AS 2024 HUSH 1st Semester Final Review PDF

HUSH 1st Semester Final Review 66 Questions/116 points Gilded Age Continued Child Labor and Reform Efforts - Outrage over abusive conditions and exploitation - Children would work for 12-16 hours a day in bad conditions - Textile mills - work with sp...

HUSH 1st Semester Final Review 66 Questions/116 points Gilded Age Continued Child Labor and Reform Efforts - Outrage over abusive conditions and exploitation - Children would work for 12-16 hours a day in bad conditions - Textile mills - work with spinning machines or handling cotton - By the late 19th century over 1.75 million children under the age of 16 were working in factories, mines, and other industries - In 1910 about 18% of children under the age of 16 were employed in some form of industrial work - Key people - Camella Teoli - Italian immigrant from MA - Suffered severe injury at 13 - loss of scalp - Public attention to poor conditions - Jane Addams and Rev. Edgar Murphy - Social reformer - rights of children and poor - Methodist minister - an outspoken critic of child labor - Mary Harris “Mother” Jones - Labor activist - Advocated for worker's and children's rights in the U.S. - Organized labor strikes - March of the Mill Children - 1903 from PA to NY to raise awareness - - Grange Movement - Farmers begin to organize politically - Set up cooperative associations - Social and educational components - Succeeded in lobbying for “Granger Laws.” - Rapidly declined by the late 1870s because they could not compete with large manufacturers - (ie: Montgomery Ward would sell the farmers cheaper goods through catalogues than the Granges) White Hats - Las Gorras Blancas (White Hats) - Tried to regain control of Mexican ancestral land - Harassed white ranchers and destroyed fences that were put on public lands Election of 1892 - Democratic Nominee: Grover Cleveland - Won  - Republican Nominee: Benjamin Harrison - Populist Party: James Weaver Populist Party - Founded by James B. Weaver - and Tom Watson in 1892 - Grew out of farmer’s discontent over tariffs and their opposition to the gold standard - Combined Farmers’ Alliance with labor organizations of the East Panic of 1893 - Economic depression - Bank failures, railroad overexpansion, the collapse of the stock market, ag. decline - Unemployment, bankruptcies Pullman Strike and Pullman Towns - Railroad strike that began in Chicago at the Pullman Company - In protest of wage cuts and high rents in the Pullman Towns - Pullman Towns were meant to house the laborers in good conditions, but workers were upset with the strict rules and control of the company Election of 1896 - William McKinley - Republican - winner - William Jennings Bryan - Democratic and populist party - Gold standard vs free silver - Tariffs Imperialism 5 Main Causes of Imperialism - Economics - U.S. Foreign Investments - Exports/Imports - Military/Strategic Interests - Social Darwinism - Religious Expansion (Missionaries) - Manifest Destiny Yellow Journalism - Editor’s opinion of the news rather than objective journalism - William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer - They saw the conflict with Spain as their chance to increase circulation of their newspapers. - Hearst and Pulitzer printed sensational anti-Spanish stories  - Hearst and Pulitzer - competition of newspapers Alaska ○ Purchase - Paid $7.2 Million for Alaska (roughly 2 cents per acre) ○ Key people - Seward? Nicknamed purchase Seward's icebox. William Seward believed that the nation would eventually establish an empire due to a natural process of gravitation toward the United States. Hawaii ○ The Bayonet Constitution - The Bayonet Constitution shifted power from the monarchy to a small group of wealthy landowners, primarily of foreign descent. By limiting voting rights to those who owned property and were often American or European, it effectively sidelined native Hawaiians from political participation ○ 1898 Annexation - Americans (backed by businesses) overthrew Queen Lili’uokalani (“Hawaii for Hawaiians”) and asked for annexation to the United States in 1893. - President Grover Cleveland opposed removing the Queen - Sanford Ballard Dole: “The Republic of Hawaii” in 1894 - Wanted to “Westernize” Hawaii’s government and culture Cuba ○ U.S.S. Maine ‘Remember Maine to hell with Spain” On the evening of February 15, 1898, there was an explosion that tore a hole in the hull of The U.S.S. Maine (Cost $2 million) ( later found it was a fire on the ship and not the Spaniards) ○ “Reconcentration” Policy Supposedly it was to keep the Cuban civilians alive and protected until the Spanish were victorious. Instituted martial law on the entire island Nearly 30% died from hunger, lack of medicine, and unsanitary conditions Many Americans became “anti-Spanish” ○ Valeriano Weyler’s plan the rural population had eight days to move into designated camps located in fortified towns; any person who failed to obey was shot  ○ Platt Amendment Cuba was not to enter any agreements with foreign powers that would