History of Architecture 3 - Asian Architecture (PDF)

History of Architecture 3 Asian Architecture | AR 227  1 South Asia 2  2 Southeast Asia 3  3 East Asia 4  Activity 1 Research on the following. Define the following religions, identify the belief systems, the gods or origins and no...

History of Architecture 3 Asian Architecture | AR 227  1 South Asia 2  2 Southeast Asia 3  3 East Asia 4  Activity 1 Research on the following. Define the following religions, identify the belief systems, the gods or origins and note important terms. ✘ Buddhism ✘ Hinduism ✘ Islam Submit in A4 size paper. 1 page only. No format but make your work as extensive and comprehensive as you can. 5  South Asia 6  India 7 Indian Architecture Influenced by history, culture and religion Best known by Hindu temple architecture and Indo- Islamic architecture styles. Structures sometimes share the same site, have rhythmic stratified motifs, and profuse carved ornamentation, often combining the religious and the sensuous. 8  Indian Architecture Architecture of the Indian subcontinent Characterized by Hindu and Buddhist monuments 9 Indus and Ganges The chief commercial city of Pakistan is Karachi, a port founded in the 18th century and the sea gateway to the Indus valley. Excavations at Mohenjo-Daro & Harappa, and the Rajasthan, indicate close links between the so-called “Indus Valley- Harappan culture and the ancient Mesopotamia” 10  Indus Valley Civilization Sustained by surplus agricultural production and commerce Trade with Sumer in southern Mesopotamia. Both Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa are generally characterized as having "differentiated living quarters, flat-roofed brick houses, and fortified administrative or religious centers.“ Similarities in system of urban layout and planning are largely due to the presence of a semi- orthogonal type of civic layout 11  Mohenjo-Daro “Mound of the Dead Men” Archeological site: Sindh, Pakistan Largest settlements of the ancient Indus Valley civilization Existed along with the ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, Crete and Norte Chico 12  Mohenjo-Daro Discovered in 1921 Wells were found throughout the city, and nearly every house contained a bathing area and drainage system Suggests an ideology based on cleanliness 13  Harappa Archeological site: Punjab, Pakistan Contains the ruins of a Bronze Age fortified city Part of the Indus Valley Civilization The city is believed to have had as many as 23,500 residents and occupied about 150 hectares (370 acres) with clay brick houses at its greatest extent during the Mature Harappan phase 14  Maurya Dynasty 322 BCE – 184 BCE Ancient Indian people who united northern India Architecture shows the cultural influence of Persia and the first use of dressed stone (stone worked to desired shape and smoothed on the face). 15 Gupta Dynasty 320-540 CE Court was the center of classical Indian art and literature First architects of purpose-built Hindu (but sometimes also Buddhist) temples which evolved from the earlier tradition of rock-cut shrines. Earliest substantial architectural remains are from this period 16  Gupta Dynasty Golden Age of India Science and political administration reached new heights Achievements in architecture, sculpture, and painting influenced the whole region of South Asia and its nearby regions 17  Pallava Dynasty 275 CE–897 CE Hindu state established in southern India Contributed to the expansion of Indian culture into Southeast Asia Dravidian architecture - style of Indian architecture in the Pallava period (named after the language spoken in the region) 18  Pallava Dynasty Patronized largely architecture in the region Pallavas left behind magnificent sculptures and temples, established the foundations of medieval South Indian architecture. One example is the Shore Temple. 19  Shore Temple Built with blocks of granite, dating from the 8th century AD. The site was a busy port during the Pallava Dynasty. Classified as a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1984. It is one of the oldest structural (versus rock-cut) stone temples of South India. 