Construction Occupational Safety and Health (COSH) PDF

MSTE Def ini...

MSTE Def ini ti onofTer ms Constr uct ionOccupat ionalSaf etyandHeal th Emer gencyheal t hpr ov i der-meansanyper sonor (COSH) organizationwhoi scer t ifi edorr ecognizedbyt he DepartmentofHeal t handwhocanpr ovidethesame Accr edit edor gani zation-meansanyor gani zati on orequi v alentemer gencyheal thserv i cesasan dulyaccr edi tedbyt heDepar tmentofLaborand emergencyhospi tal,i ncludingemer gencyt r eatment Empl oyment( DOLE)del egatedorauthori zedto ofwor kersonsi t e,emer gencyt ransportandcar e performf unctionsr elatedt oimprovementof duri ngt ransportofinjuredwor kerstot henearest occupat i onal safet yandheal thinthefor m of hospital,wit hadequat eper sonnel,suppliesand tr aining,test ing, cer t if ication,saf etyandhealt h faci li tiesforthecompl eteimmedi atet r eatmentof auditingoranyot hersi milaracti vi ty. i njuri esori l l nesses. Certi fi edf ir st- aider-meansanyper sontrai nedand Generalconstructor-meansaconstruct orwhohas dulycer tif iedorqual i fi edtoadministerf ir st-ai dby gener al supervi sionoveri nstr ucti onsfrom t heowner thePhil ippineNationalRedCrossorbyany orconstruct ionpr oj ectmanager( ifoneisappoi nted organi zationaccredit edbythesame. bytheowner ). Constructionprojectmanager /consultant-meansa Generalsafetyandheal thinspection-r ef er sto personorent i tywhoi shir edbyt heprojectowner,t o i nspectionofthewor kenv i ronment , includingthe actintheowner ’ sbehal fconcer ningsuper v isi onand l ocationandoper ati onofmachi neryot herthan moni t oringofallmat ter srelatedt otheov eral l thosecov er edbyt echnicalsafet yi nspections, executionofaconst ructi onpr oject.The adequacyofwor kspace, ventil ati on, l ighti ng, constructi onprojectmanagershal l beasepar at e conditi onsofwor kenv i ronment ,handling,storageor enti tyfrom thegener alconstructororany workpr ocedur es,protecti onf aci lit iesandot her subcont r actoroftheconst ructi onpr oject. safet yandheal thhazardsint hewor kplace. Constructi onsafetyandhealt hcommi t tee-means Heav yequipment-r eferstoanymachi newit h thegeneralsaf etyandhealthcommitteefora engi neorelectri cmot oraspr i memov erusedeither constr uctionpr ojectsi tethatshal lbetheov er all forl i fti ng,excavati ng,leveling,dr il li ng,compacting, coordi natorini mpl ement ingOSHpr ograms. transpor t ingandbr eakingwor ksintheconstruction site,suchasbutnotl i mi tedtocrane,bull dozer, Constructi onsaf etyandhealthoffi cer-meansany backhoe, grader,roadcompact or, primemov erand employee/wor kertr ainedand,inadditi ontotheir trail er,withmi ni mum oper ati ngweightand regul ardut i esandr esponsibi li ti es,taskedbyhis hor sepowerr ati ngof1, 000KGand10HP, employertoi mplementoccupat i onalsafet yand respect i vely. healt hpr ogramsi naccordancewiththeprovisi ons oftheOccupat ionalSafet yandHeal thStandards Immi nentdanger-meansaconditionorpract ice (OSHS). thatcouldreasonabl ybeexpectedtocausedeathor seri ousphy sical harm bef oreabatementunderthe Constructi onsafetyandheal t hprogram -refer stoa normal enf orcementprocedur escanbe setofdetail edrulestocovertheprocessesand accompl i shed. pract icesthatshallbeut il izedinaspecifi c construct ionproj ectsit einconf or mitywiththe Occupat i