endanger its independence. The U.S. would intervene in Cuban affairs if necessary to maintain an efficient, independent government Cuba must lease Guantanamo Bay to the U.S. for naval and coaling stations. Cuba must not build up an excessive public debt. Panama ○ Clayton-Bulwer Treaty U.S. wanted to build a canal through Nicaragua Treaty made it that neither the U.S. nor the British would build a canal without the “consent and cooperation” of each other ○ Philippe Bunau-Varilla Established the Panama Canal Zone which led to the actual building of the Panama Canal Japan ○ Commodore Matthew Perry 1853 opens up Japan ○ Root-Takahira Agreement An agreement to mutual consultation in the event of future Far Eastern cruises Basically open-door policy Philippines ○ Commodore George Dewey - Opened fire on the Spanish fleet in Manila, the Philippine capital. ○ William H. Taft - First governor/general of philippines ○ Annexation of the Philippines Puerto Rico ○ Jones Act - Gave full territorial status to Puerto Rico (PR) - Removed tariff duties on PR goods coming into the US. - Puerto Ricans elected their own legislators & governor to enforce local laws. - PR’s could NOT vote in US Presidential elections. ○ The Insular Cases - The Court held that the U.S. could rule Puerto Rico and other territories largely without regard to the Constitution. China  ○ "Open Door Policy" - Give all nations equal access to trade in China. - Guaranteed that any one foreign power would NOT take over China ○ Boxer Rebellion - an anti-imperialist movement that sought to expel foreigners from China and end the system of foreign concessions and treaty ports. - Anti-foreigner, anti-imperialist, anti-Christian Mexico ○ Huerta - Victoriano Huerta seizes control of Mexico and puts Francisco Madero in prison where he was murdered. - Known as the “Ten Tragic Days” (la decena trágica) ○ Wilson’s response - sent troops to occupy Veracruz and so Huerta fled the country. Election of 1900 - McKinley died from an assassin's bullet on Sept. 14, 1901, replaced by Theodore Roosevelt (vice) - William Mckinley republican(won) - William o Bryan Democratic (lost) Theodore “Teddy” Roosevelt ○ Background He studied Natural History Ranch life He was the 26th president ○ “Rough Riders” They fought the Spanish army in Cuba, but they were also made up of volunteer-athletes, Ivy-league students, etc. First US volunteer cavalry ○ Race Relations W.E.B. Du Bois was the first black man to get a PhD from Harvard ○ Food and Drug Laws Meat Inspection Act banned sale of meat from misread livestock Pure Food and Drug Act to regulate the pharmaceutical industry Banned production, sale, and transportation of drugs How the Panama Canal helped make the U.S. a world power Taft and Wilson - Taft - Pro-imperialism and focused on financial investment in foreign countries  - “Dollar diplomacy” - use of financial power to take control of foreign powers - Set up troops at the border of Mexico but backed down - Nickname “Peaceful Bill” - Wilson - Back off of American influence and involvement overseas - Anti-imperialism - Signed Jones Act of 1916 - promised Philippines independence when they could form a stable government Urban Life Immigration travel - Immigration travel - Immigration boom - Southern and Eastern Europe - Ellis Island became the primary entry point - Many found jobs in factories, mines, and construction - Poor, overcrowded conditions in ethnic neighborhoods - Gov. tried to limit immigration - Growing anti-immigration Immigration Cartoon: Says, Means, Matters Jacob Riis Photo Analysis WW 1 Assassination of the Archduke Ferdinand - Assassination of the Archduke Ferdinand (June, 1914) of Austria by Serbian nationalist triggers chain of events in Europe RMS Lusitania - Lusitania sinking (1915) take 1198 lives (128 Americans); contraband (ammo) on ship - William Jennings Bryan advocates banning Americans on foreign ships, but Wilson rejects it - Wilson asserts U.S. has the right to sail on any ships - Germany halt attacks on passenger ships after Lusitania, but tensions increase Selective Service Act (1917) - 24,000,000 men registered for the draft by the end of 1918. - 4.8 million men served in WW1 (2,000,000 saw active combat). - 400,000 African-Americans served in segregated units. - 15,000 Native-Americans served as scouts, messengers, and snipers in non-segregated units.  