Module 7 - Introduction to Construction Occupational Safety and Health (PDF)

UP DILIMAN| INSTITUTE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING 1 UP DILIMAN| INSTITUTE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING I. Occupational, Safety & Health-OSH Fundamentals II. OSH Legislation & Standards III. Site Safety Regulations & Framework...

UP DILIMAN| INSTITUTE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING 1 UP DILIMAN| INSTITUTE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING I. Occupational, Safety & Health-OSH Fundamentals II. OSH Legislation & Standards III. Site Safety Regulations & Framework At the end of this lecture material, it is expected that the students will be able to: I. express appreciation on OSH & recognize the importance of various data and legislation about OSH. II. recognize safety hazards and appropriate safety measures in a Construction Site. These objectives are adapted from the mandatory 8-hour safety and health seminar for workers under Section 16 of RA 11058 and section 3 of DO 198-18. 2 UP DILIMAN| INSTITUTE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Common terms & key descriptions o Accidents o Incident o Control o Hazards o Safety o Unsafe Acts o Unsafe Conditions Response to unwanted Conditions Management Safety Programs Safety Audit “Safety is not just signs and handrails, it is in people’s minds.” -Tony Smith , National Safety Council 2006, Turin, Italy For construction safety, it is imperative that we familiarize ourselves with the common terminologies used, They are detailed below: ACCIDENT -It is an undesired event that results in harm to people, damage to property or loss to process. It is usually a contact with a source of energy above the threshold limit of the body or structure INCIDENT-It is an undesired event which, under slightly different circumstances, could have resulted in harm to people, damage to property, or loss to process CONTROL- an action to regulate or restrain a condition or event. HAZARDS-Are unsafe practices or conditions, that if not controlled, may result into the occurrence of an accident or an incident RISK-Is chance of a physical or personal loss SAFETY-Is the control of hazards to attain an acceptable level of risk UNSAFE ACTS-Are behaviors which could permit the occurrence of an accident or incident Unsafe acts also represents the deviation from standard procedures or practices UNSAFE CONDITIONS, are circumstances which could permit the occurrence of an accident or incident. This also pertains to deviation from standard conditions regarding equipment, materials, or environment. 3 UP DILIMAN| INSTITUTE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING All work exposes workers to hazards ( especially for construction job-site): Manual handling of materials Use of machines Exposure to toxic substances Contact to electricity stress Main Definition: Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) “ state of being certain that exposure to workplace conditions will not cause adverse effects to the well- Source: Leigh, JP. (2001) being of a worker in terms of INJURY or ILLNESS” After reviewing common terminologies, we will briefly examine the implications and management of safety in construction workplaces. The images above effectively illustrate both the reasons and resolutions to safety and health programs in a job site. The intended focus of this discussion is further emphasized by the forward written by US-OSHA(2016): Establishing a safety and health program at your job site is one of the most effective ways of protecting your most valuable asset: your workers. Losing workers to injury or illness, even for a short time, can cause significant disruption and cost—to you as well as the workers and their families. It can also damage workplace morale, productivity, turnover, and reputation. 4 UP DILIMAN| INSTITUTE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING OSH is important based on three (3) arguments: 1. It is the right thing to do 2. It is the smart thing to do 3. It is the law (WHO, 2010) First Argument- based on ethical principle, employer has moral obligation -To protect employees from accidents & illnesses -workers have the right to safe & healthful workplace Second Argument-based on economic principle. -accidents impose a massive cost to business -lowers productivity and can even end a business Third Argument-it is the law -based on legal principle that violations causes penalties and work stoppages Occupational, safety & Health-OSH is important based on 3 arguments: 1) it is the right thing to do, 2) it is the smart thing to do, and 3) it is the law, according to the World Health Organization –WHO (WHO, 2010). The first argument, “right thing to do”, is based on ethical principle: that the employers, while earning a profit, have the moral obligation to protect employees from accidents and illnesses. It is expected that workers have the right to safe and healthful workplace. The second argument, ‘the smart thing to do,’ is based on the economic principle: no business owner wants accidents because accidents and illnesses impose a massive cost to business. Accidents not only lower productivity, but in the worst case, can even end the business. The third argument, ‘it is the law,’ is based on the legal principle that employers violating the provisions of the law are subjected to penalties and can be issued work stoppage orders by the appropriate authorities. 5 UP DILIMAN| INSTITUTE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Common terms & key descriptions o Management o Safety Programs o Safety Audit Source: Leigh, JP. (2001) Source: OSH (2016) As future practitioners, it is highly important to have an understanding of the frameworks and provisions for safety in the Construction setting. MANAGEMENT, is a special group of people whose job is to direct the effort and activities of other people toward common objectives SAFETY PROGRAMS, are activities designed to assist management and employees in the recognition, evaluation and control of workplace hazards. SAFETY AUDIT, Is the critical examination of the safety and health management programs to determine their effectiveness and compliance to regulatory programs. The hierarchy of Hazard Controls is also clearly illustrated above. Here, the elimination of a hazard is the most effective intervention compared to the last line of defense (least effective), which is the usage of PPE. 6 UP DILIMAN| INSTITUTE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Other key points to consider about economics and safety: Serious accidents can be critical to meeting contract deadlines. Losing key personnel can spell the end of the business altogether. Loss of business reputation can lead to loss of new or repeat business. Accidents can damage workforce morale. Accident claims mean higher insurance premiums. The challenge for all is: If you think safety is expensive, try pricing an accident! (Lois McMaster-Bujold). Source: OSH (2016) Other key points to consider regarding the economic or financial aspect of safety are listed above. The statement by Lois McMaster-Bujold underscores the unseen financial consequences should safety be undermined in favor of savings or cost-cutting. 7 UP DILIMAN| INSTITUTE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Still not convinced? How about some OSH Statistics From the International Labor organization-ILO ( World safety day celebration in 2019) On average, 7,500 die everyday due to work related accidents 160 million incidents of occupational illness every year 270 million work related accidents every year Biggest killers in the workplace: cancer-32%, circulatory diseases-23% , accidents -19%, communicable diseases 17% and others The International Labor Organization-(ILO), releases statistics regarding incidents, illnesses, and accidents in workplaces across all industries. A striking figure is the percentage of accidents leading to death occurring in workplaces. 