onalhealthpersonnel-refer stoaqualified OSHSi ncl udingthepersonnelresponsi bleandt he fi rst- aider, nurse,denti st,orphysi cian,engagedby penal tiesforvi olati onsthereof. t heempl oyert opr ovi deoccupat i onalhealthser vices i nt heestabli shment / undertaki ng. Const ructi onsaf etysignage-r eferstoany ,butnot l imitedt o,emer gencyordangersi gn,warningsignor Projectmanager-meanst heov erall technical safetyinstruct ion, ofstandardcolor sandsizesin personnelofthegeneral contractorand/ orthe accordancewi tht hespeci f icati onsf orstandard subcontractori nchargeoftheact ualexecutionofa colorsofsi gnsforsaf etyi nstructi onsandwar ni ngs constructi onproject. i nbui ldingpremi sesasdescr ibedi nTableIIofOSHS. Residentengineer- meansadul yl icensedengi neer Const ructor-isdeemedsy nony mouswi tht heterm whoshal lbetaskedt obepr esentatt he “builder. ”Itreferst oanyper sonoror ganizationwho constructi onsiteatall t imes,whenev erwor kis under takesorof ferst ounder t akeorpur por t sto beingunder t aken, andshallhav et her esponsibil it y hav et hecapaci tyt ounder t akeorsubmi tsabi dto, ofassuringthet echni cal conformanceofal ldesigns, ordoeshi mselforbyort hroughot hers,const r uct, mat er ial s,processes, workprocedur esr enderedfor alt er ,repai r ,addt o, subtr actf r om, i mpr ove, move, theexecutionoft heconst r uctionproject , incl uding wreckordemol i shanybui lding,hi ghway ,road, safetyandhealthofal lpersonswithint he rai lroad, excavati onorot herst r ucture,pr oj ect constructi onsite. dev elopmentori mpr ovement ,ort odoanypar t thereof ,includi ngt heerecti onofscaf f oldingorot her Safetyandhealt haudit-referst oar egul arand structur esorwor ksi nconnect i ontherewith.The cri tical examinat ionofprojectsi tes, safet yprograms, term const ruct ori ncludessubcont ract orand recordsandmanagementper for manceonpr ogr am speci altycont r act or. standardsonsafet yandheal t h. Engi neer sEspl ana, Real uyoandCo. Compi l edbyEngr.Kennet hMi na, CE, SO2 Page1of1  MSTE Def ini ti onofTer ms Safetyandheal thcommi t tee-meansagr oup taskedwi ththeauthori tyt omonitor,i nspect ,and i nv estigateal laspectsoft heconstruct ionproj ect pertainingtohealt handsafetyofconstr ucti on wor kers. Safetyor ganizati on-meansanyor ganizat ion recogni zedandaccr edi tedbytheDOLEt oconduct occupati onalsafet yandhealthtrai ningand/orsaf ety andhealthaudit. Safetypersonnel-referstoanyper sonengagedby anyconstructor,t rained,accredit edbyDOLEand taskedtoprov i deoccupat ionalsafet yandhealth servi cesforthewor ker s/empl oyeesinany construct ionproject. Skil lsstandar ds-refer stothewr i ttenspecif icati on ofthemi ni mum stockknowledgeandski l l sawor ker shouldpossesstoperf ormthef unctionsi dentif ied i nt hejobdescri pti onofhisoccupation. Technicalsaf et yinspection-referstoinspecti onfor thepur poseofsafetydetermi nati onofboi l ers, pressurev essel s,i nternalcombust i onengines, elect ri cal inst all ati ons,elevators,hoist ingequipment andot hermechani cal equi pment. Tradetest-r efer stoaninstrumentusedtomeasur e workers’ skil l sandknowl edgebasedonthe requi rementsoftheski l ls. TreatmentRoom-r ef erstoanyencl osedar eaor room equippedwit hthenecessar ymedi calfacil i ties andsuppl i es,andl ocatedwi t hinthepr emisesoft he