Philippine Art History L3-5 PDF

L3: ART HISTORY These portions will resist the dye in which the threads will be cooked. Part 3: Philippine Art History The threads are hand-dyed with...

L3: ART HISTORY These portions will resist the dye in which the threads will be cooked. Part 3: Philippine Art History The threads are hand-dyed with pigments gathers from roots, leaves, and What art forms will be the focus of barks. Philippine Art History discussion? The surface of the t’nalak is coated - Textile art of the T’boli with beeswax and burnished with a small - Ukkil of the Sulu Archipelago cowry shell to give it a smooth sheen. - Maranaw Torogan in Lanao The design are done without the use of any drawn pattern or guides. 1. Textile Art of the T’boli Only a mental image guides the weaver in her design. Who are the T’boli (Manzano, 2015) The patterns are bestowed on them The T’Bolis occupy an area of about through dreams, those from their ancestors, 750 square miles where the Southern ends or ones specially granted by Fu Dalu, the of the Southwest Coast Range and the spirit of abaca. Cordillera, also known as the Tiruray Highlands, merge. The t’nalak is recognizable from other weaves in their sweeping design structure. The culture center falls more or less in the central part of a triangle whose points The intricate design tend to have an are the towns of Surallah, Polomolok, and overall composition, instead of repeating Kiamba. small sections. Like other hill people, the T’Boli The dying is done twice this is called subsist on hunting, fishing, and cultivation. overdyeing technique. The rivers, lakes and marshes of the Weavers, as individuals, take pride in region have always been the source of the their work and enjoy prestige from the fish caught by using fishing rods, spews, community. nets and other traps. Some designs are claimed by certain Today, tourism is also part of their families, while some design are claimed by livelihood. the community as a whole. Once completed on the looms, t’nalak are sewn into blankets which play key role in What are the art forms of the T’boli? conventional exchange of symbolic goods at This traditional cloth is associated with marriage. rituals on birth, life, union in marriage, and Since 1980s, the t’nalak found its way death. into the commercial market and into non- T’nalak is often used as blankets and traditional user. clothing on rare occasions as in royal T’nalak weavers differentiate t’nalak wedding ceremonies. created for the market and those for traditional purposes. What is a t’nalak? In the film, we found out that the design come to the weavers in their dreams. Their traditional cloth, the t’nalak is made of krungon (abaca fiber) extracted If they do not weave the design right from the mature fruit bearing, wild abaca. away, they get ill. For the traditional T’boli, only women weave. What are the art forms of the T’boli? Men were afraid of weaving because Weaving is a skill that a T’boli woman they might get sick. learns from their mothers, grandmothers, or even sisters. This belief demarcates the role of men and women in the society of the T’boli. T’nalak takes 3-6 months to finish depending on the length and complexity of The monkey dance was also taught to design. the boy by way of a dream. Before the dyeing process, portions of He was taught by a giant monkey the threads are tied. when he went ot the forest.  The film presents a problem of the To these ethnic Muslims, the term t’boli: weaving t’nalak is not a dying art ukkil, okil or okir mean both: form, but one that has been co-opted by the - The art of sculpting and carving consumerist drive. - A curvilinear design akin to arabesque What are the t’boli learns from school should not replace their indigenous beliefs, rather they should be able to reconcile these. Ukkil motifs can be: We must be conscious of our framing - Carved of indigenous art forms. - Painted - Patched Instead of contemplating whether - Embroidered traditions are “alive” or “dead,” it might be - Etched more useful to ask how traditions persist of - Cut Out change. - Cast The common conception with art is a dichotomy of a dynamic and progressive Ukkil motifs can be found in: contemporary art that is “ours” and versus the unchanging, conservative, and traditional - Textiles and Garments art that is “theirs.” - Boxes and Chests - Tableware and Kitchenware - Carpets and Prayer Rugs 2. Ukkil of the Sulu Archipelago - Leather Goods - Ceramic Wares Traditional Arts of Sulu (Fernando- - Holy Qur’an Amilbangsa, 2005) These traditional motifs may be used Three types of ukkil motifs: for many wealth items for personal purposes like garments, jewelry, and weaponry - Sumping (Floral Motif) (exchanged during wedding ceremonies). - Birdo (Tree-plant Motif) - Hashas (Serpent Motif) Traditional Motifs of Sulu Ukkil motifs: SUMPING Certain abstract or highly stylized motifs are symbolic or have specific names, Sumping (floral) motifs are but their original significance has become conventionally embroidered on garments, ambiguous over time. wall coverings, and canopies which usually includes sampaka (frangipani) and the Most meaning are deeply rooted in sumping kayapu’ (lotus flower). Hindu-Islamic traditions and ancient beliefs. It is believed that these motifs share Figural representation has not been similarities with neighboring cultures as abandoned. traced from the trading interactions of the Islamic traditions of representations indigenous people of Sulu. are usually limited to geometric designs or In this sample of malong, there are depictions of florals and foliage. four variants of the floral motifs (boxed in Florals and Foliage motifs share white) combined to form the decorating similarities with Indo-Persian and Indo- design. Chinese design due to Sulu’s foreign trade. The