8 UP DILIMAN| INSTITUTE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Philippine OSH Situation (2017) Total Accidents 38,235 Total Injuries 46,283 Non-fatal with lost workdays 20,318 43.9 % Without lost workdays 25,502 55.1% Fatal 463 1% Source: Integrated Survey on Labor & employment-(ISLE ) measures of safety performance (2019) In the Philippines, specifically back in 2017, the total number of recorded accidents is 38,235. Note that the number of accidents does not reflect the count for injuries. Among the tally for that year, 463 were recorded as fatal. 9 UP DILIMAN| INSTITUTE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Injury Profile of Most Commonly Profile Injured Worker Male Married 26-30 years old With 1 to 5 years work experience Assigned in the first shift Source: Integrated Survey on Labor & employment- (ISLE ) measures of safety performance (2019) From the Integrated Survey on Labor & employment-(ISLE ) measures of safety performance in 2019, the profile of injury is illustrated above. In ISLE’s presentation material, three areas describing injuries are provided and the dominant types are given. The most common type of injury is the “superficial injuries and open wounds”. In the agent of injury category, machines & equipment plus materials and objects take the top spots. It’s important to note that the top agents of injury are highly prevalent on a construction site and can be easily confirm visually. 10 UP DILIMAN| INSTITUTE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Review of Accident vs. Incident illustration Accident: A window cleaner dropping a bucket from a height, which caused injury to a person underneath. Incident: A window cleaner dropping a bucket from a height, which just missed a person standing underneath. This can be considered a near-miss A slightly different circumstances & the person may have been injured As a review, let’s revisit and differentiate more closely the terms ‘accident’ and ‘incident.’ Accidents are defined as ‘occurrences or events that are unexpected, unforeseen, unplanned and unwanted, resulting to damage, injury, loss or death.’ Incidents, on the other hand, are described ‘events that, which under slightly different circumstances, may have resulted in injury or ill health, or damage or loss to property, plant, materials or the environment or a loss of business opportunity” (HSE-UK). 11 UP DILIMAN| INSTITUTE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Review of Accident vs. Incident Common reasons for accidents (according to a layman) “Ang malas naman niya!” “Ang T_ _ _ a kasi niya!” “Oras na niya. pana panahon lang yan.” “Kasama yan sa trabaho” These are not real causes but rather can be seen as excuses. Above are common layman expressions regarding the causes of accidents. 12 UP DILIMAN| INSTITUTE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Theory for Accidents System theory of Accident Causation Possibility of an accident to occur is dependent on the interaction of work components such as: people , equipment/machineries/tools, materials & environment. Each components (or a combination) are considered source of hazard. The simple expression for accident can be seen as Hazard + Exposure = Accident/ Incident Hazard in another definition is: “any source of potential damage, harm or adverse health effects on something or someone” To gain a better understanding of accidents and their management, it is wise to know the components of an accident. The System Theory of Accident Causation claims that components of accidents regularly interact and are interrelated. These components include people, equipment/machineries/tools, materials and environment. The possibility of an accident is dependent on the interaction of these components, and the components or their combination are considered sources of hazards that can result into either injury or illness. In essence, it takes a hazard and someone exposed to the hazard to produce an accident. (Hazard + Exposure = Accident/Incident). As a review of Hazard definition: “A hazard is any source of potential damage, harm or adverse health effects on something or someone” (CCOSH). Harm refers to physical injury or damage to health. Generally, there are two classification of hazards: Safety and Health, hence the term OSH. Safety hazards have the potential for injury, while health hazards are something that has potential for illness. 13 UP DILIMAN| INSTITUTE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Two classifications of Hazards 1. Safety hazards 2. Health hazards Analogy and connection Safety hazard = potential for injury Health hazard = potential for illness In essence, we can establish an analogy of hazards and their corresponding consequences. Again, hazards can either pose the potential for injury or the potential for illness. 14 UP DILIMAN| INSTITUTE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Hazards by Category Biological Bacteria, viruses, insects, plants & animals Chemical Gas, vapors, mist, fumes Physical Radiation, noise, temperature extremes, HEALTH HAZARDS pressure, electricity, etc. Ergonomic Repetitive movement, improper set-up of work stations, awkward positions, over exertions Psychosocial Stress, violence Safety Clutters (slipping & tripping), unguarded SAFETY HAZARDS machines, heights (fall), equipment malfunctions, inappropriate use of tools, electricity The table above provides classifications and illustrations for the given two categories of hazards. 15 UP DILIMAN| INSTITUTE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Examples of Hazards and corresponding Harm: Source Hazard Harm Object Knife Cut Substance Benzene Leukemia Material Asbestos Mesothelioma Source of energy Electricity Shock, electrocution Condition Wet floor Slips, falls Process Welding Metal fume fever Practice/task Hard rock mining silicosis Above is a table that categorizes hazards into “sources” and details the corresponding harm that a certain hazard might inflict. 16 UP DILIMAN| INSTITUTE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Exposure to Hazards When worker is within the “danger zone”, or in a position of “imminent” danger. exposure can be physical- e.g. closed proximity with danger, like a live wire exposure can be environmental- worker is in an unhealthy atmosphere Causes of Accidents 1. Unsafe acts- “any human action that violates a commonly accepted work procedure” (ANSI). removing safety devices Operating equipment without authority Using defective equipment Disregard of SOP or instructions Horseplay Willful intent to injure Working under the influence of alcohol or drugs Exposure to hazards is defined as a condition in which a worker in within the danger zone or in a position of imminent danger. An illustration of which is a worker performing a task less than a few feet away from a live wire. Exposure can be classified as coming from either a physical source or an environmental source. Exposure to a physical hazard could mean , as an illustration, a worker’s hand being too near an unguarded rotating machine. As for environmental source, it could be a worker in an extremely hot working area. Causes of Accidents W.H. Heinrich, an industrialist and pioneer in theories about safety and health in the workplace, claimed that Fatalism, the belief that accidents are bound to happen, is not the real cause of accidents. According to him, the real and immediate causes are 1) unsafe acts which accounts for 88 percent, and 2) unsafe conditions which accounts for 10 percent (W.H. Heinrich). He acknowledges that 2% is unavoidable. To revisit the definition of Unsafe Acts, according to ANSI, they are ‘any human action that violates a commonly accepted work procedure’ (American National Standards Institute). Examples of unsafe acts include: operating equipment without authority; disregard of SOP or instructions; removing safety devices ; using defective equipment; using PPEs improperly; horseplay; willful intent to injure; and, working while under the influence of alcohol or drugs. 