establi shmentwherewor kersmay bebr oughtfor exami nat ionandtr eatmentoft heiri njuriesor i llnessesincasesofemer gency. Toolboxmeet ingorgangmeet i ng-r ef erstodai l y meet i ngamongwor kersandt hei rrespective supervisorsf ort hepurposeofi nstr uct i on, discussionandpr operbriefi ngont he4pl anned wor k, theassessmentofpastwor k,thepossi bi l ityor actualoccurr enceofacci dentsatthesite,t ipsand suggest i onsonhowt opr eventpossibleaccidents andot herrel atedmat ters. Unguardedsur face-ref erstoanywor ki ngsurface abovewat erorground,temporar yorpermanent fl oorplatf orm, scaff oldconst ructi onorwher ev er workersareexposedt othepossibi li tyoffal l s hazardoustolifeorli mb. Ref erence: Depar tmentOr der13( DOLE) Engi neer sEspl ana, Real uyoandCo. Compi l edbyEngr.Kennet hMi na, CE, SO2 Page2of2  MSTE Def ini ti onofTer ms MSTETERMS: Blowup-l ocali zedupwardbuckl ingandshat ter ingof thesl absattr ansver sejoi ntsorcracks. Compressi onTest–itistodet erminewhet hera concr etehast hespecif iedcompressi vest rengt h. Joi ntorcrackspal li ng-thebr eakdownor di sint egr ationofsl abedgeatj oint sorcracks. Di rectsheartest-usefuli ndetermini ngt hesheari ng st rengt hr esi stancealongrecogni zabl ewealpl anes Sur faceabrasi on-isthepr ocessofwear ingawaya wi thinthesoilmater ial. sur faceduetofri cti on. Dist il lat iont est-det ermi nest heasphal tcont entof Faul ti ng-t hedi ff erenceinel evati onbetweenthe l iqui dasphalt. j oint sduet oset tlementofpavement s,erosi onof materi alundert hepav ement ,andchangein Duct il it ytest-measur estheabi l tyoft heasphal tto temperat ure. st ret chwithoutbr eaki ng. Hingepoi nt-thepointonthesubgradedirectly Extract iontest-t odet ermi net heamountofasphal t belowt heedgeoft hepavementfrom whicht he presentinmix. subgradesl opesdownwardt ot hepoi ntofslope select ion. Penetrati ontest-measuresthedi stancet hat standardneedl ewill penetrat easampl eatagi ven St akepoint s-poi ntsatwhichthecutorf il lsl opes temperaturei naspecifi edtime. i nter sectt heexi sti ngground. Spottest-det ermi nesi fasphal tisov erheat erd Catchpoint s-thepointwherethedesi gnsideslope dur ingproducti on. i ntersect swiththeground.Theact uali nter secti on posit ionoft hesi desl opewi t htheexi sti ngground Si evetest-det erminesthepr esenceofl arger surf ace. gl obul esofasphaltintheemul sion. Sub-grade-t hesoilpr eparedtosupportapavement Slumptest-i tmeasurestheconsi stencyof st ructureorapavementsystem.I tisthefoundat ion fr eshconcretebef oreitset sandtocheckits ofthepavementstr uctur e. workabi li ty. Sub-base-Thecourseintheasphal tpavement Edging-i troundsof fthefor mededgeofasl abt o str ucturei mmediatelybel owt hebasecour se.I fthe prev entchippi ngordamage. subgradesoi lhasadequatesupport, itmayser veas thesubbase. Bleedi ng-wherefr eewaterint heconcr etemixi s pushedupwardtothesur faceduet otheset tl ement Base-thelowerorunderl yi ngpavementcour seat op ofheavi ersol i dparticl es. thesubbaseorsubgradeandundert hetopor weari ngcourse. Scr eeding-fi rstst epinf i nishi ngtheconcret e,t he act ionoffl att eningpouredconcreteint oasmoot h Skidresi stance-t heabi l ityofanasphal tpaving orf latl ayerpri ortofi nishi ngt hesurf ace. surf ace,parti cularl ywhenwet , toofferr esi stancet o sl ippi