Indian Architecture Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which dynasty is credited with establishing the foundations of medieval South Indian architecture?

  • Pallava Dynasty (correct)
  • Maurya Dynasty
  • Chola Dynasty
  • Gupta Dynasty

    • What is the name of the style of Indian architecture developed during the Pallava period?

  • Mughal Architecture
  • Dravidian Architecture (correct)
  • Indo-Saracenic Architecture
  • Gupta Architecture

    • The Shore Temple is an example of what type of structure?

  • A Buddhist Chaitya
  • A Buddhist Stupa
  • A Vihara
  • A Hindu Temple (correct)

    • What is the significance of the Dhamek Stupa?

    <p>It houses a relic of Buddha (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the structure that crowns a stupa?

    <p>Chattri (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name given to a Buddhist prayer hall with a stupa at one end?

    <p>Chaitya (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the structure that serves as the sanctuary of a Hindu temple?

    <p>Vimana (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the bulbous stone finial of a Sikhara?

    <p>Amalaka (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the meaning of the name 'Abhayagiri Dagoba'?

    <p>Fearless Mountain (A), Hill of Protection (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which significant figure converted King Devanampiya Tissa to Buddhism at the Ambasthale Dagoba?

    <p>Mahinda (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What architectural style is associated with the Yapahuwa Rock Fortress?

    <p>Framed timber structure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was buried in the core of the Abhayagiri Dagoba?

    <p>A golden bull statue with relics (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which historical period was Kandy the capital of Sri Lanka?

    <p>Kandyan Period (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What architectural element is significant in peritylar architecture?

    <p>Square or octagonal pillars (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which king is credited with building the Royal Palace in Polonnaruwa?

    <p>King Parakramabahu I (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which colonial influences were introduced during the Kandyan Period?

    <p>Baroque and Colonial Georgian (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What features indicated that Yapahuwa was previously used as a Buddhist monastery?

    <p>Remains of a stupa and Bodhi tree enclosure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the Kuttam Pokuna ponds?

    <p>They are a system to trap mud and dirt, ensuring clean water flows into the ponds. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the architectural style of the Lantikala Temple?

    <p>Gedi-Ge (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is described as having 1600 stone pillars arranged in 40 rows?

    <p>Lovamahapaya (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the Thuparama Dagoba?

    <p>It is said to contain the right collarbone of the Buddha. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of the architecture mentioned in the provided text?

    <p>A sensitivity to the natural landscape and its relationship to the buildings. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures is located in Anuradhapura?

    <p>Lovamahapaya (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is described as being built by King Parakramabahu I, and possibly also during the reign of King Nissanka Malla?

    <p>Vatadage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stupa commemorates the Buddha's display of miracles at Shravasti?

    <p>Stupa of Great Miracles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Parasol in a Tibetan Chorten symbolize?

    <p>Compassion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stupa has steps that represent the four immeasurables?

    <p>Stupa of Reconciliation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the steps of the Enlightenment Stupa?

    <p>Rectangular and without decoration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stupa symbolizes Buddha's prolonged life due to a disciple's plea?

    <p>Stupa of Complete Victory (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do the steps of the Stupa of the Descent from Tushita Heaven feature?

    <p>Central stairway in each direction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept does the Moon represent in a Tibetan Chorten?

    <p>Bodhicitta (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following stupas is known for its decorated doorways?

    <p>Stupa of Many Doors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of structure is a stupa or chorten in Tibetan architecture?

    <p>A reliquary and symbol (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which centuries was the Potala Palace primarily home to the Dalai Lamas?

    <p>17th to mid-20th century (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is unique about the Norbulingka area in Lhasa, Tibet?

    <p>It is recognized for its exquisite gardens. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which architectural influence is present in the Jokhang Palace?

    <p>A blend of Indian, Nepali, and Tibetan styles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significance does the Bhavacakra, or 'Wheel of Life', hold in Tibetan Buddhism?

    <p>It illustrates the principle of karma. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When was the Samye Monastery constructed?

    <p>Between 775-779 CE (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of Tibetan chortens?

    <p>To enshrine relics of the Buddha (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about Tibetan gompas is true?

    <p>They come in a variety of styles reflecting local traditions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Parinirvana Stupa symbolize?

    <p>Buddha's passing unto nirvana (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of Tibetan residential architecture?

    <p>Small windows and thick walls (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do the roofs of Tibetan homes differ in various regions?

    <p>They are either sloped or flat depending on rainfall (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of materials are Tibetan homes commonly constructed from?

    <p>Stone, rammed earth, and wood (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What features are characteristic of the furniture layout in Tibetan bedrooms?