17 UP DILIMAN| INSTITUTE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Causes of Accidents 2. Unsafe Conditions- “physical or chemical property of a material, machine or the environment which could result in injury to a person, damage or destruction to property or other forms of losses”(ANSI) Therefore, considering the ultimate question in OSH is : “Can accidents be prevented?” Bottomline- o We can control Hazards and manage Exposure. On the other hand, ANSI defines unsafe conditions as “a physical or chemical property of a material, machine or the environment which could result in injury to a person, damage or destruction to property or other forms of losses” Several illustrations for this condition include a slippery and wet floor; dusty work area; congested plant lay- out; octopus wiring; unguarded rotation machines; protruding nails, sharp objects; and, scattered objects in the work area. Now, to deal with the ultimate question in OSH: ‘Can accidents be prevented?’ The resounding answer is ‘Yes!’. This answer is supported by the longstanding study of H.W. Heinrich and the relevant discussion of ANSI on OSH. 18 UP DILIMAN| INSTITUTE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Legal bases of OSH A. PD 422-1974 “ The Labor Code of the Philippines” B. OSH Standards, 1979, as amended 1989 C. RA 11058- “An act strengthening compliance with Occupational Safety and Health Standards and providing penalties for violations” enacted January 25, 2019 Its Implementing Rules and Regulation (DO 198-18) D. Department Order No. 13: Guidelines Governing Occupational Safety and Health in the Construction Industry Occupational Safety and Health Standards- OSHS by DOLE comparable to US OSHA In the Philippines, occupational safety and health standards are managed by the Department of Labor and Employment-(DOLE) and by its Occupational Safety and Health Center. The Labor Code of the Philippines, enacted in 1974, is the law governing employment practices and labor relations in the country. It contains books, sections and articles regarding occupational health and safety, and this law primarily grants DOLE its administrative and enforcement jurisdiction. Through the authority from PD 422, DOLE developed the Occupational Safety and Health Standards for guidance and compliance in workplaces. The OSH standards was initially released in 1979, and this document contains rules and regulation regarding OSH, it is further amended in 1989. The version used in this module was released in 2019. This slide illustrates the four relevant legal frameworks for the existence and exercise of OSH in a construction site and the construction industry. RA 11053 and DO 13 will be discussed in the succeeding slides. 19 UP DILIMAN| INSTITUTE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Department Order 198-18 (IRR of RA 11058) Main provisions: o Affirms labor as a primary social and economic force and that a safe and healthy workforce is an integral aspect of nation building o Ensures that the laws and standards are fully enforced and complied with by the employers o Ensures a safe and healthful workplace for all working people by affording them full protection against all hazards in their work environment Coverage- all establishments, including special economic zones; utilities; industries such as mining, fishing, OSHS by DOLE Manila cover page construction , agriculture and maritime; contractors & subcontractors. (except public sector) Under the Department Order 198-18 (DO 198-18), serving as the implementing rules and regulations of RA 11058, the following main provisions & principles are given: labor as a primary social and economic force and that a safe and healthy workforce is an integral aspect of nation building ensures that the laws and standards are fully enforced and complied with by the employers ensures a safe and healthful workplace for all working people by affording them full protection against all hazards in their work environment. DO 198-18 outlines the scope and coverage of the law, encompassing all establishments where work is undertaken. It further specifies the inclusions of : Establishments located inside special economic zones and other investment promotion agencies Utilities engaged in air, sea, and land transportation – Industries such as mining, fishing, construction, agriculture, and maritime Contractors and subcontractors including those engaged in the projects of the public sector It should be noted that this DO does not apply to or cover the public sector. 20 UP DILIMAN| INSTITUTE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Department Order No. 13: Guidelines Governing Occupational Safety and Health in the Construction Industry Scope: All Construction Activities, whether owned by Government or private sector Highlights: a. accredited safety practitioners (officers ) in all projects b. submittal of construction health & safety programs c. guidelines for evaluation of safety programs d. practitioner’s duties and responsibilities OSHS by DOLE Manila cover page For the construction sector, a more specific compilation of health and safety requirements is outlined in DO 13. DOLE Department Order 13 was released by the Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE) in 1998 in response to increasing concerns regarding safety in construction sites. It is intended to provide support to existing occupational safety and health standards and regulations. Section 4 of DO 13 outlines the coverage of the regulation: “The guidelines shall apply to all construction activities, including demolition, whether owned by the private or the government sector” Highlights and Key features of DO 13 o Requirements on the deployment of accredited safety practitioners for all construction projects o Requirements on the submittal of safety programs for all tenders/bids submitted for all government construction projects o Guidelines for the evaluation of construction safety and health programs for construction sites (revised 03 July 2001) o Safety and Health (OSH) Standards which has to do with the training and accreditation of personnel on occupational safety and health o Defined duties and responsibilities of various safety and health personnel for construction projects. General Elements of site safety plan management leadership assignment of responsibility maintenance of safe working conditions establishment of safety training preparation of an accident record system medical and first-aid system acceptance of personal responsibility of employees 21 UP DILIMAN| INSTITUTE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Department Order 198-18 (IRR of RA 11058) Classification of establishments Classification Description High risk establishment Hazards affect the safety and/or health of the workers and the public Medium risk establishment There is moderate exposure to safety and health hazards and with probability of an accident, injury or illness Low risk establishment There is a low level of danger or exposure to safety and health hazards or with low probability to result in accident, harm or illness Department Order 198-18 provides classifications and descriptions of establishments, and shortened descriptions are provided in the table above. 22 UP DILIMAN| INSTITUTE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Department Order 198-18 (IRR of RA 11058) Duties of Employers and Workers Duties of Employers Duties of workers Keep workers away from hazards Join in OSH capacity building Provide job safety instructions Use safeguards and safety devices Ensure forms or sources of hazards are under control Comply with all instructions Use only approved equipment and devices Follow all instructions in cases of emergency Comply with OSHS and provide PPE Report hazards Allow workers participation in OSH matters Provide measures to deal with emergencies (training & drills) Comply with reportorial requirement In OSH, knowing the roles of the two main players in a work environment is important. The table above summarizes the responsibilities of both employers and workers regarding OSH. 23 UP DILIMAN| INSTITUTE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Department Order 198-18 (IRR of RA 11058) RIGHTS OF WORKERS 1. Right to know all hazards… 2. Right to refuse unsafe work..