ngorski dding. Level ing-toel i minat ether idgesandv oidsl eftby scr eeding. Ski dhazard-anycondit ionthatmi ghtcont ri but eto makingapavementsl ippery. Pumpi ng-sl abdefl ecti onunderpassingloads somet i mesresul ti nginthedischargeofwaterand All igatorCracks-interconnectedcracksfor mi nga subgradesoi lsal ongjoint s,cracksandpavement seri esofsmal l blocksr esembli nganal l igat or’ sskin edges. orchicken-wir e,andcausedbyexcessi v edef l ecti on ofthesurfaceov erunst abl esubgradeorlower Upheaval-thel ocal izedupwarddispl acementofa coursesoft hepavement. pavementduetoswel l i ngofthesub-gr adeorsome por tionofthepavementstr uctur e. Shri nkageCracks-int erconnect edcracksformi nga seri esoflar geblocks, usuall ywithsharpcorner sor Shov ing-aform ofplast icmovementr esul ti ngt o angles. l ocal izedbul gingofthepavement. LongitudinalCr ack-aver ticalcr ackint hepavement Rut ti ng-channel izeddepr essi onsthatmaydev elop thatfoll owsacourseapproximatel ypar all elt othe i nthewheelt racksofanasphal tpavement. centerl ine. Raveli ng-theprogressi veseparat ionofaggregat e Reflect ioncr acks-cracksi nasphal tover lay sthat par ticl esinapav ementfrom t hesurfacedownward ref lectthecr ackpat ternint hepavementstr uct ure orf rom theedgesinward. bel owi t. Engi neer sEspl ana, Real uyoandCo. Compi l edbyEngr.Kennet hMi na, CE, SO2 Page3of3  MSTE Def ini ti onofTer ms Sli ppagecracks-cracks,somet i mescr escent Caissons-partofafoundati on,awatert ight shaped,t hatpointint hedi r ectionofthethrustofthe chamberusedi nconst ructi onunderwater,ora wheelsonthepav ementsurface,causedbyl ackof holl owf l oat ingboxusedasaf l oodgateforadockor bondbetweentwopav ementl ayers. basin. Specifi cat ions-arewri tt eninst ruct ionsthat DropHammer-itconsi stsofaheav yram i n provi desthenecessar ydetai lsaboutthespeci fi c betweent hel eadsinthepil edri vi ngequi pment. requi rements. Compacti on-t heprocessofr educingthev olumeof Pl ans-aterm usedtorepr esental ldr awings voi dsinamat eri alsuchassoi lbyinputof i ncl udingsecti onsanddetai ls; andanysupplement al mechani calenergy. dr awingsforcomplet eexecuti onofaspecif ic pr oject. Concrete-mi xtureofhy dr auli ccement ,aggregat es, andwat er ,wi thorwithoutadmi xt ures, fibers,or Esti mat es-acalculati onsofcostspr epar edont he othercement it iousmat eri als. basisofadetai ledanal ysi sofmateri alsandlabor forall itemsofwor k,ascontr astedwit hanest i mate Asphalt-isadarkbrownorbl ack,cementous basedonacur r entar ea,vol umeorsimi l arunitcosts. materi al,soli dorsemi- soli dconsi stencywhosemai n const it uent siscal l ed"bit umen". Contr act-anagreementbet weentwoormor e par ti es,especi all yonethati swri tt enand Bitumen-acti veconst it uentofbit uminousmat eri al enf orceabl ebylaw. thatar esolubl einCarbonDisul fi de. Buil dingper mit-awri ttendocumenti ssuedbythe Clay-canbemadepl ast icbyadjusti ngi t swat er appropriat egov er nment al authori typermitt ing content, byadj usti ngitswatercontent,cohesi v e, constructi ontobeginonaspeci fi cprojectin exhibi tsconsiderablestr engthwhenai rdriedor accordancewi t hdrawingsandspeci f icati ons dif fi culttocrushinhand. approvedbyt hegover nment alauthor ity. Consistency-t hepropertyoffreshconcr ete,fr esh Shori ng-propsorpostsofti