20 Buddhist Structures 21  Stupa Dhamek Stupa A Buddhist memorial mound to enshrine a relic of Buddha. Ceylon (Sri Lanka) - dagoba Tibet and Nepal - chorten Dome-shaped mound on a platform, crowned by a chattri, surrounded by an ambulatory (stone vedika), with four toranas 22 Plan of the Mahastupa at Sanchi 23 Elevation of the Mahastupa at Sanchi 24 Parts of a Stupa 25  Chaitya Interior: Bhaja, near Lonavla, India A chaitya is a Buddhist shrine or prayer hall with a stupa at one end Also called chaitya-griha or caitya 26  Vihara Monastery often excavated from solid rock for Buddhist renunciates. 27 Hindu temples 28  Mandir Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple Hindu temple Ratha - a Hindu temple cut out of solid rock to resemble a chariot Vimana – sanctuary of a Hindu temple in which a deity is enshrined 29  Amalaka – bulbous stone finial of a sikhara. Sikhara – tower usually tapered convexly and capped by an amalaka Gopuram – monumentally, usually ornate gateway tower Mandapa – large, porch-like hall and used for religious dancing and music Parts of a Adha Mandapa – entrance porch Hindu Mandir Antarala – a vestibule Maha Mandapa – the Great Hall Urushringa – a subsidiary sikhara Garba Griha – a shrine inside the sikhara Jagati – Platform of the mandir Adhisthana – the base platform 30 Parts of a Hindu Mandir 31  Shore Temple One of the oldest freestanding Hindu temple 32 Mughal Architecture Indo-Islamic: blended traditions from India and Islam (Golden Age of Islamic Architecture in Northern India) 33  Diwan-i-Kas and Diwan-i-am Fatehpur Sikri Diwan-i-Kas, India Diwan-i-Kas - Hall of Private Audience, divided by overhanging moldings called chajja. Diwan-i-Am - Hall of Public Audience 34  Humayun’s Tomb New Delhi, India Forerunner of Taj Mahal Oldest of the Mughal monuments 35  Fatehpur Sikri City of Victory Capital of the Mughal Empire Built by Emperor Akbar 36  Jamah Masjid The Great Mosque One of the biggest in India At the center of the court is the tomb of Shaikh Salim, a Sufi saint 37  Taj Mahal Agra, India Most renowned example of Mughal architecture “Crown Palace” Built by Shah Jahan as a tomb for his wife, Mumtaz Mahal Also called Rauza-i- Munavvara which means “Illumined Tomb” 38  Taj Mahal Placed on a chahar bagh, a platform at the end of a walled garden divided by canals. The marble facade is decorated with floral motifs and a type of inlay called pietra dura (using cut, fitted, and polished colored stones to create images). 39  Taj Mahal Site Plan of Taj Mahal Entrance Gateway Mausoleum Guest quarters Tomb-mosque Yamuna River 40 Taj Mahal (Yamuna River) 41 Plan and Section of Taj Mahal 42 The faux tombs of Shah Jahan and Mumtaz Mahal inside the Taj Mahal 43 Indo-Saracenic Architecture Also known as Indo-Gothic, Mughal-Gothic, and Hindoo Style 44  Indo-saracenic architecture Combination of Indo- Islamic architecture (Mughal architecture) and European Gothic Revival and Neo-Classical “Saracen” – term used by the colonizers to refer to Muslim and Arabic- speaking regions (Middle East and North Africa) 45  Indo-saracenic architecture Revivalism in architecture is the use of visual styles that consciously echo the style of a previous architectural era. Used by British architects in India in late 19th century during the British Raj 46  Mysore Palace, Karnataka Official residence of the Wadiyar dynasty and the seat of the Kingdom of Mysore Mysore is commonly described as the 'City of Palaces' There are seven palaces, 'Mysore Palace' refers specifically to this one within the Old fort. 47  Chapeauk Palace First Indo-Saracenic building (1768) 48  Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus Mumbai Designed by British architectural engineer Frederick William Stevens Originally named Victoria Terminus Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus (station code CST) in March 1996 49  Municipal Corporation Building Mumbai Commissioned by Arthur Crawford and completed in 1893 Located across Victoria Terminus now known as Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus Heavily influenced by Gothic design 50  St. Andrew’s Church, Chennai Designed by Major Thomas de Havilland and Colonel James Caldwell of the Madras Engineers. Inspired by Neo-Classical architecture, The body of the church is a circle, with rectangular compartments to the east and west. The church has 16 fluted pillars with Corinthian capitals. 