(without threat or reprisal from owner) 3. Right to report accidents.. 4. Right to Personal Protective equipment (PPE) Free of charge Appropriate type (based on standards) Appropriate size, weight and type to specific workers Besides defining the duties and responsibilities of workers, their rights are also explicitly written. These rights are further reinforced by the other standards related to OSH, and they are presented in the succeeding slides. 24 UP DILIMAN| INSTITUTE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Department Order 198-18 (IRR of RA 11058) OSH Reports In prescribed forms A. Administrative documentary requirements B. Reportorial requirements Code Title Date of submission Reference form 1.W Work accident/illness report On or before the 30th day DOLE-BFQ-WAIR; WAIR COVID-19; WAIR A; (WAIR) of the month WAIR-B 2. A Annual Exposure Data Report On or before January 20 DOLE/BWC/IP-6b (AEDR) 3. R Report of Safety Organization One month after the OSH DOLE/BWC/OHSD/IP-5 (RSO) committee is organized 4. M Minutes of the meeting of Quarterly No prescribe form Health and Safety committee 5. A Annual Medical Report On or before the last day DOLE/BW/OH-47A (AMR) of March DO 198-18 specifies two types of forms, namely; administrative documentary requirements and reportorial requirements. The Administrative documentary requirements involves the following : Rule 1050- Notification and keeping of records of accidents and/or occupational illnesses Rule 1060- Occupational health services Rule 1020- Registration of Business Rule 1030- Training and Accreditation of OSH personnel Rule 1040- Health and Safety committee These documentary requirements are primarily accomplished during the startup of an establishment, while the reportorial requirements primarily include forms for reporting the current status of OSH for a particular period in an establishment’s operation. 25 UP DILIMAN| INSTITUTE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Department Order 198-18 (IRR of RA 11058) Safety officers & Health Personnel Classification Qualification and scope of task Safety officer 1 completed the required training for low-risk establishments with 1 to 50 employees For medium risk establishments with 1 to 9 employees Safety officer 2 completed the required training – for low-risk establishments with 51 to 199 employees – for medium risk establishments with 10 to 199 employees for high-risk establishments with 1 to 9 employees Safety officer 3 completed the required training for low-risk establishments with 200 and more employees Safety Officer 3 for medium risk establishments with 100 and more employees for high-risk establishments with 10 to 1,000 employees Safety officer 4 completed the required training for medium risk establishments with more than 1,250 employees for high-risk establishments with more than 1,000 employees Under DO 198-18, the table above summarizes the scope of tasks for the safety officers. 26 UP DILIMAN| INSTITUTE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Department Order 198-18 (IRR of RA 11058) Health Personnel Title Qualification and scope of task First Aider completed required training and certified For all establishments ( low, medium, high) OH Nurse completed the required training and licensed for low risk establishment with 100 or more employees for medium to high risk with 51 and more employees OH Dentist completed the required training and licensed for low risk establishments with 200 and more OH Dentist employees for medium to high risk establishment with 100 and more employees OH Physician completed the required training and licensed for low risk establishments with 200 and more OH Physician employees for medium to high risk establishment with 100 and more employees Under DO 198-18, the table above summarizes the scope of tasks for the health personnel. 27 UP DILIMAN| INSTITUTE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Department Order 198-18 (IRR of RA 11058) Training requirements for safety officers & health personnel Position Training requirements Safety officer 1-SO1 Mandatory 8-hour OSH Orientation Course applicable to the industry (not applicable to construction) – Two (2) hours Trainer’s Training Safety officer 2-SO2 Mandatory 40-hour OSH Training Course applicable to the industry (BOSH, COSH, MOSH, etc.) Safety officer 3-SO3 Mandatory 40-hour OSH Training Course Additional 48 hours of advanced specialized trainings Other requirements as may be prescribed by DOLE Safety officer 4-SO4 Mandatory 40-hour OSH Training Course Additional 80 hours of advanced specialized trainings An aggregate of 320 hours of OSH related training or experience Other requirements as may be prescribed by DOLE Position Training requirements First Aider Standard first aid training OH Nurse At least 40-hour Basic OSH training course OH Dentist At least 40-hour Basic OSH training course OH Physician At least 56-hour Basic OSH training course for OH Physician The tables above provide summaries of the training requirements for safety officers and health personnel. 28 UP DILIMAN| INSTITUTE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Department Order 198-18 (IRR of RA 11058) Health Facilities Medical supplies , at table 47 OSH standard Treatment room or clinic Emergency Hospital/Infirmary and dental clinic Under DO 198-18, particularly Table 47 of OSH standard, health facility items are listed to guide establishments or enterprises. The main headings for Table 47 are medicines, medical supplies & equipment, and, medical facilities. Note that the required items on this table depend on the number of workers for an establishment. 29 UP DILIMAN| INSTITUTE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Department Order 198-18 (IRR of RA 11058) Health Facilities Medical supplies , at table 47 OSH standard Treatment room or clinic Emergency Hospital/Infirmary and dental clinic The last portion of Table 47 shows four (4) medical facilities which are required for establishments with a worker count of at least 51. A dental clinic or emergency hospital is needed for establishments with more than 2,000 workers. However, an exemption to this rule would mean that a more capable health facility (emergency hospital or dental clinic) within 5-km away or in an urban setup should be within 25-minutes away from the workplace. 30 UP DILIMAN| INSTITUTE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Department Order 198-18 (IRR of RA 11058) Workers Welfare Facilities Items o Adequate supply of safe drinking water o Adequate sanitary and washing facilities o Suitable living accommodation such as in construction, shipping, fishing and night workers o Separate sanitary, washing and sleeping facilities for all gender o Lactation station except those establishments as provided for under (DOLE Department Order No.143-15) o Ramps, railings as required o Others as prescribed by the OSH Standard (Section 19 of DO 198-18 at pp 435 of the 2019 updated OSH Standards) As defined in the IRR of RA 11058, the list above outlines the worker’s welfare facilities that should be provided by employers. 