motifs combine to form a complex Ukkil motifs: BIRDO pattern – a highly abstracted form. Birdo (tree-plant) motifs are curvilinear foliate design associated with What is an ukkil? fertility or prosperity, and symbolic of life and paradise in Sufism. Ukkil are most important to the Tau Sug, Samal, Badjaw, and Jama Mapun of the Native artists employ at random a Sulu Archipelago. variety of stylized dahun(leaf) and bagun (vine) to compose a birdo pattern. These ukkil motifs are highly stylized representations of flora and fauna from the environment. Ukkil motifs: HASHAS Function: Home of the Datu Hashas (serpent) motif universally A torogan is built for the sultan or the includes snakes, dragons, and aquatic datu who holds the highest rank in a animals like fish, eel, dolphin, lizard, and community. crocodile. It is an ancestral communal house for Frequent portrayal of these exotic him who will reside in it with his closest creatures in the arts and oral traditions of relatives. Muslim Filipinos shows a fascination with the Function: Meeting Hall serpent, especially its saringa (dragon) form. The torogan is a multi-purpose building which serves as a meeting hall when The serpent motif is symbolic of water, the sultan or a datu calls for a conference. virility, fertility, and royal power. Function: Community Court These are typical embellishments on prow, sidings, crossbeams, eaves, and even The torogan is where the sultan holds the pulleys of old watercrafts. court Community problems are brought to the attention of the sultan who would summon the contending parties for possible 3. Maranaw Torogan in Lanao settlement of the particular case. What is a torogan? (Madale, 1996) The sultan sees to it that the customary laws, traditions, and beliefs of the Torogan is a type of architecture in community are safeguarded and Maranaw society. implemented strictly. The torogan is the center of Torogan: Ceremonial and Social Hall community life in a Maranaw principality. Torogans are used for big ceremonies For the Maranaw, it is a communal such as weddings, wakes, and religious property, a symbol, and an identification gatherings as well as major conflict figure that sets parameters for their society. resolutions between individuals or groups. Function: Ceremonial and Social Hall What is the significance of a torogan? The torogan serves as a social hall of The torogan sets the tone for the the community where life-cycle celebrations social life of the community. involving prominent members of the community are held such as baptism, In the absence of a torogan and a wedding, wake, and death anniversaries. sultan, the community becomes leaderless and without direction, especially in social Function: Spiritual House activities. The torogan is also the spiritual house of a Maranaw community where children learn to read and write the Holy Qur’an. What is a torogan? Although a torogan is usually highly decorated, it does not exist simply to be Physical features of a torogan symbolic of the Maranaw culture. The niyaga motif found in the Rather, the torogan serves a function panolong is shaped like a serpent its mouth in the social and communal lifestyle of the opening to the east. Maranaw. Other forms of okir such as pako rabong (fern blossoms) are believed to give prosperity and perpetual peace to the What are the functions of a torogan? residents of the torogan. - Home for the datu Certain okir motif also serves as - Meeting Hall protection against evil spirits such as - Community Court arabesque motifs found on the wall - Ceremonial and Social Hall divisions in a torogan, around it, or on the - Spiritual House intestine of the house (rampatan). The ground floor of the torogan is usually kept open so that it can be used as storage or display area.  Outside the torogan is the lama(wide L4: SOULMAKING (SOUL, SOUND, AND yard) where activities which cannot be STRUCTURE) accommodated inside are held. Part 1. The concept of “Soulmaking” Torogans are seldom fenced. The torogan has high ceiling and steep SOULMAKING roof with panolong and beams with ornate designs that resemble boat prows, heavily What is a “soul?” (Hillman, 1997) decorated with the naga (fern-like sacred snake) and with massive posts from tree “By soul I mean, first of all, a trunks. perspective rather than a substance, a viewpoint toward things rather than a thing itself. Conclusion/Summary This perspective is reflective; it mediates events and makes differences - Traditional Philippine art developed between ourselves and everything that based on the forces of society in which happens.” it exists. - We should exercise extra sensitivity “Between us and events, between the when considering the arts of doer and the deed, there is a reflective indigenous people. moment – and soulmaking means - The traditional beliefs of the T’boli’s differentiating this middle ground.” are intertwined with their creation of t’nalak weaves. - The ukkil motifs of the arts of Sulu What is soulmaking? archipelago are a combination of flora and fauna based on their oral histories Noy Narcisso applied the psychological and those available in the natural concept of “soulmaking” in his art practice. environment. It is about crafting images derived - The highly-decorated torogan is not from a person’s experience expressed just a symbolic architecture for the through any form of art. Maranaw. Rather, it is a communal space central to the lives of the It puts importance in nourshing Maranaw people. particular experiences to allow us to understand our humanity by being more considerate and have an appreciation of life. Da Vincian Principles Leonardo da Vinci is considered the renaissance man who excelled in art, mathematics, architecture, philosophy, military planning, etc. What are the Da Vincian Principles? These were characteristics