    <p>Layout along the wall utilizing corners (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What architectural characteristic is noted for Tibetan residential compounds?

    <p>Resemblance to small fortresses (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What feature distinguishes herding houses in Tibetan architecture?

    <p>They are single-story structures (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor influences the construction of Tibetan buildings?

    <p>Availability of materials (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Kuttam Pokuna

    Ancient ponds in Sri Lanka that filter water.

    Sinhalese Architecture

    Architecture reflecting sensitivity to nature in Sri Lanka.

    Polonnaruwa

    Second ancient kingdom of Sri Lanka, capital city during 11th-13th century CE.

    Royal Palace of Polonnaruwa

    Massive structure built during the reign of King Parakramabahu I.

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    Lantikala Temple

    Temple built by King Parakramabahu featuring elaborate designs.

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    Gal Vihara

    Rock temple in Polonnaruwa, noted for ancient sculpting arts.

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    Vatadage

    Structure in Polonnaruwa built to hold Buddha's relics.

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    Thuparamaya Dagoba

    Buddhist stupa in Anuradhapura, contains Buddha's collarbone.

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    Gupta Dynasty

    A period known as the Golden Age of India, marked by advancements in science, arts, and architecture.

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    Pallava Dynasty

    A Hindu state in southern India (275 CE–897 CE) that contributed to Indian culture's expansion into Southeast Asia.

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    Shore Temple

    An 8th-century AD granite temple, notable for being one of the oldest stone temples, located in a historical port area.

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    Stupa

    A dome-shaped Buddhist structure used to enshrine relics of Buddha.

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    Chaitya

    A Buddhist prayer hall or shrine that contains a stupa at one end.

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    Vihara

    A Buddhist monastery, often carved from rock for monks and renunciates.

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    Mandir

    A Hindu temple, notable for its architectural features like ratha (chariot form) and vimana (sanctuary).

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    Amalaka

    The bulbous stone finial found atop a Hindu temple's sikhara (spire).

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    Abhayagiri Dagoba

    A stupa in Anuradapura, meaning 'Hill of Protection', that contains Buddha relics.

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    Ruwanwelisaya Dagoba

    A prominent stupa in Anuradapura, known for architectural marvel and religious significance.

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    Ambasthale Dagoba

    Stupa in Anuradapura where Mahinda converted King Devanampiya Tissa to Buddhism.

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    Pillars in Peritylar Architecture

    Columns in architecture characterized by square or octagonal sections, featuring a hexagonal vase shape at the top.

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    Yapahuwa Rock Fortress

    A medieval capital and military stronghold in Polonnaruwa built on a 90-meter high rock.

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    Historical Significance of Yapahuwa

    Site once used as a Buddhist monastery with remains like a stupa and cave shelters.

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    Kandyan Period

    Time in Sri Lanka marked by several kingdoms with Kandy as the capital, influenced by colonial styles.

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    Kandyan Architecture

    Traditional wooden structure featuring pillars and beams, richly carved with local motifs.

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    Lotus Blossom Stupa

    A stupa symbolizing Buddha's birth, adorned with lotus petals.

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    Enlightenment Stupa

    Represents Buddha's attainment of enlightenment after meditating under a tree.

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    Stupa of Many Doorways

    Also known as Turning the Wheel of Dharma, representing Buddha's first teachings.

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    Great Miracle Stupa

    Commemorates Buddha's miraculous demonstrations at Shravasti.

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    Stupa of Descent from Tushita Heaven

    Symbolizes Buddha returning to teach Dharma to his reincarnated mother.

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    Stupa of Reconciliation

    Symbolizes Buddha reuniting divided monastic followers.

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    Stupa of Complete Victory

    Represents Buddha prolonging his life by three months due to a disciple's plea.

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    Parinirvana Stupa

    Represents Buddha's entry into Nirvana after death.

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    Potala Palace

    A historic palace in Lhasa, Tibet, designated a World Heritage Site in 1994.

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    Norbulingka

    A significant example of Tibetan palace architecture, with renowned gardens.

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    Jokhang Palace

    The oldest parts date to 652 CE, blending Tibetan, Indian, and Nepali styles.

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    Gompas

    Monasteries in Tibet, varying in styles, reflecting local architecture.

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    Samye Monastery

    The first gompa built in Tibet, constructed between 775-779 under King Trison Detsen.

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    Bhavacakra

    Known as the 'Wheel of Life', depicted in many Tibetan monasteries.

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    Tibetan Chortens

    Buddhist stupas built to enshrine relics of the Buddha, thousands created over centuries.

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    Stupa (Chorten)

    Reliquaries in Tibetan architecture, embodying Buddhist significance.