31 UP DILIMAN| INSTITUTE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Department Order 198-18 (IRR of RA 11058) Safety and Health Training for All workers All workers shall undergo OSH orientation No cost on workers and compensable working time Specialized training for : operation , erection and dismantling of equipment and scaffolds, structural erections, excavations, welding and flame cutting Other Requirements o Safety signages and devices, posted in prominent positions o Safety in use of equipment, requires certification from TESDA or PRC o OSH information available to workers o Construction safety and health programs- with detailed policies DO 198-18 also contains provisions on trainings and orientation of workers on OSH. DO 198-18 specifies that “All workers shall undergo the mandatory workers’ OSH orientation conducted by the safety officer of the contractor or any certified OSH practitioner or consultant”. There are other attributes and stipulations regarding this orientation or training, and they are as follows: No cost on the worker and considered as compensable working time. Personnel engaged in the operation, erection and dismantling of equipment and scaffolds, structural erections, excavations, blasting operations, demolition, confined spaces, hazardous chemicals, welding, and flame cutting shall undergo specialized instruction and training conducted by DOLE or DOLE- accredited Safety Training Organization or PPE manufacturers. Additionally DO 198-18 specifies the following: o Safety signage and devices shall be posted in prominent positions to warn the workers and the public of the hazards in accordance with the OSH Standards in terms of colors and sizes. o Safety in the use of equipment complying the requirements of DOLE including the requirement on training and certification of the operators by the Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA) and the Professional Regulation Commission (PRC). o OSH information shall be made available to workers including hazards and risks in the workplace, control mechanisms to reduce the risk of exposure to the hazards and emergency and disaster management protocols. 32 UP DILIMAN| INSTITUTE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Department Order 198-18 (IRR of RA 11058) Penalties Section 29 OSH, on prohibited acts administrative fines Failure of compliance or violations of OSH rules results in the administrative fines shown above, these are detailed in Section 29 of OSH standards. 33 UP DILIMAN| INSTITUTE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Department Order 198-18 (IRR of RA 11058) Penalties Section 29 OSH, on prohibited acts o Failure or refusal to comply- deemed willful when done voluntarily, deliberately and intentionally o Repeated violations= fine + 50%* (repeat violations) o “When the violation exposes the worker to death, serious injury or serious illness, the imposable penalty shall be one hundred thousand pesos (₱100,000.00)” o For two or more non-compliances, all penalties but should not exceed 100,000 daily Section 29 of OSH standards contains the following definitions and provisions regarding “prohibited acts and its corresponding penalties.” Failure or refusal to comply with OSH standards or compliance order shall be deemed willful when done voluntarily, deliberately and intentionally. Repeated violation shall be penalized of the corresponding fine plus an additional fine equivalent to fifty percent (50%) for every instance of repeat violation. When the violation exposes the worker to death, serious injury or serious illness, the imposable penalty shall be one hundred thousand pesos (₱100,000.00) Should there be 2 or more be non-compliances, all penalties shall be imposed; provided that the total daily penalty shall not exceed one hundred thousand pesos (₱ 100,000.00). 34 UP DILIMAN| INSTITUTE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Department Order No. 13: Guidelines Governing Occupational Safety and Health in the Construction Industry Salient Features Construction safety & health program- Project manager shall submit to DOLE a comprehensive CHSP prior to start of a construction project. A simplified CHSP for residential buildings 2-storey and below with < 10 workers Safety on Construction Heavy equipment- OSHS by DOLE Manila cover page All operators certified by TESDA All equipment tested by third party testing Org. Now let us pay close attention to DO 13, particularly the preliminary minimum requirements regarding OSH for a construction establishment or a construction project. A Construction Safety and Health Program (CHSP) is essentially needed. A specific construction safety and health program shall be submitted before the start of a construction project. The assigned construction Project Manager shall prepare and submit a comprehensive CHSP to the respective DOLE Regional Office where a project is located. However, only a simplified CHSP is required for construction of residential buildings 2-storey and below with less than 10 workers. DO 13 specifies provisions on Construction Heavy Equipment, and the key provisions are : All operators of heavy equipment shall be certified by TESDA All heavy equipment tested by third party testing organization accredited by DOLE. 35 UP DILIMAN| INSTITUTE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Department Order No. 13: Guidelines Governing Number of Construction Site (High-risk workers establishment) Occupational Safety and Health in the Construction 1-9 One SO2 Industry 10-50 One SO3 51-99 One SO2 & One SO3 Salient Features 100-199 One SO2 & One SO3 Safety Officer Assign full time safety officer (for CHSP) 200-250 Two SO3 Number of SOs dependent on workers 251-500 One SO2 & Two SO3 501-750 One SO2 & Two SO3 Safety Officer for heavy equipment 751-1000 One SO2 & Two SO3 One SO for every 10 units of heavy equipment (in a Every Additional S03 or S04 project site) additional 250 Safety Officer of subcontractors Must provide a representative (SO qualifications) DO 13 and related OSHS rules (rule 1047 & rule 1033) specify the obligation of a general contractor to assign a full time and qualified safety officer to oversee the management of the CHSP. The number of safety officers- SOs shall be according to the number of workers as shown in the table above. Additionally, for heavy equipment, a General Constructor shall provide one (1) Safety Officer for every 10 units of heavy equipment assigned to the project site. Also, each subcontractor must provide for a representative, who shall have the same qualifications as a Safety Officer, to oversee the management of the CHSP for the subcontractor’s workforce and specific area of work operations in accordance with the requirements of Rule 1033 of the OSH standards. 36 UP DILIMAN| INSTITUTE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Site Safety Standard Elements General government regulations: DO 198-18, DO 13, OSHS (from previous section) 1. Representative Regulations (construction site specific) 2. Construction Safety Signages 3. Construction Site Safety Areas or Concerns The succeeding slides will be ordered according to (1) construction site representative regulations, (2) construction signages and (3) construction site safety concerns or areas. 37 UP DILIMAN| INSTITUTE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Site Safety Standard Elements 1. Representative Regulations Rule no. Heading / Main consideration 1412.01 Health and Safety Committee 1412.03 Electrical 1412.04 Machine Guarding 1412.09 Protection of the Public 1412.10 Protection from falling Materials 1412.11 Protruding Nails & loose Materials 1412.12 Protection Against collapse of structure Rule 1412.01 : Health and Safety Committee Stipulates need to organize and designate a site specific Health & Safety Committee for the project. Rule 1412.03 : Electrical Notes that before and during construction, exercise full control of sources of energies by rendering the cable or apparatus electrically dead; or by providing barriers to prevent contact. Rule 1412.04 : Machine Guarding This rule specifies that, “All moving parts shall be guarded to prevent physical contact with workers”. Guards must be used/designated to: prevent direct contact; prevent access to danger zone; not interfere with operation; resist shock ; not constitute hazards; not obstruct during maintenance Rule 1412.09 : Protection of the Public Covered walkway must be provided for pedestrians in building construction work less than 2.3 meters from a sidewalk or a public road. Rule 1412.10 : Protection from Falling Materials Provide the following protection systems against falling hazards: provision of helmets and safety shoes; provision of chutes/cranes for disposing/lowering objects; provision of fence for the isolation of area. Rule 1412.11 : Protruding Nails & Loose Materials Protect against protruding nails & loose materials by: ensuring that they do not remain in any place where there is a source of danger; not stacking them in a manner as to cause danger to workers Rule 1412.12 : Protection Against Collapse of Structure Provide adequate and