mberorothermateri al mortar,orfr eshpast e,indicati veofthedegreeofi ts i ncompressionusedforthetempor arysupportof resi stancetomovementorf i rmness. excav ati ons,for mwork,orunsafest ruct ures. Moist ureCont ent-theamountofmoi sturehel din Sheeting-materi alencasingprestr essingsteelt o concr eteandmost lyexpr essedasapercent age. preventbondi ngoft heprestr essingsteelwi ththe surr oundingconcretetoprovidecorrosi onprotect ion Shri nkage-decreaseineitherl engt horvol umeofa andt ocontai nthecorrosi oninhibit ingcoati ng. materi alresul ti ngfrom changesinmoi stur econt ent orchemicalchanges. Shiel ding-sy stem usedinconstruct iontoprot ect workersandequi pment.I tincl udessheetpil es, Coating-mat eri alappli edtoasurfacebybrushi ng, tr enchboxesandot herpr otecti vesystems. dippi ng, mopping,spray ing, trowel ing,et c., to preserve,pr otect,decor ate, seal, orsmoot hthe Pil es-astruct ureusedtoprov ideal l -aroundlat eral substrate. suppor ttoanexcavati on.I tmaybeeitheropenor pneumati c. Pr imecoat-appli cat ionofalowvi scosi tyasphal tto aprepar edsubgr adebaseorbaser ock. Sheetpile-apil eint heform ofapl ankdr ivenin cl osecont actori nterlocki ngwi thotherst opr ovi dea Over coat-addi ti onalcoat ingi ntosurfaces. ti ghtwal l toresi stthel at eralpressureofwater, Over coat inginunpr eparedsur facescancause adjacenteart h,orothermat eri als. cr acki ng. Pi er-aslenderi sol atedfoundat ionmemberofeither Sealcoat-addi ti onall ayerofcoat ingi ntopav ement pl ainorr einfor cedconcr etethatiscastonendi nt he orbasecoursetoprov ideprot ecti onfr om damage. gr ound. TactcoatorTackcoat-singl einit ial appli cat ionof Port-aplacewher evessel smaydi schar geor bi tuminousmaterial toanexisti ngbit uminous, recei vecargo. Port landcement,orblocksur faceorbase. Wharf-structurebuil tal ongsi dethewateror per pendiculartotheshorewhereshi psberthf or l oadingordi schar ginggoods. Engi neer sEspl ana, Real uyoandCo. Compi l edbyEngr.Kennet hMi na, CE, SO2 Page4of4  MSTE Def ini ti onofTer ms Batchi ng-iti sthemosti mportantprocessto Sea-wavescausedbywindatt heplaceandti meof prepar etheconcret e.Propor tioningofaggregat es, obser vat ion.Seasr efert owavesthatar eacti vel y cement,andwaterpr iortomixing. growi ng. Mixi ng-thepr ocessofmixi ngt hemateri alssuchas Windsea-wav econdi ti onsdi rect lyat tri but abl eto aggr egat e,admixt ures, andwat ert oform concr ete. r ecentwinds, asopposedtoswell. Pav ing-t hepr ocessofl ayi ngapav ement. Overt opping-passi ngofwaterovert hetopofa st ructur easar esul tofwav er un- uporsurgeact ion. Curing-thedevel opmentoft hemechani cal properti esoftheasphaltbi nder.Thisoccursaf ter Stor m surge-ari seabovenormalwat erlev elont he theemul si onhasbrokenandt heemul si onpart icl es opencoastduetotheact ionofwi ndstr essonthe coalesceandbondt otheaggregate. watersur face. Scal ing-l ocalf laki ngorpeel ingawayofthe Mining-i sthemechani cal removalofconsol idat ed near surf aceporti onofhar denedconcr eteormor tar. soi lorunconsol idatedmateri al( aggregatesl ike sand,gr avel ,shell s)fr om seabed,beachordunes. Ponding-thecreati onandmaint aini ngofashal l ow pondofwat eronthesur faceofaconcr etesl abto Risk-i sthedegreeofexposur eorchancesof assi stcuri ng. exposur etohazards. Coastalerosi on-ist