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    Tibetan Monasteries

    Religious communities that were rebuilt after destruction during China's Cultural Revolution.

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    Tibetan Residential Architecture

    Architecture characterized by square bedrooms and multi-use furniture layouts.

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    Tibetan Home Structure

    Tibetan homes can be up to three stories with thick stone walls.

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    Tibetan Roof Types

    Flat roofs in dry areas, sloping roofs with tiles in rainy areas.

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    Prayer Flags

    Flags displayed on turrets of Tibetan houses to promote peace and compassion.

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    Materials in Tibetan Architecture

    Construction varies by available materials: stone, wood, or tent.

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    Castle-like Houses

    Many Tibetan homes resemble castles with big windows and sturdy formats.

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    Study Notes

    Introduction to Asian Architecture

    • The course covers Asian architecture across South, Southeast, and East Asia.
    • There's an activity to research Buddhism, Hinduism, and Islam.

    South Asia

    • A map of South Asia is presented, highlighting regions of interest.
    • The key commercial city of Pakistan is Karachi. Excavations at Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa show connections to the ancient Mesopotamian culture.

    Indian Architecture

    • Indian architecture is influenced by history, culture, and religion.
    • It's known for Hindu temple architecture and Indo-Islamic styles.
    • Structures sometimes share the same site, featuring rhythmic stratification and profuse carved ornamentation.
    • Characterized by Hindu and Buddhist monuments.
    • The chief commercial cities of Pakistan are Karachi.

    Indus Valley Civilization

    • The Indus Valley Civilization was sustained by surplus agricultural production and commerce.
    • Trade with Sumer in southern Mesopotamia is evident.
    • Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa are characterized by differentiated living quarters, flat-roofed brick houses, and fortified administrative or religious centers.
    • Similarities in urban layout and planning are due to the presence of a semi-orthogonal type of civic layout.

    Mohenjo-Daro

    • Mohenjo-Daro, meaning "Mound of the Dead Men," is located in Sindh, Pakistan
    • It was one of the largest settlements in the ancient Indus Valley civilization.
    • Wells were discovered throughout the city. Bathing areas and drainage were common.
    • It suggests an ideology emphasizing cleanliness.

    Harappa

    • Harappa, found in Punjab, Pakistan.
    • Contains Bronze Age ruins of a fortified city.
    • Part of the Indus Valley Civilization.
    • The city had an estimated 23,500 residents.
    • Its greatest extent was during the Mature Harappan phase.

    Maurya Dynasty

    • The Maurya Dynasty united northern India.
    • Their architecture shows Persian cultural influence, introducing dressed stone that was worked to shape and smoothed on the face.

    Gupta Dynasty

    • The Gupta Dynasty (320-540 CE) was a period of classical Indian art and literature.
    • The first architects of purpose-built Hindu (and Buddhist) temples are from this period. These temples evolved from earlier rock-cut shrines.
    • The Gupta period is considered a Golden Age of India, marked by advancements in science, political administration, architecture, sculpture, and painting.

    Pallava Dynasty

    • The Pallava Dynasty (275-897 CE) established a Hindu state in southern India.
    • Their architecture expanded Indian culture into Southeast Asia.
    • Dravidian architecture, named after the regional language, was prominent during the Pallava period.
    • This period saw magnificent sculptures and temples.
    • An example of Dravidian architecture is the Shore Temple.

    Shore Temple

    • Constructed with granite blocks.
    • The original purpose was as a busy port.
    • Classified as a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1984.
    • One of the oldest freestanding stone temples in South India.

    Buddhist Structures

    • Dhamek Stupa is a Buddhist memorial mound.
    • Ceyon (Sri Lanka) has dagobas.
    • Tibet and Nepal have chorten as dome-shaped mounds on platforms.
    • These are crowned by a chattri, surrounded by an ambulatory (stone vedika), and often feature toranas.
    • The Mahanstupa at Sanchi is a notable example of a stupa with a significant design.

    Chaitya

    • This is a Buddhist shrine or prayer hall with a stupa at one end.
    • Interior: Bhaja, near Lonavla, India.

    Vihara

    • A monastery excavated from solid rock for Buddhist renunciates.

    Hindu Temples

    • Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple is a Hindu temple in South India.
    • A ratha is a Hindu temple cut out of solid rock shaped like a chariot.
    • A vimana is the sanctuary of a Hindu temple where the deity is enshrined.

    Mughal Architecture

    • It's a blend of Indo-Islamic traditions from India and Islam.
    • Diwan-i-Kas and Diwan-i-Am are examples of buildings representing both private and public audiences.
    • Humyun's Tomb, Fatehpur Sikri, Jamah Masjid, and the Taj Mahal are significant buildings during this time in Northern India..