proper supports to two structure types: Temporary structures, Adjacent structures 38 UP DILIMAN| INSTITUTE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Site Safety Standard Elements 1. Representative Regulations Rule no. Heading / Main consideration 1412.13 Safe means of access 1412.14 Storage of materials 1412.16 Traffic control 1412.17 Vehicular loading 1412.18 Vehicular driving 1412.20 Personal Protective equipment Rule 1412.13 : Safe Means of Access Provide and maintain the following: safe access to workplaces, safe egress from workplaces. Rule 1412.14 : Storage of Materials Observe the following materials storage guidelines: materials and equipment must not exceed the load; carrying capacity of the structure; store materials properly to avoid collapse and tipping; do not store materials on passageways; store pipes and rebars in a manner to prevent rolling. Rule 1412.16 : Traffic Control Where there is danger from vehicular traffic, ensure provision of the following: Flagmen; warning signs; barriers; lane control devices. Rule 1412.17 : Vehicular Loading This rule specifies that during loading and unloading: no person will remain in the vehicle except those required; workers shall be provided with necessary protection. Rule 1412.18 : Vehicle Driving Vehicle operators shall be required to have the following: authorization to operate the vehicle; adequate training and experience. Rule 1417 – 1418 : Demolition The following guidelines shall be observed for demolition activities: Structures over 6m high must be under the supervision of a competent person. The area shall be strictly for demolition workers only. (Demolition area – w/in distance of 1.5H of structure) If the above distance is not possible, the structure shall be fenced all around. Danger signs shall be posted around the structure. The following guidelines shall be observed for PPEs: PPE’s shall be provided at the employer’s expense PPE’s must be adequately protects the head, eyes, ears, face, nose, hands, feet and etc. 39 UP DILIMAN| INSTITUTE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Site Safety Standard Elements 2. Construction Safety Signages required to be provided in the workplace Signs should conform with the standard requirements of the OSHS. The signages shall include but are not limited to the following items: Usage of PPE Falling/ falling objects Explosives and flammable substances Tripping or slipping hazards Toxic or irritant airborne contaminants/substances Electrical facility Dangerous moving parts of machines Fire alarms/ fire fighting Instructional signs/ Update of man-hours lost-periodic updating of man-hours worked/lost due to accidents/ incidents DO 13 defines and clarifies areas and usages for construction signages: Section 9: Construction Safety Signages Mandatory provision of safety and warning signs are reiterated not only for the protection of workers, but also the public in general. Signs should conform with the standard requirements of the OSHS. The signages shall include but are not limited to the following items: Usage of PPE Falling/ falling objects Explosives and flammable substances Tripping or slipping hazards Toxic or irritant airborne contaminants/substances Electrical facility Dangerous moving parts of machines Fire alarms/ fire fighting Instructional signs/ Update of man-hours lost-periodic updating of man-hours worked/lost due to accidents/ incidents 40 UP DILIMAN| INSTITUTE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Site Safety Standard Elements 2. Construction Safety Signages Standard colors of signs for safety a. Red b. Green c. White d. Yellow e. Orange f. Blue g. Purple DO 13 defines and clarifies areas and usages for construction signages: Section 9: Construction Safety Signages Standard Colors of Signs for Safety Red – for fire protection/fire-related hazard; to call attention to equipment apparatus and facilities Green – safety; designating ”safety” White – traffic. White, black or a combination of these are the basic colors for the designation traffic and housekeeping markings Yellow – caution. To designate caution and for marking physical hazards, such as striking against, stumbling, falling, tripping & “caught in between” Orange – alert; to designate dangerous parts of machines or energized equipment; electrical hazards. Blue – precaution; to designate caution, or warning against starting use of, or the movement of equipment which is under repair. Purple – radiation; to designate radiation hazards. Yellow is used in combination with purple for markers such as tags, labels, signs. 41 UP DILIMAN| INSTITUTE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Site Safety Standard Elements 2. Construction Safety Signages Standard colors of signs for safety a. Red –fire related hazard; attention to equipment apparatus and facilities b. Green – safety; designation of safety DO 13 defines and clarifies areas and usages for construction signages: Section 9: Construction Safety Signages Standard Colors of Signs for Safety Red – for fire protection/fire-related hazard; to call attention to equipment apparatus and facilities Green – safety; designating ”safety” White – traffic. White, black or a combination of these are the basic colors for the designation traffic and housekeeping markings Yellow – caution. To designate caution and for marking physical hazards, such as striking against, stumbling, falling, tripping & “caught in between” Orange – alert; to designate dangerous parts of machines or energized equipment; electrical hazards. Blue – precaution; to designate caution, or warning against starting use of, or the movement of equipment which is under repair. Purple – radiation; to designate radiation hazards. Yellow is used in combination with purple for markers such as tags, labels, signs. 42 UP DILIMAN| INSTITUTE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Site Safety Standard Elements 2. Construction Safety Signages Standard colors of signs for safety c. White – traffic, basic colors for designation of traffic & housekeeping d. Yellow – caution. to mark physical hazards, e.g. Striking against , stumbling, falling, tripping & caught in between DO 13 defines and clarifies areas and usages for construction signages: Section 9: Construction Safety Signages Standard Colors of Signs for Safety Red – for fire protection/fire-related hazard; to call attention to equipment apparatus and facilities Green – safety; designating ”safety” White – traffic. White, black or a combination of these are the basic colors for the designation traffic and housekeeping markings Yellow – caution. To designate caution and for marking physical hazards, such as striking against, stumbling, falling, tripping & “caught in between” Orange – alert; to designate dangerous parts of machines or energized equipment; electrical hazards. Blue – precaution; to designate caution, or warning against starting use of, or the movement of equipment which is under repair. Purple – radiation; to designate radiation hazards. Yellow is used in combination with purple for markers such as tags, labels, signs. 43 UP DILIMAN| INSTITUTE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Site Safety Standard Elements 2. Construction Safety Signages Standard colors of signs for safety e. Orange – alert; designate dangerous parts of machines or energized equipment: Electrical hazards f. Blue – precaution; designate cautio or warning against starting of use, or movement of equipment under repair DO 13 defines and clarifies areas and usages for construction signages: Section 9: Construction Safety Signages Standard Colors of Signs for Safety Red – for fire protection/fire-related hazard; to call attention to equipment apparatus and facilities Green – safety; designating ”safety” White – traffic. White, black or a combination of these are the basic colors for the designation traffic and housekeeping markings Yellow – caution. To designate caution and for marking physical hazards, such as striking against, stumbling, falling, tripping & “caught in between” Orange – alert; to designate dangerous parts of machines or energized equipment; electrical hazards. Blue – precaution; to designate caution, or warning against starting use of, or the movement of equipment which is under repair. Purple – radiation; to designate radiation hazards. Yellow is used in combination with purple for markers such as tags, labels, signs. 