Trench Warfare ○ Trench Foot - the foot swells up and begins to decay. It is generally caused by exposure to damp and cold conditions and where blood circulation is restricted. - Happened to soldiers who were in the trenches for long periods of time Zimmermann Telegram - British intelligence intercepted the “Zimmermann Telegram” in January 1917. - German foreign minister Arthur Zimmermann sent a message proposing an alliance with Mexico IF the United States entered the war. - Zimmermann promised Mexico they would get Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona back from the U.S. Conscientious objectors - 3 million men evade draft - Conscientious objectors face harassment Propaganda Posters Committee on Public Information ○ George Creel - America’s “Propaganda Minister” - Anti-Germanism - Selling American Culture Espionage Act - Forbade actions that obstructed recruitment or efforts to promote insubordination in the military. - Ordered the Postmaster General to remove Leftist materials from the mail. - Fines of up to $10,000 and/or up to 20 years in prison. Sedition Act - It was a crime to speak against the purchase of war bonds or willfully utter, print, write or publish any disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language about this form of US Government, the US Constitution, or the U.S. armed forces or to “willfully urge, incite, or advocate any curtailment of production of things necessary or essential to the prosecution of the war…with intent of such curtailment to cripple or hinder, the US in the prosecution of the war. Court Cases ○ Schenck v. U.S.  - Gave out flyers to stop people from joining the military. (Violation of Espionage Act) - In ordinary times the mailing of the leaflets would have been protected by the 1st Amendment. BUT, every act of speech must be judged according to the circumstances in which it was spoken. - If an act of speech posed a clear and present danger, then Congress had the power to restrain such speech. ○ Abrams v. U.S. - Defendants were convicted because of two leaflets they printed and threw from windows of a building. (Violation of Espionage and Sedition Acts) - One leaflet signed "revolutionists" denounced the sending of American troops to Russia. - The second leaflet, written in Yiddish, denounced the war and US efforts to stop the Russian Revolution. - They were sentenced to 20 years in prison. Post-war labor unrest ○ Coal Miners Strike Poor conditions and long hours Over 400,000 miners Lasted several months - Gov intervened Strike ended with better wages ○ Steel Workers Strike Better conditions, higher wages Crushed by steel companies Hired strikebreakers ○ Boston Police Strike BPS were underpaid Widespread disorder Officers fired Red Scare - Fear that communism, anarchism, radicalism in USA after WWI would get rid of capitalism and democracy - Pushed by Bolshevik Revolution in Russia - Led to Anti-immigration - Led to Palmer Raids Wilson’s 14 Points - Created by Wilson in 1918 - Aimed at creating peace after WWI  - Key points: - Self determination for nations - Freedom of seas during peace and war - Establishment of League of Nations - Restoration of borders and creation of new European nations Treaty of Versailles - Ended WWI - Signed June 28, 1919 - Full blame on Germany and other allied powers - Heavy reparations, territorial losses, and military limits on Germany - Creation of new nations - Harshness and blame was a factor in the rise of the Nazis League of Nations 1920’s Entertainment ○ Movies Became really popular - America’s new pastime Many genres: melodrama, western, historical epic, romcom, etc. “Talkies” became a thing Steamboat Willie and Walt Disney gained popularity First movie with synced animation and sound Originally a short opener but had so much traction ○ Radio Home radios Family tuning in together Listened to music, news, dramas, comedies Unified culture - could tune in anywhere Advertising over radio waves was easier ○ Sports Radio helped them boom Establishment of professional leagues Major names - Babe Ruth, Jack Dempsey, Helen Wills, Bobby Jones Key Authors - Ernest Hemingway - Direct and sparse writing style - Wrote a lot about the “Lost Generation” - the people who grew up in times of war and didn’t know what to do with themselves  - He was an ambulance driver in WW1 - Able to convey a lot of emotions in a little number of words - F. Scott Fitzgerald and The Great Gatsby - Saw past the glamour of the 20’s - Wrote about how lonely it could be in the pursuit of the American Dream - wealth and status - His writing reflected his own struggles and he conveyed that into his characters own lives and their struggles Harlem Renaissance - Cultural boom in Harlem, New York - African American artists, writers, and musicians celebrated heritage and culture - African pride - Music - Jazz and the blues - People like: Louis Armstorng, Bessie Smith, and Duke Ellington - Literature - Langston Hughes - Poet, social activist, playwright, novelist - Focused on pride and hope for the African community - Art - Aaron Douglas - “Father of African American art” - Murals and illustrations - Depicted struggles of African Americans and their fight for freedom - Photography - James Van Der Zee - Cohesive look into Harlem life - Captured the diversity and vibrancy of life Flappers - Free-spirited women - Bobs, short skirts - Smoking, drinking, dancing - Sexual freedom - No shame - challenged gender norms Food Industries - Milton S. Hershey - Mainstreamed sweet consumption - Hershey, PA became a model company town  - W.K. Kellogg - Launched cereal industry - Popularized breakfast - Focused on health-conscious foods - Marjorie Merriweather Post - Leader of Postum Company (later General