51  Victoria Memorial Culcutta Dedicated to the memory of Queen Victoria Designed by William Emerson Built with white Makrana marble Design echoes the Taj Mahal with its dome, four subsidiaries, octagonal- domed chattris, high portals, terrace, and domed corner towers. 52  South Asia 53  Sri Lanka INDIAN OCEAN 54  Victoria Memorial, Culcutta Known from the beginning of British colonial rule until 1972 as Ceylon Ceylon has been the center of international trade, due to its strategic position on the West to East sea routes and its fine natural harbors. 55  Ceylon Lanka – “resplendent land” referenced from Ramayana Also called India’s “Fallen Tear” Predominantly Buddhist, Tamils retained Hindu origins, and the Arab and Malayan settlers follows Islam Population is called Sinhalese. Sinhala is an ethnic group native to the island of Sri Lanka. 56 Sri Lankan Architecture The architecture of Sri Lanka displays a rich variety of architectural forms and styles. Introduced to the island in the 3rd century BCE, Buddhism had a significant influence on their architecture. 57 History 3 Significant Periods : Anuradhapura Period Polonnaruwa Period Kandyan Period 58  Anuradhapura Period 377 BC - 1017 AD First King: Pandukabhaya King of Upatissa Nuwara Moved the administration to Anuradhapura First monarch Anuradhapura is known as an ancient cosmopolitan citadel with diverse populations, 59  Sigiriya Rock 200-meter tall Residence of King Kasyasa Kasyasa marked his regal territory with impressive frescoes and, of course, an opulent lion gateway. 60  Sigiriya Rock Also known as the Lion Rock One of the best- preserved examples of ancient urban planning in the world 61  Kuttam Pokuna Anuradhapura An ancient bathing pool of the Sinhalese in Anuradhapura. “Twin Ponds/Pools” 62  Kuttam Pokuna Built as the bathing ponds for the monks of Abhayagiri Monastery in northern Anuradhapura. The water is channeled through a sophisticated system of filtration to gush out of a lion's head. At the far end of the Kuttam Pokuna ponds is a system to trap mud and dirt. When water flows into the pit, mud and dirt sink to the bottom, ensuring that clean water flows into the Kuttam Pokuna ponds. 63 Sinhalese Sinhalese architecture shows the sensitivity shown towards the natural landscape and its Architecture intimate relationship to the buildings. 64  Kuttam Pokuna 11th - 13th century CE The second most ancient of Sri Lanka's kingdoms, Polonnaruwa was first declared the capital city by King Vijayabahu I, who defeated Chola invaders in 1070 to reunite the country once more under a local leader. The building of this city was the principal architectural undertaking of King Parakrama Bahu the Great. 65  Royal Palace Polonnaruwa This group of buildings dates from the period of King Parakramabahu I (1153 – 1186). The King’s Royal Palace is a massive structure, measuring 31 m by 13 m, once including 50 rooms supported by 30 columns. 66  Lantikala Temple Built by King Parakramabahu lying on the South of Kiri Vehera Walls made of bricks Outer walls covered with elaborate designs and carvings An example of a Gedi-Ge style building. 67  Rock temple of the Buddha in Polonnaruwa in North Central Province Gal Vihara (Rock Temple) Considered to be some of the best examples of ancient Sinhalese sculpting and carving arts 68 69 70 71  Polonnaruwa, Sri Lanka Built during the reign of Parakramabahu I to hold the relic of the Vatadage tooth of the Buddha or during the reign of Nissanka Malla of Polonnaruwa to hold the alms bowl used by the Buddha. 72 Vatadage  Lovamahapaya Anuradapura Brazen Palace Built by King Dutugamunu, composed of 1600 stone pillars in 40 rows of the Brazen Palace. 75  Thuparama Dagoba Anuradhapura It was constructed by Devanampiya Tissa in the 3rd century BC and is said to contain the right collarbone of the Buddha. Thuparamaya Dagoba has been built in the shape of a bell. It is a Buddhist sacred place of veneration. 76 77  Abhayagiri Dagoba Anuradapura The name means ‘Hill of Protection’ or ‘Fearless Hill’. The Saddarma Rathnawaliya scripture records that a statue of a golden bull containing relics of the Buddha was buried in the core of the stupa. 78  Ruwanwelisaya Dagoba Anuradapura The Golden Sand Stupa Considered a marvel for its architectural qualities and sacred to many Buddhists all over the world. 