    Taj Mahal

    • Considered one of the most renowned examples and a "Crown Palace" in Mughal architecture.
    • Built by Shah Jahan as a tomb for his wife Mumtaz Mahal.
    • Also called Rauza-i-Munavvara (Illumined Tomb).
    • Positioned on a chahar bagh (walled garden divided by canals).
    • The facade is decorated with floral motifs and pietra dura (inlay of cut, fitted, and polished colored stones).
    • Multiple parts include entrances, gateways, mausoleums, guest quarters, the Yamuna River, and the tomb mosque.

    Indo-Saracenic Architecture

    • A combination of Indo-Islamic and European Gothic Revival and Neo-Classical.
    • Often used by British architects in India during the British Raj.
    • It emphasizes visual revival of previous architectural styles.

    Mysore Palace

    • The official residence of the Wadiyar dynasty.
    • Common name for the City of Palaces.
    • There are seven palaces, with the Mysore Palace located in the Old fort.

    Chapeauk Palace

    • The first Indo-Saracenic structure (1768).

    Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus

    • Designed by British architectural engineer Frederick William Stevens
    • Originally named Victoria Terminus.
    • Renamed Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus (CST) in 1996.

    Municipal Corporation Building

    • Commissioned by Arthur Crawford and completed in 1893.
    • Located across Victoria Terminus.
    • Heavily influenced by Gothic design.

    St. Andrews Church, Chennai

    • Designed by Major Thomas de Havilland and Col. James Caldwell.
    • Inspired by Neo-Classical architecture.

    Victoria Memorial

    • Dedicated to Queen Victoria.
    • Designed by William Emerson.
    • Built with Makrana marble.
    • Design echoes the Taj Mahal.

    Sri Lankan Architecture

    • Displays a variety of architectural forms and styles.
    • Buddhism exerted a profound influence.
    • Three significant time periods are Anuradhapura, Polonnaruwa, and Kandyan periods.

    Sigiriya Rock

    • A two-hundred-metre-tall rock fortress.
    • Was the residence of King Kasyasa.
    • Features impressive frescoes and an opulent lion gateway.

    Kuttam Pokuna

    • An ancient Sinhalese bathing pool situated in Anuradhapura.
    • Channelled water through a sophisticated filtration system.

    Sri Lankan architecture

    • The architectural style evolved over time with influence from Buddhism.

    Polonnaruwa

    • Declared the capital city by King Vijayabahu I.
    • King Parakramabahu I (1153-1186) undertook extensive architectural projects such as the Royal Palace and the Lanthika Temple.

    Lanthika Temple

    • Built by King Parakramabahu.

    Gal Vihara (Rock Temple)

    • Rock temple of the Buddha in Polonnaruwa, considered a prime example of ancient Sinhala sculpting and carving.

    Vatadage

    • Built during the reign of King Parakramabahu I to hold the relic of the tooth of the Buddha.

    Lovamahapaya (Brazen Palace)

    • Built by King Dutugamunu.

    Thuparama Dagoba

    • Constructed by Devanampiya Tissa, enshrining the Buddha's collarbone.

    Abhayagiri Dagoba

    • The name means "Hill of Protection", with a golden bull statue buried within.
    • The Saddharma Rathnawaliya records a golden bull statue containing relics of the Buddha in the core of the stupa.

    Ruwanwelisaya Dagoba

    • The Golden Sand Stupa (an architectural marvel) was sacred to numerous Buddhists.

    Ambasthale Dagoba

    • The main ceremonial stairway leads to this stupa.
    • Built over the spot where Mahinda (a Buddhist monk) converted Devanampiya Tissa (the King) to Buddhism.

    Pillars

    • Defined by their square or octagonal section, their capitals, and often connected shaft and capital.

    Yapahuwa Rock Fortress

    • An ephemeral capital city, located in Polonnaruwa.
    • Midway between Kurunagala and Anuradhapura.
    • Built around a huge granite rock.
    • Features a huge sculpture of a lion.

    Kandyan Period

    • Division of the country into several kingdoms.
    • Capital: Kandy.
    • Portuguese, and Dutch introduced Renaissance and Baroque styles.
    • British style influences, Colonial Georgian.
    • Limited Moslem seafaring merchant influence on architecture..

    Kandyan Architecture

    • Includes wooden architecture, high pitched roofs, and terracotta tiles.
    • Extensive use of decorative craftwork (ancient motifs as integral building elements).
    • Famous for the Temple of the Sacred Tooth Relic (located in the royal palace complex of Kandy). The Paththirippuwa is a notable main structure.
    • Temple of the Sacred Tooth Relic features roof paintings.

