of the Army of the PH Republic - **June 12, 1898** -- PH independence from Spain - **PA Rebirth (1898-1935)** - **December 10, 1898** - Treaty of Paris - **February 4, 1899** - Filipino-American War - **March 23, 1901** -- Aguinaldo captured - **April 16, 1902** - end of the "PH insurrection". - **November 15, 1935** -- PH established as a Commonwealth Republic of the USA - **WWII (1941-1945)** - Incorporation into the United States Armed Forces in the Far East (USAFFE) - Reorganization into the AFP - **Post WWII** - Philippine Expeditionary Forces to Korea (PEFTOK) - Philippine Civic Action Group to Vietnam (PhilCAGV) - **Building the HQ (1957-early 70s)** - **July 10, 1957** -- PA established its HQ - participation in the socio-economic programs of the country - **The Army as a Nation Builder (1972-1986)** - **September 21, 1972** - the Martial Law era - Transformation and reforms in internal security operations - **Continued Sacrifice, Bravery and Patriotism** - **September 9, 2013** - Zamboanga Siege - **May - October 2017** - Battle of Marawi - **PA TODAY** - whole-of-nation approach against - insurgency led by the NTF-ELCAC - Enhanced Comprehensive Local Integration Program (ECLIP) - Army Transformation Roadmap **AFP CHAIN OF COMMAND** - **President** -- Commander in Chief of the AFP **PRES FERDINAND R MARCOS JR** - **SND** -- ***civilian adviser*** of the President on matters concerning defense and strategy **HONORABLE GILBERTO C TEODORO JR** - **CSAFP** -- ***military adviser*** of the President, NSC and SND **GENERAL ROMEO S BRAWNER JR PA** - **CGPA** -- exercises supervision and control over the PA **LIEUTENANT GENERAL ROY M GALIDO PA** **LEGAL BASIS OF ARMY OPERATIONS** - **Commonwealth Act No. 1 / National Defense Act** **(December 21, 1935)** \- it ordered into being the PH Armed Forces, apart from the US Army and the Philippine Scouts \- anniversary of the AFP - **EO No. 94 (October 4, 1947)** - created the Philippine Ground Force, now the PA - **EO No. 389 (December 23, 1950)** \- reorganizing the AFP \- established and organized the PA - **EO No. 292 (July 25, 1987)** - Administrative Code of 1987 - provided for the powers, functions and organizational structure of the PA as one of the Major Services of the AFP under the supervision and control of the DND **PA CORE PURPOSE (S-S-P)** - Serve the people - Secure the land - Protect and uphold the Philippine Constitution as well as the national interests **PA COMMITMENT** - Defeat the enemies of the nation - Fulfill military responsibilities - Support civilian authorities **THE PHILIPPINE ARMY** - **As an institutional force** - Develop - Organize - Train - Equip - Support - Sustain (**DOTESS**) and - Provide the AFP with soldiers who are capable of fighting and winning battles and wars - **As an operational force** - Perform roles as partners in nation-building in times of peace - A ready force capable of managing and maintaining stability during crisis - Army forces conduct **offensive and defensive operations** as well as those that **provide support to civil governance** - The PA is **intrinsically an internal defense force** - It is **not expeditionary in nature and** is currently trained and equipped to primarily **operate domestically** anywhere in the Philippines - **operate in joint, combined and interagency environments** **LESSON 2 -- PA ORGANIZATION** **PA MISSION** "TO DEVELOP, ORGANIZE, TRAIN, EQUIP, SUPPORT AND SUSTAIN ARMY FORCES FOR THE CONDUCT OF PROMPT AND SUSTAINED GROUND OPERATIONS TO ACCOMPLISH THE AFP MISSION" **PA FUNCTIONS** embodied in the **Revised Administrative Code of 1987** 1\. To develop, organize, train, equip, sustain and support Army forces in the conduct of prompt and sustained combat operations on land; 2\. To prepare such units as may be necessary for the effective implementation of National Defense Plans and Programs and Armed Forces missions, including support to National Development and disaster response. 3\. To develop tactics, techniques, and equipment of interest to the Army on field operations and to increase inter-operability with other major services and international allies; 4\. To develop, organize, train and equip Army reserve units for the possible expansion of the peacetime Army component to meet any emergency; and 5\. To perform such other functions as the higher authorities may direct. **PA TABLE OF ORGANIZATION AND EQUIPMENT S-2019** I. **FUNCTIONAL COMMANDS (3)** 1. **Army Support Command (ASCOM)** - to provide proactive, integrated and sustained **quality support services** to PA units in support to the PA mission 2. **Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC)** - to **train and educate** Army forces and develop doctrines in order to strengthen the Army's land warfare competency 3. **Army Reserve Command (ARESCOM)** - to develop, organize, train, equip and **administer reservists** into a capable, responsive and mobilize able Reserve Force as integral component of the total Army in the defense of the state and to participate in socio economic development efforts II. **GROUND OPERATING UNITS (3)** 1. **Infantry Division** - to **destroy enemy military forces**, secure land areas, and protect the populace and resources 2. **Mechanized Infantry Division** - Destroy, capture or repel enemy forces **using maneuver and shock effect** 3. **Engineering Brigade** - provide **general engineer support** to PA units and contribute to the socio-economic development program of the government III. **SPECIALTY ENABLERS (8)** 1. **Army Artillery Regiment (AAR)** - Provide **artillery fire support** of maneuver forces 2. **First Scout Ranger Regiment (FSRR)** - **conduct unconventional warfare** operations independently or in conjunction with other conventional forces 3. **Special Forces Regiment (Airborne) - SFR(A)** - **DOTESS Special Forces** for the **conduct of unconventional warfare** and other special operations 4. **Light Reaction Regiment (LRR)** - **DOTESS Light Reaction Forces** in the **conduct of counter-terrorist operations** and other special operations 5. **Army Signal Regiment (ASR)** - provide **signal support** for the command, control and administration of the PA 6. **Army Intelligence Report (AIR)** - provide **intelligence and counterintelligence support** in the accomplishment of the PA mission 7. **CMO Regiment** - **provide CMO support** in the accomplishment of PA mission 8. **Engineer Combat Battalion** - to **increase the combat effectiveness of the ID** by accomplishing general engineering tasks, limited mobility, counter-mobility, and survivability missions. IV. **PA-WIDE SERVICE SUPPORT AND SEPARATE UNITS (5)** 1. **Headquarters and Headquarters Service Support Group (HHSG)** - provide administrative, security, **ceremonial services and service support** function as complimentary unit for HPA 2. **Finance Center (FIN CTR)** - **provide finance services** for the PA 3. **Army Personnel Management Center (APMC)** - provide a responsive and **efficient human resource management** to have a capable and professional Army personnel in order to contribute to the accomplishment of the PA mission 4. **Accounting Service Philippine Army (ASPA)** - **provide accounting services** for the PA 5. **Army Property Accountability Office (APAO)** - **to account for all properties** of the PA - *to close with the enemy by means of fire and maneuver to destroy or capture him or repel his assault by fire, close combat, and counterattack* **LESSON 4 -- LAND DOMINATION DOCTRINE** **PA WARFIGHTING PHILOSOPHY (3)** 1. **Dominate the Operational Environment** - army forces are the decisive component of land warfare in joint and multinational operations 2. **Fight and Win the Nation's Armed Conflict** - Army's non-negotiable contract with the Filipino people and its enduring constitutional obligation to the Filipino nation 3. **The Philippine Army is a Full Spectrum Force** - conduct offensive, defensive and support to civil governance operations **PA MISSION ESSENTIAL TASKS (SDRMP)** 1. **Shape the Security Environment** - **national security and national military strategies** establish an imperative for engagement 2. **Dominate Land Operations** - only land forces can exercise direct, continuing, discriminate, and comprehensive control over land, people, and resources. 3. **Respond Promptly to Crisis** a. **Man Made Crisis** (war, revolt, hostage taking, terroristic activities, hijacking, border incident etc.) b. **Natural Crisis** (flood, earthquake, typhoons, tsunami, land slide, volcano eruption, drought, storm surge, pestilence) - Army forces respond to crises in all environments 4. **Mobilize and Train the Reserve Force** - mobilize and train the nation's land force reserve forces to meet national contingent needs 5. **Provide Support to Civil Authorities** - Army forces adapt and tailor their warfighting capabilities using full spectrum operations to complement and support civil authorities and agencies **SPECTRUM OF CONFLICT** \- ***backdrop*** for Army operations \- places levels of violence on an ascending scale 1. **Stable Peace** - absence of militarily significant violence 2. **Unstable Peace** - one or more parties threaten or use violence to achieve their objectives 3. **Insurgency** - organized movement aimed to overthrow of a constituted government 4. **General War** - armed conflict between major powers **OPERATIONAL ENVIRONMENTS** \- ***"areas of expertise"*** where Army power will be used to achieve political strategic end a. **Internal Security** \- suppresses insurgency & other serious threats to internal security b. **Territorial Defense** \- secures the sovereignty of the state and the integrity of the national territory c. **Disaster Risk Management** \- protect and preserve life and property in times of war, disasters and calamities; and, other national emergencies d. **Support to National Development** \- actively contributes in social and economic development e. **International Defense and Security Engagements** \- Engages in activities and programs that strengthen security alliance and partnership in the Asia-Pacific Region f. **Humanitarian Assistance and Peacekeeping** \- fostering international peace and stability **LESSON 5 -- FUNDAMENTALS OF FULL SPECTRUM OPERATIONS** **LEVELS OF ARMY OPERATIONS** \- doctrinal perspectives 1. **Strategic Level** - determines ***national and multinational security objectives*** and guidance and develops and uses national resources to accomplish them - planning and conduct of the war at the ***highest level*** 2. **Operational Level** - ***campaigns*** and major operations are conducted - each consist of a series of battles and engagements - focus at this level is on ***operational art*** - the use of military forces to achieve strategic goals through the design, organization, integration, and conduct of strategies, campaigns, major operations, and battles 3. **Tactical Level** - where men meet and fight from the individual level - starts at 'now' and occurs out roughly 48 hours in the future - most weapon systems are used in this level **THE OPERATIONAL CONCEPT** \- ***core*** of its doctrine \- frames how Army forces conduct operations \- ***FULL SPECTRUM OPERATIONS*** \- Army forces combine offensive, defensive, and support to civil governance operations