44 UP DILIMAN| INSTITUTE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Site Safety Standard Elements 2. Construction Safety Signages Standard colors of signs for safety g. Purple – radiation; designate radiation hazards ; ( used in combination with yellow) DO 13 defines and clarifies areas and usages for construction signages: Section 9: Construction Safety Signages Standard Colors of Signs for Safety Red – for fire protection/fire-related hazard; to call attention to equipment apparatus and facilities Green – safety; designating ”safety” White – traffic. White, black or a combination of these are the basic colors for the designation traffic and housekeeping markings Yellow – caution. To designate caution and for marking physical hazards, such as striking against, stumbling, falling, tripping & “caught in between” Orange – alert; to designate dangerous parts of machines or energized equipment; electrical hazards. Blue – precaution; to designate caution, or warning against starting use of, or the movement of equipment which is under repair. Purple – radiation; to designate radiation hazards. Yellow is used in combination with purple for markers such as tags, labels, signs. 45 UP DILIMAN| INSTITUTE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Fall & Ladder Safety Falls Leading cause of death in construction sites Accounts for a third of recorded construction related incident Fall related hazards a. Unprotected sides, wall openings and floor holes b. Improper scaffold construction c. Unguarded protruding steel bars d. Misuse of portable ladders In a construction site, the fall-related hazards and their mitigating measures are provided below: a. Unprotected sides, wall openings and floor holes b. Improper scaffold construction c. Unguarded protruding steel bars d. Misuse of portable ladders a. Unprotected sides, wall openings and floor holes Use at least one of the following when workers are exposed to a fall of 6 feet or more above a lower level: Guardrail Systems; Safety Net Systems; Fall Arrest Systems Cover or guard floor holes as soon as they are created Holes more than 6 feet high must be protected, such openings could be made safe by using a guardrail, or strong cover. Construct all floor hole covers to support twice the weight of people, materials and equipment that may be imposed upon them. b. Improper scaffold construction will be discussed in succeeding slides. 46 UP DILIMAN| INSTITUTE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Fall & Ladder Safety C. Unguarded protruding steel bars a. Guard all protruding ends b. Bend rebars (exposed end should not be upright) c. fall prevention is the first defense Excerpt from UP-NEC-ICPS In a construction site, the fall-related hazards and their mitigating measures are provided below: a. Unprotected sides, wall openings and floor holes b. Improper scaffold construction c. Unguarded protruding steel bars d. Misuse of portable ladders c. Unguarded protruding steel bars a. Guard all protruding ends of steel rebars with rebar caps of wooden troughs, or b. Bend rebars so exposed ends are no longer upright c. When work is being done above exposed rebars, fall prevention is the first defense. d. Misuse of portable ladders Side rails should extend at least 3’ (1m) above the landing. At the top, secure the side rails & use a grab device when extension is not possible. Self-supporting & non-self-supporting portable ladders must be able to handle 4x the maximum intended load (extra heavy duty or plastic : 3.3x max load). 47 UP DILIMAN| INSTITUTE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Fall & Ladder Safety D. Misuse of portable ladders Ladder-related hazards 1. Movement & slipping from the supports 2. Losing one’s balance 3. Losing one’s grip Hazard Avoidance From: “20 reasons why women live longer than man”by-skirmante retrieved from o Side rails should extend at least 1-m above landing Bored Panda o At top, secure side rails & use a grab device when extension is not possible o Inspect before use and do not overload Must be able to support 4x maximum intended load From: “20 reasons why women live longer than man” by-skirmante retrieved from Bored Panda From: “47 reasons why women live longer than men” by-Gabulaite retrieved from Bored Panda In a construction site, the fall-related hazards and their mitigating measures are provided below: a. Unprotected sides, wall openings and floor holes b. Improper scaffold construction c. Unguarded protruding steel bars d. Misuse of portable ladders d. Misuse of portable ladders Here are some hazard avoidance Side rails should extend at least 3’ (1m) above the landing. At the top, secure the side rails & use a grab device when extension is not possible. Self-supporting & non-self-supporting portable ladders must be able to handle 4x the maximum intended load (extra heavy duty or plastic : 3.3x max load). Images above are illustrations portable ladders being misused. 48 UP DILIMAN| INSTITUTE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Fall & Ladder Safety Additional ladder safety tips Don’t Do Overreach from a ladder Get a taller ladder Use the top two rungs Get down and move the ladder Move a ladder while on it Use a toolbelt Climb with a material Get a second ladder Share a ladder From: “Workplace hazards that only exist because of studpidity” retrieved from (cheezburger.com) As precaution or risk mitigation, above are the safety tips regarding the usage of ladders. 49 UP DILIMAN| INSTITUTE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Scaffold Safety Scaffold functions To provide temporary work areas beyond normal workers’ reach To provide safe access to and from work areas Review and Description of Scaffolds o One or more platforms supported by outrigger beams, brackets, poles, legs, uprights, posts, frames or similar rigid support o Material is usually steel (tubes and couplers) o Supported Scaffolds are the most common type o Intended to be temporary The functions or purposes of scaffolds are: to provide temporary work areas beyond normal workers’ reach; and, to provide safe access to and from work areas. Review and Description of Scaffolds One or more platforms supported by outrigger beams, brackets, poles, legs, uprights, posts, frames or similar rigid support Material is usually steel (tubes and couplers) Supported Scaffolds are the most common type Intended to be temporary Types of supported scaffolds includes; ladder jack, pump jack, tube & coupler, mobile, frame and system. To discuss safety requirements for scaffold setup logically, we will go through the stages of scaffold assembly in the following order: base construction , support structure, access, fall protection, and platform. 1. Base Construction Construction of a firm foundation (sound footing), it must be set on base plates and mud sills, or other adequate foundation. Must be plumbed and braced to avoid swaying and displacement. 2. Support structure Must be able to support its own weight and 4x its intended load. Scaffolds can only be altered under the supervision and direction of a competent person. Regarding bracing, frames and panels must be connected by cross, horizontal or diagonal braces, or a combination. Frames and panels must be joined together by coupling & stacking pins or equivalent. Do not mix scaffold components of different materials, or by different manufacturers….unless otherwise allowed. 50 UP DILIMAN| INSTITUTE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Scaffold Safety Types of supported scaffolds a. Ladder jack b. Pump jack c. Tube & coupler d. Mobile e. Frame f. System Excerpt from UP-NEC-ICPS Above are the illustrations of common or traditional scaffold systems used in a construction project. 