APWH Unit 5 Cheat Sheet PDF

APWH UNIT 5 REFERENCE SHEET OVERVIEW The Enlightenment Revolutions and Unification Movements OF Age of Isms Overview:...

APWH UNIT 5 REFERENCE SHEET OVERVIEW The Enlightenment Revolutions and Unification Movements OF Age of Isms Overview: North American Revolutions: -What: N​ ew shifts in ideology emphasizing reason over tradition and and Rebellions individualism over community values -American Revolution: ​to combat economic and -What: M ​ ake society better through human accomplishment and political tension, colonists, along with French help, understanding of natural world; does not deny religion but changes/challenges defeat the British in 1783 to gain independence the scope of its control Key Info: ​Declaration of Independence, use -Due to: S ​ cientific Revolution (and humanism, thank you Renaissance!) of John Locke’s ideals -Due to: M ​ ore culture diffusion of ideas from empires, trade, and global Outcome: ​Successful revolution connectivity expanding -Impact: C ​ lash between new and old ideas leads to revolutions in thought Latin American Revolutions: (South America) and...well...revolutions themselves against imperial powers or governing structures. -Creole Revolutions: ​creoles (those born of European -The ‘Isms’:​ defined in their own section, all come from the Enlightenment as ancestry in Americas) had economic, political, and ideological tensions with Spanish rule; various well revolutions occur, many in South America, leading to independence in areas that become Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru Key Info: ​Simon Bolivar, Jamaica Letter, Caudillos, Gran Colombia Outcome: ​though successful in independence, leads to rise of conflict between regions and rise Important People: of caudillos (strong local leaders who ignore rule of law); socially the legacy of the castas -John Locke: a​ rgued that people had natural rights to life, liberty, and pursuit (ethnic divisions) remain as well as little rights for women, goal for unified Gran Colombia of property, meaning via the social contract people can rebel against unjust (like a US in Latin America) failed governments -Thomas Hobbes: ​argued that life was bleak and harsh, so people gave up rights to a strong government for law and order via the social contract Latin American Revolutions: (Caribbean) -Baron Montesquieu: ​idea of checks and balances through separation of branches of government -Haitian Revolution: ​uprising of slaves and escaped slaves (Maroons) -Voltaire: ​ideas centered on religious liberty against masters and revolution for independence from France; led by -Jean-Jacques Rousseau: ​idea that people have a collective ‘General Will’ and so Toussaint L’Ouverture and then Jean-Jacques Dessalines. the government is obligated to follow it Key Info: ​Toussaint L’Ouverture, Maroons, Jean-Jacques -Adam Smith: ​called for laissez-faire, meaning governments “leave alone” the Dessalines economy; leads to capitalism Outcome: ​Successful. The first country in Latin America to -Thomas Paine: a​ dvocated liberty from Britain, also wrote about/defended win independence (which inspires more). Constitution Deism granting equality created by L’Ouverture, land distributed -Mary Wollstonecraft: ​argued females should receive the same education as evenly, when L’Ouverture captured by France, Dessalines males; believed would help women get the same rights/equality creates Hatiian declaration of permanent independence. -Puerto Rico and Cuba: ​essentially two of Spain’s final colonies in the Caribbean, gain independence toward end of 19th century The ‘Isms’ (in alphabetical order): Southeast Asian Revolutions: -Abolitionism: ​movement to end the Atlantic slave trade and free all enslaved people -Philippines: l​ ed by mostly creoles and mestizos who had traveled to Europe for education and brought -Capitalism: ​economic system in which means of production are privately back Enlightenment thinking; movement for independence from Spain in 19th century through use of owned and operated for profit magazines, pamphlets, and other publications, giving it the name the Propaganda Movement -Conservatism: ​belief in traditional institutions, favors practical experience not Key Info: ​Jose Rizal (leader), Propaganda Movement theories Outcome: ​Rizal was executed by Spanish authorities, leading to the actual armed revolution -Deism:​ belief that a divine being set natural laws into motion (meaning against Spain humans have free will, nothing is predestined necessarily); scientific study helps to understand natural laws European Revolutions: -Empiricism:​ knowledge comes from the senses, from what you observe, through experiments, not through faith alone or religion -French Revolution: ​to summarize very briefly, in the 1780s -Feminism: m ​ ovement for women’s rights and equality