Foods) - Wealthy and influential - Clarence Birdseye - Invented method of flash-freezing food - Transformed the industry in preservation and distribution of foods Prohibition ○ 18th Amendment Initiated Prohibition in 1920 Illegalized productions, sale, and transportation of alcohol ○ Speakeasies Illegal drinking spots Jazz clubs or places like dark basements ○ Bootleggers Those who participated in the illegal production and sale of alcohol ○ Al Capone Main gang leader in Chicago, IL Made over $60 million annually from bootlegging and speakeasies St. Valentine’s Day Massacre - gang dressed as police officers shot and killed members of a rival gang ○ Lucky Luciano Gangster from Italy Involved in crime from a young age Earned name from success at evading arrest Directed bootlegging, prostitution, and narcotics after joining Joe Masseria (rising crime boss) Survived kidnapping and beating/stabbing Had his opponents killed by loyal followers 19th Amendment - Women gained the right to vote Inventions - The Band-Aid was invented by Earle Dickson, an employee at Johnson & Johnson, in 1920. Dickson created the first adhesive bandage after noticing that his wife struggled to bandage her wounds on her own. The Band-Aid was a small, self-adhesive strip of cloth with a sterile pad in the  center, making it easy for people to treat minor cuts and scrapes at home. This invention revolutionized first aid and became an essential household item worldwide. - The first electric traffic lights were introduced in Detroit, Michigan, in 1920. Designed by William Potts, these lights featured the red, yellow, and green signals to regulate traffic. The invention quickly spread to other cities across the United States, which helped manage the increasing number of cars on the roads as urbanization and automobile ownership grew during the 1920s. Scopes Trial - High school teacher accused of teaching theory of evolution - Violated Tennessee's Butler Act - Lost in court - fined $100 Rise of the KKK - The KKK was revived in the early 1920s, in response to the social changes caused by immigration, the rise of Black cultural influence (like the Harlem Renaissance), and the growing power of African Americans. The Second Klan emerged in 1915 after The Birth of a Nation was released, and they expanded during the 1920s. It was not just focused on the South but spread throughout the country, like urban areas in the Midwest and the West. At its peak, the Klan had roughly 4-5 million members. The Klan was against not just African Americans, but also against Catholics, Jews, immigrants, and any group they considered "un-American." They used violence, intimidation, and terror to keep the country “pure.” Tulsa Race Massacre - The Tulsa Race Massacre, also known as the Tulsa Race Riot, happened between May 31 to June 1, 1921, in the Greenwood District of Tulsa, Oklahoma. This event resulted in the deaths of anywhere between 150 and 300 people, also resulting in more than 800 people injured. At the time, Greenwood was a prosperous community in Tulsa, often referred to as "Black Wall Streets”. The massacre was started by an incident involving a young Black man named Dick Rowland and a white woman named Sarah Page. Rowland was accused of assaulting Page in an elevator. Word of the incident spread quickly, causing a white mob and group of Black residents to be on opposing sides. Harding and Coolidge - President Warren G. Harding’s administration marked the beginning of the Roaring Twenties, lasting from 1921 to 1923. Harding’s slogan was a  "return to normalcy" after World War I. He promoted pro-business policies, reduced taxes, and supported high tariffs like the Fordney-McCumber Tariff to protect American industries. However, his presidency is also associated with scandals, such as the Teapot Dome Scandal. Harding's focus on business-friendly policies helped lay the foundation for the economic boom of the decade. - Calvin Coolidge, who succeeded Harding in 1923, embodied the era's emphasis on business and prosperity. He was known for his hands-off approach, believing that "the business of America is business." His administration reduced taxes, cut federal spending, and promoted economic policies that fueled the stock market's rapid growth. His presidency symbolized the spirit of the Roaring Twenties, focusing on minimal government intervention during a time of cultural and economic transformation. Eugenics Great Flood of 1927 (Mississippi) ○ Caused by heavy rains a record snowmelt ○ Most destructive river flood ○ 500 people died and over 630,000 people were affected - Mississippi, Louisiana, Missouri, and Illinois ○ Displaced many and ruined farmlands - disrupted economies ○ Required federal intervention ○ Herbert Hoover -a significant role in relief efforts, and contributes to his later presidential campaign Election of 1928 ○ Herbert Hoover: republican, won ○ Alfred E. Smith: democratic Stock Market Crash of 1929 ○ Beginning of the Great Depression ○ The stock market lost 90% of its value - widespread unemployment and poverty