heprocessofwear i ngaway Hazard-i sanyt hingt hatmaylikel ycausepersonal materi alfrom t hecoast alprofi leduetoimbalancei n i njur yordamagetoproper ty, ortheircombi nati on. thesupplyandexpor tofmat er ialf rom acer tain sect ion. UnsafeAct-i sahumanact i vi tyresul ti nginacci dent i njur y,pr opert ylossorhar mt otheenvir onment. DeepWaterWave-awaveaboveawat erdept h gr eatert hanhal fofi tswavel engt h. Unsaf eCondit ion-seenasaphysicalorchemical pr opert yint hemat er ial thatcancauseanaccident. Gravit yWav e-awavewhosev eloci tyofpropagati on i scont r oll edpri maril ybygr avi ty.Waterwav esmore Safety-shallr efert othephysi cal orenv i ronment al than5cm longareconsideredgravi tywaves.Waves conditi onsofwor korempl oyment,which areformedbythefri cti onal dr agofwi ndacrossthe substanti all ycomplywitht heprovi sionsofthi s watersurf acewithatransferofenergyfr om windt o Standards. water. Er gonomics-f it ti ngthejobt othewor kerandt o Shall owWav e-awavei nwaterwi thadept hless pr eventwor kpl aceinj ury. than1/20oft hewavel engt h. PersonalProtect iveEquipment(PPE)-anyphysi cal Si gnifi cantwavehei ght-t hemeanhei ghtoft he materi alorequipmentt hati spl acedbetweenthe l argestone- thi rdoft hewavesi nawavespect rum. employeeandwor kplacehazar dstoreducethe i njurypotent ialofthehazard Meanwaveheight-themeanofall indi vi dual waves i nanobser vat ioninterv alofappr oxi matel yhal fan Heal th-shal lconnoteasoundstateoft hebodyand hour. mindoft hewor ker ,whi chenableshimtoper form hi sjobnormal ly,i nastateofwell -bei ng. Refl ectedwave-thatpartofaninci dentwav ethati s ret urnedseawardwhenawav ei mpingesonasteep Wor kAccident-shallmeananunpl annedor beach,bar ri er, orotherrefl ect ingsurf ace. unexpectedoccurrencethatmayormaynotr esul tin personalinj ury ,propertydamage,wor kstoppageor Wav eperi od-t heti meforawavecr estt otraver sea i nterfer enceoranycombi nati onthereof, which dist anceequal toonewavel engt h.Thet i mef ort wo ari sesoutofandi nt hecourseofempl oyment. successi vewavecr est stopassafixedpoint. WorkInj ury-shal lmeananyinjuryoroccupat ional Spr ingTide-ati dethatoccur satorneartheti meof i ll nesssuff eredbyaperson,whichari sesoutoforin neworfullmoonandwhichriseshi ghestandfal l s t hecourseofhisemployment. l owestfrom t hemeanseal evel. Fl oodTi de-theperi odofti debetweenl owwat er andt hesucceedi nghighwat er. Engi neer sEspl ana, Real uyoandCo. Compi l edbyEngr.Kennet hMi na, CE, SO2 Page5of5  MSTE Def ini ti onofTer ms Reli abili ty-i tisaprobabil i tyofamechani sm thatwil l Col li near-usedtodef inet woormor epoi ntst hatl i e functi onsatisf actori l y.Ift hemechani sm isto ont hesamel ine operateint ermitt entl yandbrief ly,i tisalsorefer ri ng toperformanceonagi venoccasi on.Ifthe Parall el-usedtodefi nelinesthatar espacedequall y mechani sm i stooperateconti nuously,i tref ersits apartacrossal lofthei rlengthanddonotint ersect. perfor mancef oraspecifi cperi odoft ime. Congruent-usedtodescribeobj ectswit hthesame Standarddevi ation-therootmeansquar eoft he shapeandsize,oranobjecthasthesameshape dev i ati onsabouttheari thmeti cmeanofasetof andsizeasthemi r rori mageoft heotherobj ect. values. Copl anar-usedt odefi neli nesinathr ee- Mean-i ti ssum ofscor esdi videdbythenumberof di