economic issues (high government spending) and lack of -Liberalism (classical): b​ elief in natural rights, constitutional government, political representation led to calls by the Third Estate for laissez-faire economics change. Attempts to limit the king and nobility led to various -Nationalism: ​feeling of intense loyalty to others who share language or events - storming of the Bastille, peasant uprisings, adoption culture; idea those who share a culture should have their own independent of the Declaration of the Rights of Man. The king refused nation (will lead to more modern states) limited monarchy, so radical groups helped establish the First -Socialism: ​economic and political system where means of production are French Republic in 1792...and the Reign of Terror, in which either owned by the public or by the workers; included the Fabian Society (ex. the government executed thousands of those who opposed the HG Wells, Virginia Woolf) revolution, including the king and queen (Marie Antoinette). -Zionism: d ​ esire of Jews to reestablish an independent homeland in the Middle After more fighting and more fighting and even more fighting, East (where ancestors had lived); way to be safe against persecution by owning Napoleon Bonaparte takes over and declares himself emperor own land of France in 1804, where he will continue to impact France and the rest of Europe until his defeat at Waterloo. Key Info: ​Liberte, egalite, et fraternite (liberty, equality, fraternity), Estates General, Bastille, Third Estate, Declaration of Rights of Man, Reign of Terror, Louis XVI, Jacobins, Napoleon Bonaparte Outcome: ​see above - “it’s complicated.” Oceanian Revolutions: -New Zealand: B​ ritish control intensified after annexation in 1840, leading to wars between the Maori (Polynesians who had migrated there in the mid-1200s) and British called the New Zealand Wars. The Maori tribes band together in unity, but are defeated by British in 1872. Unification Movements: -Italy: ​Count di Cavour wanted to unite the Italian Peninsula rather than let it remain divided and broken up. Using realpolitik (practical politics of reality) he manipulated Napoleon III of France into a war with Austria, hoping to weaken Austrian power over the Italian Peninsula. This allowed alliances and unification on the peninsula due to popular referendum (vote). -Germany: ​Otto von Bismarck (also liked realpolitik) and wanted to further the nationalism taking place in Germany; so he engineered three wars involving Prussia, finally defeating France in the Franco-Prussian War (1870), allowing him to take territories won in the wars and form the new German (Leviathan Frontispiece, Abraham Bosse, 1651) Empire. -Ottoman Empire:​ wanted to become a more modern, unified state through Ottomanism: minimizing ethnic, linguistic, and religious differences across the empire. This actually led to more division than unity. OVERVIEW OF Causes/Origins Where Does it Spread/How Does it Evolve Industrial Overview: ​change in society and economics characterized by increased production in machine made France: ​while they had capital, natural resources, and water transportation (like goods Britain), several factors delayed French industrialization: Age/Industrial First Industrial Revolution: ​textiles, steam power, iron (18th and early 19th centuries) Sparsely populated urban centers Revolution Second Industrial Revolution: ​ steel, chemicals, precision machinery, electronics (late 19th French Revolution (1789-1799) and early 20th centuries) Wars between France and neighboring countries ($$$) (part 1) Once they see political and economic stability, they industrialize Causes: (it’s a lot easier to invest in a factory when you don’t think your head is going to be chopped off…) -​Agricultural Improvements: Agricultural revolution​ (includes crop rotation, seed drill, introduction of crops like potato Germany​: while they also had capital, natural, resources, and water from New World): more food for more people means MORE PEOPLE transportation (like Britain), Germany faced delayed industrialization because MORE PEOPLE​ means more who can work in factories and more who can buy they were divided politically. manufactured goods Once they unify in 1871, they industrialize and become a leading producer of steel and coal -Pre-Industrial Societies: Cottage Industry ​(made to compete with cotton from India, creates textile manufacturing in United States: ​also has an abundance of resources (coal, timber, iron, oil) that Britain): women gain a bit more independence, but machines eventually replace home will evolve as the US moves west. Begins industrializing in 19th century and by spinning 1900 is a leading industrial force. One major factor: human capital (people migrated to the US from -Technological Innovations: ​help meet the demand for