79  Ambasthale Dagoba Anuradapura The main ceremonial stairway, lined with frangipani trees, leads to the Ambasthale Dagoba, built over the spot where Mahinda (son of Emperor Ashoka and a Buddhist monk) converted Devanampiya Tissa, king of Anuradapura to Buddhism. 80 Pillars Pillars have a signified place in the peritylar architecture. Square or octagonal in section, the capital socketed into the top, is of plain hexagonal vase shape, with a carved abacus above and moldings between; sometimes the shaft and capital were cut in one piece. 81  Yapahuwa Rock Fortress Polonnaruwa Yapahuwa was one of the ephemeral capitals of medieval Sri Lanka. The citadel of Yapahuwa lying midway between Kurunagala and Anuradhapura was built around a huge granite rock rising abruptly almost a hundred meters above the surrounding lowlands. 82 Yapahuwa Rock Fortress 83  Yapahuwa Rock Fortress Built on a huge, 90 meter high rock boulder in the style of the Sigiriya rock fortress. Yapahuwa was a palace and military stronghold against foreign invaders. On top of the rock are the remains of a stupa, a Bodhi tree enclosure, and a rock shelter/cave used by Buddhist monks, indicating that earlier this site was used as a Buddhist monastery. 84  Kandyan Period Division of the country into several kingdoms Capital: Kandy Portuguese and Dutch introduced the late Renaissance and Baroque into the colonial styles. British brought a Colonial Georgian. Moslem merchants and seafarers had little influence on architecture. 85  Kandyan Architecture Wooden architecture – traditional framed structure of pillars and beams made of timber, richly carved with traditional motifs. Roofs – high pitched with wide eaves, slightly curved, finished with small flat terracotta tiles and eaves tiles Decorative craftwork - ancient motifs used as an integral part of the building. (e.g. windows with lacquered wood bars, carved timbers doorway, ornamental metal work door furniture, painted walls, terracotta bas relief wall plaques and eaves tiles) 86  Kandyan Architecture Temple of the Sacred Tooth Relic Located in the royal palace complex of the former Kingdom of Kandy Paththirippuwa or Pattirippuwa octagonal pavilion one of three main structures of the temple Name is based on Tamil language: "Parthu" means 'to see’ and "Irippu" means 'seated’. Together it means 'to sit and see all around' 87  Temple of the Sacred Tooth Relic Interior has roof paintings. 88  Sri Lankan Architecture Cave Temples Dagobas Vatadage Palaces 89  South Asia 90  Nepal 91  Nepalese Architecture Mainly influenced by China, India and Tibet as it situated along these countries’ trade routes. 92  Nepalese Architecture Pagoda style is prominent among Hindu temples in the country. Pagoda architectural tradition and traditional Tibetan Buddhist architecture are widely used among Buddhist temples throughout the country instead of stupas Mugal style, summit style, dome style also have great scope in Nepal. 93  Newar Architecture Indigenous style of architecture by the Newari people in the Kathmandu valley in Nepal. Used in buildings ranging from stupas and chaitya monastery buildings to courtyard structures and distinctive houses. Marked by striking brick work and a unique style of wood carvings Propagated by Nepalese architect Arniko 94  The Great Drigung Kagyud Lotus Stupa Lumbini, Nepal Stupa constructed by the German Tara Foundation Contains a hollow crown partly covered in glass, revealing a small Buddha within The domed ceiling of the main prayer room is covered in Buddhist murals. 95  Swayambhunath Stupa Kathmandu, Nepal An ancient religious architecture atop a hill in the Kathmandu Valley, west of Kathmandu city. Tibetan name for the site means 'Sublime Trees’ 96  Swayambhunath Stupa Carvings of the Panch Buddhas (five Buddhas) on each of the four sides of stupa. Vairochana (occupies the center and is the master of the temple) Akshobhya (faces the east and represents the cosmic element of consciousness) Ratna Sambhava (faces the south and represents the cosmic element of sensation) Amitabha (represents cosmic element of Sanjna and always faces the west) Amoghsiddhi (represents the cosmic element of conformation and faces the north) 97  Boudhanath Stupa The stupa’s massive mandala makes it one of the largest spherical stupas in Nepal. Large amounts of gold were used to decorate the building. Took almost seven years to finish the stupa Built in the 14th century after the Mughal invasions 98 99  Pasupatinath Temple Hindu temple located along Bagmati River at the northeast of Kathmandu Valley. Constructed by Lichhavi King Shupuspa in 15th century after the previous building had been consumed by termites. Beautifully carved wooden rafters on which they rest (tundal) The two-level roofs are of copper with gold covering. The temple resides on a square base platform with a height of almost 23m from base to pinnacle which is made of gold. It has four main doors, all covered with silver sheets. 