simultaneously **SUB-CONCEPTS OF FSO** a. **Initiative** \- seize, retain, and exploit the initiative and achieve decisive results b. **Simultaneity and Synchronization** \- arrangement of military actions in time, space, and purpose to produce maximum relative Army power at a decisive place and time c. **Lethal and Nonlethal Actions** \- accomplish offensive and defensive missions d. **Mission Command** \- conduct of military operations through centralized planning and decentralized execution based on mission orders \- gives subordinates the greatest possible freedom of action **ELEMENTS OF FSO (ODS)** 1. **Offense Operation** \- defeat and destroy enemy forces and seize terrain, resources and population centers \- decisive element of full spectrum operations 2. **Defensive Operation** \- combat operations conducted to defeat an enemy attack \- counter enemy offensive operations 3. **Support to Civil Governance Operations** \- various military missions, tasks, and activities conducted in coordination with other instruments of national power **COMBINING ELEMENTS OF FSO** - **Division and higher echelon operations** - combine ***three*** elements simultaneously - **Brigades** - focus on a ***single*** element - **Battalion and smaller units** - execute the elements ***sequentially*** **LESSON 6 - FIELD OPERATIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR FSO** **Field Operational Framework for FSO** \- arrangement of friendly forces and resources in time, space, and purpose with respect to each other and the enemy or situation \- establishes an area of geographic and operational responsibility \- Provides a way for commanders to visualize how to employ forces against the enemy or based on the situation on the ground \- conceptually within an ***operational space*** that includes the environment, factors and conditions **ELEMENTS FOUND IN THE OPERATIONAL SPACE** 1. **Area of Operations (AO)** \- commanders integrate and synchronize maneuver, fires, and interdiction \- AO should not be substantially larger than the unit's area of influence \- encompassed by the area of influence a. **Contiguous AO** - separated by a common boundary b. **Non-contiguous AO** - do not share a common boundary c. **Unassigned area** - area between non-contiguous areas of operations or beyond contiguous areas of operation 2. **Area of Influence** \- commander can directly influence operations by maneuver or fire support systems normally under the commander's command or control 3. **Area of Interest** \- area of concern to the commander, including the area of influence and areas adjacent to it \- extends into enemy territory 4. **Information Environment** \- contains information activities that collect, process, and disseminate information to national and international audiences but are beyond direct military influence 5. **Field Organization** \- Commanders visualize their operational space and determine how to arrange their forces \- allocation of forces in the AO by purpose \- consists of three all-encompassing categories of operations: a. **Decisive Operations** \- directly accomplishes the mission b. **Shaping Operations** \- establish conditions for the decisive operation through effects on the enemy, population (including local leaders), and terrain \- may occur before, during, or after the decisive operation begins c. **Sustaining Operations** \- focused internally (on friendly forces) rather than externally (on the enemy or environment) \- continuous **BENCHMARKS OF SUCCESSFUL MILITARY OPERATIONS** **1. The Principles of War (12)** \- represents the most important non-physical factors that affect the conduct of operations \- ***summarize*** characteristics of successful operations a. **Objective** \- direct every military operation toward a clearly defined, decisive, and attainable objective b. **Offensive** \- Seize, retain and exploit initiative c. **Mass** \- Concentrate the effects of Army power at the decisive place and time d. **Economy of Force** \- Allocate minimum essential combat power to secondary efforts e. **Maneuver** \- Place the enemy in a disadvantageous position through the flexible application of combat power f. **Perseverance** \- Ensure the commitment necessary to attain the national strategic end state g. **Unity of Command** \- For every objective, ensure unity of effort under one responsible commander h. **Surprise** \- Strike the enemy at a time or place or in a manner for which he is unprepared i. **Security** \- Never permit the enemy to acquire an unexpected advantage j. **Simplicity** \- Prepare clear, uncomplicated plans and clear, concise orders to ensure thorough understanding k. **Legitimacy** \- Develop and maintain the will necessary to attain the national strategic end state l. **Restraint** \- Limit collateral damage and prevent the unnecessary use of force **2. The Tenets of Army Operations (5)** \- ***describes*** characteristics of successful Army operations \- essential to victory \- do not guarantee success, but their absence risks failure a. **Initiative** \- setting or dictating the terms of action throughout the battle or operation b. **Agility** \- ability to move and adjust quickly and easily c. **Depth** \- extension of operations in time, space, and resources \- enables momentum in the offense, elasticity in the defense, and staying power in all operations d. **Synchronization** \- arranging activities in time, space, and purpose to mass maximum relative Army power at a decisive place and time e. **Versatility** \- ability of Army forces to meet the diverse mission requirements of full spectrum operations in various defense mission areas