products faster and (usually) cheaper political and economic hardship, mostly from Europe and East Asia) Spinning Jenny: ​helps weavers spin faster, invented in 1760s by James Hargreaves Transcontinental Railroad (completed 1869) contributes to growth Water Frame: ​uses waterpower to drive a spinning wheel, invented in 1769 by Richard Arkwright, leads to ​factory system Russia: ​begins to industrialize with a focus on railroads to connect commercial Interchangeable Parts: ​allows for components of machines to be replaced rather than the and industrial areas (ex. Trans-Siberian Railroad); allows them to trade with whole machine itself, invented in 1798 by Eli Whitney, leads to ​division of countries in East Asia. labor/specialization of labor, ​and the factory a​ ssembly line ​(ex. Ford’s Model T line) Major industries: steel, coal, iron Remains mostly agricultural until after 1917 when Communists take -British Advantages: B​ ritain becomes a leader in industrialization for several reasons, but this will help power spark the spread of industrialization to other locations Geographic Location: ​Atlantic Ocean seaways, abundant rivers, Japan: ​first country in Asia to industrialize. Begins in mid-19th century, called Mineral Resources: ​abundance of coal, will help lead to iron and later steel production defensive modernization (adapting new technology from West, yet protecting Colonies: ​access to raw resources like timber, cotton, etc., trans-Atlantic Slave Trade its own culture). Other: ​strong fleets, government protection of private property, growing population and migrating population (from rural to urban areas) due to ​enclosure movement India and Southeast Asia: ​sees a decline in global manufacturing due to competition and policies from British colonization in 17th and 18th centuries. Ex. high tariffs on textiles, closure of mines Egypt:​ also sees decline with its textile industry due to competition from British industries OVERVIEW OF Developments: Governments: Society: Technology and Economy Roles and Reactions Developments and Challenges Industrial Technology in the First Industrial Revolution: ​(led As the West begins to industrialize other countries have to Society Overall: ​does standard of living increase or decrease? Or by Britain), mostly textiles, steam power, and iron. balance traditional values and modernization. maybe it depends - your call! Age/Industrial Examples: Revolution The Ottoman Empire: e​ arns the nickname “the sick man of -Living standards go up (part 2) -Coal:​ ​new power source (first industrial revolution) Europe” because it does not adopt Western technology or for many in middle and upper class Steam engine​ (for ships and trains): Enlightenment ideals and has to fight corruption and decline in development of consumerism and mass leisure culture changes travel, leads to importance of its own borders Working class can spend disposable income on coaling stations Muhammad Ali (NOT THE BOXER) gains favor in nonessential goods, which leads to more advertising Iron​ (larger iron producing furnaces Egypt, enacts modern reforms: and production (like bikes) created due to use of refined coal) ○ Reforming military like Europe Mass Leisure Culture: more sports (soccer, futbol, ○ Established schools baseball, rugby; tennis and golf for upper classes), Technology in the Second Industrial Revolution: ○ Sent military officers to get education in more music halls, more public parks (mingling all (led by US,. Great Britain, Germany), mostly steel, France classes together) chemicals, precision machinery, electronics. ○ Created first newspaper in Islamic world Cult of domesticity: women at home became a status Examples: ○ Taxed peasants out of their lands, symbol; if you could afford to stay home rather than allowing government to control products work, showed that their husband made enough money -Steel Production: ​due to introduction of Bessemer like cotton and make $$$ for the family Process in 1856 ○ Built textile factories to compete with French and British, built ship facilities in -​Living standards go down -Oil: u ​ sed at first for kerosene, then for precision Alexandria to make a navy Lower class workers living in urban areas faced machinery and internal combustion engine (which ○ Considered first modern ruler of Egypt inhumane conditions leads to cars and airplane technologies) because of his reforms for state-sponsored Tenement buildings and slums built quickly: industrialization dangerous (fire, crime), polluted (water), diseased -Electricity: o ​ nce effective electrical generators (open sewers!, spread of sickness) crafted (ex. England’s public power station), street Lower working class seen as replaceable, so jobs were lights and electric street trains emerge in 1890s China: c​ ontinually tries to limit Western influence within its dangerous