    The Great Driguing Kagyud Lotus Stupa

    • Stupa, constructed by the German Tara Foundation.
    • Contains a hollow crown (partly covered in glass), revealing a small Buddha within.
    • Domed prayer room ceiling is covered in Buddhist murals.

    Swayambhunath Stupa

    • An ancient religious architecture atop a hill in the Kathmandu Valley.
    • Tibetan name for the site means "Sublime Trees.”

    Boudhanath Stupa

    • One of the largest spherical stupas in Nepal.
    • Decorated with large amounts of gold.
    • Took almost 7 years to build the stupa.

    Pasupatinath Temple

    • Hindu temple located along the Bagmati River.
    • Constructed by Lichhavi King Shupuspa.
    • Beautifully carved wooden rafters (tundal) support the temple.

    Maju Dega

    • Constructed during the reign of King Siddhinarasimha and Srinivasa Sukriti.
    • Part of the Patan complex of buildings, significant for its stone carvings.

    Krishna Temple and Maju Dega

    • A combined image of these two, perhaps indicating a combined architectural style.

    Tibetan Architecture

    • Heavily influenced by Chinese and Indian styles.
    • Uniquely adapted to the cold, arid, high-altitude climate of Tibetan plateaus.
    • Displays wide variation in forms and building types.

    Tibetan Monasteries

    • Monasteries in Tibet were often significant building projects.
    • Destroyed during Chinese invasion and Cultural Revolution.
    • Some monasteries and nunneries are being rebuilt.

    Tibetan Residential Architecture

    • Houses and buildings might have variable numbers of stories, influenced by material availability.
    • Walls often have inward slopes to create an illusion of height.
    • Windows are typically small, and roofs vary by geographical location.

    Types of Tibetan Architecture

    • Includes temples, stupas (chorten), palaces, and common house types.

    Potala Palace

    • Lhasa, Tibet
    • Designed as a World Heritage Site in 1994 and was added to it's designated area in 2001
    • 117 meters high, 360 meters wide
    • Built in the 7th century and further developed in the 17th to become a palace.
    • Served as a home to Dalai Lamas from the 17th- mid-20th centuries.

    Norbulingka

    • Unique examples of Tibetan palace architecture.
    • Gardens are considered some of the finest in Tibet.

    Jokhang Palace

    • Lhasa, Tibet
    • Built during multiple centuries (e.g. dating 652 CE).
    • Influenced by Indian and Nepali style, along with Tibetan features.

    Gompas

    • Monasteries in Tibet.
    • Wide variety of styles reflecting local architecture traditions.

    Samye Monastery

    • Full name is Samye, also called Mighur, Lundrub Tsula Khang.
    • First gompa constructed in Tibet between 775-779 CE under King Trison Detsen.
    • Based on design of Odantpouri.

    Bhavacakra

    • "Wheel of Life".
    • Depicted at the entrance of most Tibetan Buddhist monasteries.

    Tibetan Chortens

    • Enshrining relics of the Buddha.
    • Built by pilgrims and devotees.

    Types of Tibetan Chortens

    • Includes Lotus blossom, enlightenment, many doorways, great miracles, descent from Tushist Heaven, reconciliation, complete victory, and Parinirvana stupas.

    Part of Tibetan Chorten

    • Key elements of Tibetan Chorten architecture

    Lotus Bloom Stupa

    • Buddha's birth in Lumbini Garden, Kapilavastu

    Enlightenment Stupa

    • Buddha's attainment of Enlightenment at age 35 after meditation.

    Stupa of Many Doorways

    • Marks Buddha's first teachings in Deer Park at Sarnath.

    Great Miracle Stupa

    • Celebrates Buddha's display of 15 miracles at Shravasti.

    The Stupa of the Descent from Tushist Heaven

    • Commemorates Buddha's reincarnation, teachings to his mother.

    Stupa of Reconciliation

    • Symbolic of Buddha uniting his monastic followers after disagreement.

    Stupa of Complete Victory

    • Symbol of prolonging Buddha's life.

    Parinirvana Stupa

    • A final stupa, symbolizing Buddha's passing into Nirvana directly on a throne.

    Tibetan Monasteries

    • Often were destroyed during the Chinese invasion as part of the Cultural Revolution and are being rebuilt.

    Tibetan Residential Architecture

    • Variations exist in buildings based on materials, climate, and function.
    • Types include private homes, herding houses, temples, and manor homes.

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    History of Architecture 3 - Asian Architecture (PDF)

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