100  Maju Dega Built in 1692 by Queen Mother Riddhi Laxmi (mother of infant King Bhupatendra Malla). The doorway, columns, windows and struts are all carved from wood. Inside the temple, an enormous shiva linga, the emblem of Lord Shiva, is located 101  Maju Dega Constructed during the reign of King Siddhinarasimha Malla and his son Srinivasa Sukriti, built in the Shikhara style. Patan – one of the oldest known Buddhist cities, center of both Hinduism and Buddhism with 136 bahals or courtyards and 55 major temples. Stone carvings along the beam above the first floor narrate the events of the Mahabharata while the second-floor pillar are visual carvings from Ramayana 102 Krishna Temple and Maju Dega 103  South Asia 105  somewhere here Tibet 106 107  Tibetan Architecture Architecture in Tibet is influenced by Chinese and Indian architecture Many unique features brought about by its adaptation to the cold, generally arid, high-altitude climate of the Tibetan plateau. 108  Geography Tibet is the highest region in the world lying at the heart of the Himalayas. Large plateau varying in height between 4,000 and 5,000 meters above sea level. Very thinly populated, the inhabited areas generally centered upon monastic settlements are almost exclusive in the South, where sheep and yaks are gazed, and some agriculture is possible. 109 History & Social Small regional kingdoms existed until the 17th century, united under King Stron-Btsang- Gampo, whose two wives, Nepalese and Chinese princesses, were both Buddhists. Tibetan rulers - Buddhism: cultural history has been a direst reflection of the development of the faith. Monasteries multiplied and were highly privileged, leading ultimately to a form of the theocratic government, in which the chief Abbot became ruler of Tibet. 110  Tibetan Architecture Originally follow an animist faith, Bon or Bonpo, which included elements of mysticism and sorcery. In 630AD, Mahayana Buddhism was introduced, tempered by indigenous folk cults, and in the next century Tantric Buddhism, prevalent in neighboring countries, was established by Padma-Sambhava. 300 years later the final and lasting form of Tibetan Buddhism was shaped by the patriarch Atisa; the cult of Bodhisattva (one who has evolved to attain Buddhahood), magic, animism and the belief in the living Buddha. 111  Temples - used for religious ceremonies and worship Types of Tibetan Stupa (chorten) - reliquaries and symbols Architecture Palace – residence of the Dalai Lama Common house types 112 Potala Palace 113  Potala Palace Lhasa, Tibet Designated as a World Heritage Site in 1994 and Includes the Norbulingka area in 2001 Stands at 117 meters in height and 360 meters in width 114  Potala Palace Lhasa, Tibet Originally built in the 7th century, developed later in the 17th century to become a palace Home to the Dalai Lamas between the 17th and mid-20th century 115 Norbulingka Lhasa, Tibet Unique example of Tibetan palace architecture The gardens generally considered to be the finest in Tibet 116  Jokhang Palace Lhasa, Tibet The oldest parts of the building date from 652 CE, built over period of many centuries Influenced by Indian and Nepali styles, as well as Tibetan 117  Gompas Monasteries in Tibet that come in a great variety of styles, generally reflecting local architectural traditions 118  Samye Monastery Full name is Samye Mighur Lhundrub Tsula Khang, also known as the Shrine of Unchanging Spontaneous Presence First gompa built in Tibet Constructed between 775-779 under King Trison Detsen Modeled after the design of Odantapuri 119 Bhavacakra “Wheel of Life” Depicted in the entrance of almost every Tibetan Buddhist monastery The demon represents Impermanence. It holds an enormous wheel whose rim depicts the principle of karma 120  Tibetan Chortens Tibetan Buddhist stupa built to enshrine relics of the Buddha. Thousands were built by pilgrims and devotees seeking Buddhist merit over the centuries. 