and wages low borders, but faces two major setbacks until becoming a republic Hours were long and working class families typically -Communications: e​ lectricity and electronics lead to in the 20th century. Even then, the government will be too didn’t see each other faster, more efficient communication weak for quite some time to promote industrialization. Working class women in factories and children in Thomas Edison’s 1886 refined voice Setbacks: Opium War, being split into “spheres of factories or mines also put to work in dangerous transmitter design influence” conditions Alexander Graham Bell’s 1876 patent for the phone Gugliemo Marconi’s radio (first used in Developments and Challenges: ​harsh conditions led workers, 1901) philosophers, and countries to lead reforms. Britain’s Sadler Report in 1833 raised awareness as well. -Labor Unions: ​organizations of workers advocate for right to bargain with employers and make contracts. Things they wanted or wanted to change: Dangerous, unsanitary work conditions Low wages and long hours Leads to: advocation for voting rights of working class, eventually voting rights for women, abolition of child labor Economic Impacts: -Philosophers: ​with the resulting shift to capitalism, some begin to think about alternatives that might help society. -Effects on Ideology: m ​ ercantilism is abandoned in John Stuart Mill and Utilitarianism: ​wanted legal favor of new ideas like reforms to allow labor unions, limit child labor, and laissez-faire/capitalism/private entrepreneurship Japan: ​from 1600-1854 Japan restricted trade, remained ensure safe working conditions in factories (all before extremely isolated. This changes when Commodore Matthew these were a reality); not trying to end capitalism, but -Effects on Business Organization: ​there are new Perry demands Japan begin trade with US (outside world has adapt society; sought “the greatest good for the ways of organizing these during this era: been calling for trade too). Having seen the dangers of the West greatest number of people” Corporations: ​business chartered by with China, Japan decides to: government as a legal entity owned by Incorporate Western technology and tactics to help Karl Marx and Socialism: ​German scholar and writer stockholders; minimizes risk for them protect their own culture who believed capitalism was another form of manufacturers Overthrow the shogun and restore power to the feudalism, dividing people into two classes: proletariat Monopoly: ​control of specific business emperor in 1868 (Meiji Restoration) (working class) and bourgeoisie (middle class and and elimination of all competition by Begin a series of reforms (after sending emissaries to owners). Wanted a system where everyone part of single corporation (ex. Rockefeller’s oil visit Europe and the US): working class/owns means of production, eventually industry in the US) ○ Abolishes feudalism leading to communism (where there are no class Transnational Companies: ​operate across ○ Establishes constitutional monarchy distinctions) philosophically national boundaries, typically gain money ○ Establishes equality before the law and influence in regions where they can ○ Abolishes cruel punishments -Countries/Empires: pay workers less or gain raw resources ○ Reorganizes military on Prussian model Ottoman Empire: ​major reforms were begun by (ex. Unilever Corporation, Cecil Rhodes ○ Builds new navy, starts conscription Mahmud II, but major reorganization happened after and De Beers Diamonds) ○ Creates new school system his leadership in the ​Tanzimat Reforms: Growth of Banks and Insurance: ​need for ○ Expands education on technical fields ○ Fixing corruption in government reliable place to borrow/save money ○ Builds railroads an roads ○ Expansion of education system ○ Subsidizes key industries: tea, silk, ○ New legal codes -Effects on Mass Culture: n ​ ew culture of weaponry, ship building, sake ○ Does not mention women, who remain consumerism and leisure leads to higher standards limited in rights of living now that the middle class can spend disposable income on nonessential goods. For more China: ​began to reform in late 19th century in the Self info see social impact. Strengthening Movement and Hundred Days of Reform ○ Included abolition to civil service exam, elimination of corruption, establishment of Western-style industrial, commercial, and medical systems China: ​ Also saw movements against these reforms and protests against foreign influence (ex. Boxer Rebellion), but Chinese government continued to modernize with help from the West (who gained influence) Japan: ​saw challenges to modernization as well, specifically from the samurai when their position is eliminated and others who favored traditionalism ○ Socially: replicates west’s problems: abuse and exploitation of female mill workers