mensionalspacethatl ieonthesameplane. cases.Popul arl yknownastheaverage. Perpendi cul ar-usedt odescr ibeobj ect sfor ming Median-i tist hemiddl enumberofasetofnumber s ri ghtangl es. ar rangedi nnumeri calor der. Tr iangl e-apl anef igur eboundedbyt hreest rai ght Mode-i sthev al uewhi choccur smostf requenti na si des. gi vendi str ibut ion. Equil ateralt ri angl e-atr iangl ehavi ngthree Instrumentalerr or-asour ceofer r orintapi ngwhen congruentsi desandt hreecongr uenti nteri orangl es. at apemaydi ff erinactuallengthfrom i tsnomi nal graduatedlengthbecauseofadef ectin Isoscel est ri angl e-atr iangl ehavingt wocongr uent manuf act ureorr epai r,orar esul tofkinks. sidesandt wocongr uentint eri orangl es. Nat uralerr or-atapinger rorduetoeff ect sof Scal enetr iangl e-atri angl ehav ingnoequal sides t emperatur e,pul l , andwei ghtofthetapei tsel f. andnoequalangl es. Personaler ror-atapi ngerr orduetoset ti ngofpi ns, Ri ghttri angl e-at ri angl ehav inga90degr ees readi ngthetape,ormani pul ati ngtheequi pment. i nter iorangl e. Volume-isdef inedasthenumberofvehi cl es Obt uset riangl e-atr iangl ewi thani nter iorangl eless passi ngapointonhighwayoragiv enlaneor t han90degrees. di recti onofahighwayinaspeci fi ctime. Acut et r iangl e-atri angl ewi tht hreei nter iorangl es RateofFlow-aregeneral lyexpressedi nunit sof l essthan90degrees. “v eh/hr. ”butrepr esentsfl owst hatexi stsf orper iod ofti melessthananhour. Squar e-afour -si dedpolygonwit hfourcongr uent si desandf ourcongruentangl es. Timemeanspeed-aver agespeedofal lvehi cl es passi ngapoi ntoveraspeci fi edti meperi od. Rect angle-i ngener al, aquadr il ater alwi thf ourr ight angl es. Spacemeanspeed-aver agespeedofal lvehi cl es occupy ingagiv ensect ionofr oadwayoveraspeci fi c Par all elogr am -i ngeneral ,aquadr il ater alhav ingt wo ti meperiod. pai rsofparal l elsi des. Densit y-numberofvehicl esoccupy i ngar oadl ane Rhombus-ingener al, apar all elogr am hav ingf our perunitl engt hatagiveninstanti ntime,andis congr uentsi des. usual lymeasuredi nvehiclepermileorki lometer. Tr apezoi d-aquadr il ater alwi thonepai rofpar all el Capacity-maxi mum sustai ned15-mi nf lowrat e, si des. expressedi npassengercar sperhourperlane, that canbeaccommodat edbyaunifor mf reeway segmentunderprevai li ngtr aff icandroadway conditi onsi nonedirect ionoff low. Engi neer sEspl ana, Real uyoandCo. Compi l edbyEngr.Kennet hMi na, CE, SO2 Page6of6  MSTE Def ini ti onofTer ms Parabola-thesetofallpoi ntsinapl anewhichar e Conjugateaxi s-thesegmentpassingthroughthe equidi stantfr om afixedpointandaf ixedl i neofthe centerandper pendicul art othetransverseaxi sofa pl ane. hyperbol a. Focus-t hef ixedpoi nti nthedef ini ti onofapar abol a. Transf ormati onofcoordi nat es-theprocessof changi ngtheequat ionofacurv efrom onepai rof Dir ectri x-thef ixedl i nei nthedef ini ti onofa axestoanot her. parabol a. Translat ionofaxes-transf ormati onofcoordinat es Vert ex-thepoi ntmidwaybet weent hef ocusand i nwhi chthenewaxesar eparal l eltot heoriginal di rect ri xofaparabol a. axesandsi mi lar lydi rected. Lat usrect um -t hechor ddrawnt hroughthefocus Rot ationofaxes-tr ansf ormati onofcoordi nat esi n andper pendi cul art otheaxi soft heparabola. whi cht henewaxeshavethesameorigi nbut