121 Types of Tibetan Chorten Lotus Blossom Stupa Enlightenment Stupa Stupa of Many Doors or Gates Stupa of Descent from the Golden Realms Stupa of Great Miracles or Stupa of Conquest of Tirthikas Stupa of Reconciliation Stupa of Complete Victory Parinirvana or Stupa of Nirvana 122 Part of Tibetan Chorten 1. Throne: Foundation and Face - 3 steps/3 refuges 2. 4 Steps: 4 Immeasurables 3. Bumpa: 7 elements of Enlightenment 4. Harmika: 8 Fold Path 5. 13 Bhumis 6. Parasol: Compassion 7. Moon: Bodhicitta Sun: Prajna Jewel: Enlightenment Lotus bloom stupa Buddha's Birth in the Lumbini Garden at Kapilavastu in Northern India in the 6th Century BCE. The steps of the stupa are round and decorat.ed with lotus flower petals. 124 Enlightenment Stupa Buddha’s attained Enlightenment at age 35 after meditating for 49 days under a tree at Bodh Gaya The steps of this stupa are rectangular and without any decoration. 125 Stupa of Many Doorways Also known as the Stupa of Turning the Wheel of Dharma Buddha's first teachings after Enlightenment in the Deer Park at Sarnath: Four Noble Truths, Six Perfections, Noble Eightfold Path and the Twelve Links of Dependent Origination. The steps of this stupa are decorated with doorways symbolizing the opening of the doors of the Dharma. 126 Great Miracle Stupa This stupa commemorates the Buddha's display of miracles at Shravasti where he was challenged to demonstrate his realization and performed a different miracle every day for 15 days. Each of the four steps, in each of the four directions, have central extensions. 127 The Stupa of the Descent from Tushita Heaven When Buddha's mother was reincarnated in another realm, he went there to teach her Dharma. Represents Buddha's return from the celestial realms in order to continue teaching the path to enlightenment. Each side of the stupa has a stairway in the center of the four steps. 128 Stupa of Reconciliation Symbolizes the Buddha’s reuniting of his monastic followers after they had become divided by disagreement. The steps are octagonal with eight corners and eight sides. 129 Stupa of Complete Victory Symbolizes Buddha's prolonging of his life by three months after one of his disciples had pleaded him not to pass away. The steps of this stupa are round. 130 Parinirvana Stupa Stupa of Nirvana Symbolizes Buddha's passing unto nirvana The base of this stupa rests directly on the throne without any steps. 131 Tibetan Kham, Tibet Monasteries Monasteries and nunneries were destroyed during the Chinese invasion and the Cultural Revolution are being rebuilt. 132 Tibetan Residential Architecture Square bedroom with functional furniture Most bedrooms use 2×2 m column grid as a unit, forming a combination of 4×4 m square. The buildings are about 2.2-2.4 m high. There are mats, furniture bed, small square table, Tibetan cabinet, with small, assembly, multi-use features. Furniture layout along the wall, fully using the interior corners area. 133 Tibetan Residential Architecture Private homes may have up to three stories. Herding houses temporarily used during a part of the year have only one story. Walls constructed of stone or rammed earth up to a meter thick at the base. Temples and manor homes have walls sloping inward to create an illusion of greater height. Windows - usually small because the walls are so heavy that large openings would make the structure unstable 134 Tibetan Residential Flat roofs - used in most parts of the central and western Tibetan plateau where there are few Architecture instances of rainfall Sloping roofs - covered in slate, shingles or ceramic tiles due to heavier summer rains 135  Tibetan Residential Architecture Small compounds Resemble small fortresses with sloping walls Prayer flags on their turrets Flat earthen roofs are pounded with sticks with rocks at the end 136  Tibetan Residential Architecture Built depending on the availability of materials Stone houses in valley of Southern Tibet Tent houses in the Northern Tibet Wooden structure houses in the forest regions City houses Big windows facing south Many live in castle-like houses. 137