traits of Da Vinci based from studies of his archives. These were believed to be the practice of Da Vinci in approaching his world during the time of the renaissance. These encompass both humanities and sciences. Da Vincian Principles - Curiosita - Dimostrazione - Sensazione - Sfumato - Arte/Scienza - Corporalita - Connessione Curiosita is an insatiably curious approach L5: SOULMAKING (SOUL, SOUND, AND to life and an unrelenting quest for STRUCTURE) continuous learning. Part 2: Narratives, Appropriation, and Dimostrazione is a commitment to test Ownership knowledge through experience, persistence, and willingness to learn from mistakes. Cultural Appropriation Sensazione is the continual refinement of the senses, especially sight, as the means to What is Cultural Appropriation? enliven experience. Sfumato is the willingness to embrace ambiguity, paradox, and uncertainty. Cultural appropriation happens when an artists borrow ideas, motifs, plots, Arte/Scienza is the development of the technical devices, etc. from another culture balance between science and art, logic and to which he/she does not belong. imagination. As a concept, cultural appropriation is Corporalita is the cultivation of grace, bound to moral and aesthetic questions. ambidexterity, fitness, and poise. However, the term cultural Connessione is a recognition and appropriation, in its general sense, does not appreciation of for the interconnectedness of connote something entirely negative. all things and phenomena. Every case of cultural appropriation These principles are what we can should be understood depending on the apply when we are approaching our narrative context and perspective. contemporary times of turmoil and struggle. History and power relations are Through these principles, we can important considerations when morally become reflective of how we live through the evaluating an instance of cultural contemporary digital age. appropriation. Conclusion/Summary Types of Cultural Appropriation - Soul is a perspective, not an essence - Object Appropriation that each person possesses. - Content Appropriation - Soulmaking is about crafting images - Style Appropriation derived from a person’s experiences - Motif Appropriation expressed through any form of art. - Subject Appropriation 7 Da Vincian Principles - Curiosita 1. Object Appropriation - Dimostrazione - Sensazione Tangible work of art is appropriated. (Young, - Sfumato 2008) - Arte/Scienza Object appropriation occurs when - Corporalita the possession of a tangible work of art - Connessione (such as a sculpture or painting) idis transferred from members of one culture to members of another culture. These are funerary ornaments from the Philippines which are now located in the Met Museum in the United States. 2. Content Appropriation Intangible work is appropriated. (Young, 2008) Content appropriation happens when an intangible object (a musical composition, story, or poem) is reused and expressed in a work by an artist outside the culture from which it originated. 3. Style Appropriation inequality in terms of economic, education, or other opportunities. Stylistic elements are appropriated. (Young, 2008) Style appropriation occurs when The Good Side of Cultural Appropriation stylistic elements common from one culture Why do artists appropriate? are taken and expressed by an artist who belongs to another culture. Morally sound cultural appropriation can lead to production of valuable works of 4. Motif Appropriation art. Motifs are appropriated (Young, 2008) For example, Akira Kurosawa borrows Motif appropriation occurs when from Shakespeare’s classic literacy pieces motifs from one culture are taken and and incorporates them into their work. expressed by an artist who belongs to another culture. Last words on cultural appropriation Tattoo motifs are often appropriated. Why do artists appropriate? Tattoo motifs can be appropriated without knowledge of where these are The arts and culture are dynamic. coming from, and what important symbolic Cultures naturally interact with each other. meaning they have for the culture which they are taken. Completely banning cultural appropriation will lead to cultural stagnation. 5. Subject Appropriation Nevertheless, sensitivity and care Another culture or some of its people are should be exercised when appropriating appropriated. (Young, 2008) from another culture. Subject appropriation occurs when subject matter, namely another culture or some of its members, is represented by an Conclusion/Summary artist who belongs to another culture in - Cultural appropriation happens when is/her work. an artists borrow ideas, motifs, plots, technical devices, etc. from another culture to which he/she does not Subject appropriation: The Problem belong. with Bagani (Ching, 2018) Types of Cultural Appropriation What does bagani mean? - Object Appropriation - “Warrior Chief” Mandaya - Content Appropriation - “Warrior Priest” Manobos - Style Appropriation - Motif Appropriation “The bagani is not recruited but - Subject Appropriation anointed by Mondaangan, [a revered spirit,] and is sacred to the Manobo peoples.” “So when you use the term bagani for - Cultural appropriation is not always a teleserye that is devoid of historical and wrong, but extra care and sensitivity cultural context, you are actually lambasting should be taken whenever the memoirs and integrity of our warriors.” appropriating from another culture. - Whenever practiced correctly, cultural Cultural Appropriation: appropriation can result in the creation of great works of art. When is it problematic? When does cultural appropriation become problematic? Some acts of cultural appropriation can be considered as theft. Cultural appropriation could harm members of a culture by misinterpretation, thereby producing discrimination and