51 UP DILIMAN| INSTITUTE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Scaffold Safety Common Hazards a. Falls from elevation b. Collapse from scaffold c. Being struck by falling tools, materials, debris d. Electrocution Key Safety Area Structural system From: “47 reasons why women live longer than men” by-Gabulaite retrieved from Guardrail System Bored Panda Planking From: “47 reasons why women live longer than men” by-Gabulaite retrieved from Bored Panda The common hazards associated with scaffolds are falls from elevation, collapse from scaffold, being stuck by falling tools , materials and debris, and electrocution. There are three key safety areas that can be easily addressed are the structural system, guardrail system and planking. Though in consideration of scaffold assembly, more orderly safety measures can be implemented. 52 UP DILIMAN| INSTITUTE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Scaffold Safety Scaffold assembly and components 1. Base Construction Excerpt from UP-NEC-ICPS 2. Support Structure Excerpt from OSHA guide to scaffold use Safety requirements or considerations according to the assembly phase or component of a scaffold are as follows: 1. Base Construction Construction of a firm foundation (sound footing), it must be set on base plates and mud sills, or other adequate foundation. Must be plumbed and braced to avoid swaying and displacement. 2. Support structure Must be able to support its own weight and 4x its intended load Scaffolds can only be altered under the supervision and direction of a competent person Regarding bracing, frames and panels must be connected by cross, horizontal or diagonal braces, or a combination. Frames and panels must be joined together by coupling & stacking pins or equivalent Do not mix scaffold components of different materials, or by different manufacturers….unless otherwise allowed. 53 UP DILIMAN| INSTITUTE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Scaffold Safety 2. Support structure From: “29 safety failure that would give From: “29 safety failure that would give OSHA nightmares-fail blog ” OSHA nightmares-fail blog ” (cheezburger.com) (cheezburger.com) Here, we can see an illustration of an ideal support structure (farthest right) compared to an unsuitable case (right image), and another one actually failed (center image). 54 UP DILIMAN| INSTITUTE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Scaffold Safety 3. Access Excerpt from UP-NEC-ICPS 4. Fall protection Excerpt from OSHA guide to scaffold use Safety requirements or considerations according to the assembly phase or component of a scaffold are as follows: 3. Access Employees must be able to safely access any level of the scaffold which is 600mm or below an access point. OSHA Standards clearly forbid the use of cross or end-braces as a means of access. Ladders – must be well positioned so as not to tip the scaffold. Hook-on and attachable ladders but be specifically designed for the type of scaffold in use Integral (Built-in) Access. 4. Fall Protection involves the following: Install guardrails along all open sides Walkways must have guardrails installed within 225mm of and along at least one side of the walkway 5. Platforms, which are use as walkways or use as work areas. The following are safety measures that should be adopted: Full planking or decking, with gaps no more than 1” (25mm), except when demonstrated to be necessary (max 9.5”) Must be at least 18” (450mm), unless work areas dictate a narrower width. Fall protection must be provided. Capacity, scaffolds must be able to support its own weight + 4x the intended load. Do not overload with (a) too many people, (b) too much material; and (c) too high load concentration 55 UP DILIMAN| INSTITUTE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Scaffold Safety 5. Platforms, use as walkways, use as work areas Excerpt from UP-NEC-ICPS Excerpt from OSHA guide to scaffold use Safety requirements or considerations according to the assembly phase or component of a scaffold are as follows: 5. Platforms, which are use as walkways or use as work areas. The following are safety measures that should be adopted: Full planking or decking, with gaps no more than 1” (25mm), except when demonstrated to be necessary (max 9.5”) Must be at least 18” (450mm), unless work areas dictate a narrower width. Fall protection must be provided. Capacity, scaffolds must be able to support its own weight + 4x the intended load Do not overload with (a) too many people, (b) too much material; and (c) too high load concentration 56 UP DILIMAN| INSTITUTE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Fire Safety Main components of any fire (fire triangle) a. Fuel b. Energy (heat source) c. Oxidizer (air) Prevention is, therefore, based on eliminating or minimizing one of the components of the fire triangle. Fire Prevention measures in a job site o Regular upkeep of job site o Avoid unnecessary stockpiling of combustible materials o Adopt safety precautions o Avoid burning waste materials o Adopt site rules on smoking The Fire Triangle identifies three main components of any fire: fuel, energy(heat source), oxidizer (air). If any of these is missing a fire cannot continue. Prevention, therefore involves eliminating or minimizing the interaction of these components. Fire Prevention measures in a job site o Keep tidy site and make sure rubbish is cleared away promptly and regularly. o Avoid unnecessary stockpiling of combustible materials. o Consider the need for special precautions in areas where flammable atmospheres may develop. o Avoid burning waste materials on site wherever possible. o Make sure everyone abides by site rules on smoking. 57 UP DILIMAN| INSTITUTE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Fire Safety Common causes of fire a. Short-circuiting, overloading or poor joints in electrical cables. b. Defective electrical equipment and wiring. c. Improper use or storage of flammable liquid such as thinner and paint. d. Excessive storage of waste and scrap materials. e. Smoking or use of naked flame. f. Machines not properly maintained leading to overloading From: “20 reasons why women live longer From: “47 reasons why women live longer From: “20 reasons why women live longer than man” by-skirmante retrieved from than men” by-Gabulaite retrieved from than man” by-skirmante retrieved from Bored Panda Bored Panda Bored Panda Common Causes of Fire a. Short-circuiting, overloading or poor joints in electrical cables. b. Defective electrical equipment and wiring. c. Improper use or storage of flammable liquid such as thinner and paint. d. Excessive storage of waste and scrap materials. e. Smoking or use of naked flame. f. Machines not properly maintained leading to overloading 58 UP DILIMAN| INSTITUTE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Fire Safety Preparing for a Fire 1. Have an alarm system 2. Have a means of escape 3. Have a Fire-fighting equipment ready 4. Have an Emergency Plan From: “29 safety failure that would give From: “29 safety failure that would give From: “29 safety failure that would give OSHA nightmares-fail blog ” OSHA nightmares-fail blog ” OSHA nightmares-fail blog ” (cheezburger.com) (cheezburger.com) (cheezburger.com) In preparing for a fire, the following are necessary components in a construction site: Have an alarm system Must be heard by everyone working on site over normal background noise; Will work when needed; Can be activated immediately Have a means of escape clear any obstruction; provide at least 2 escape routes; travel distances to safety are reduced to minimum; escape routes and emergency exits are clearly signed and never locked while working; provide emergency lighting; identify assembly point. Have Fire-fighting equipment ready located where it is really needed and is easily accessible; clearly indicate its location and instructions for usage; provide correct type of extinguishers depending on class of fire; the equipment should be working and maintained Have an Emergency Plan be available before work starts; be up to date and appropriate for the circumstances concerned; make clear who does what during fire; conduct fire drills 59 UP DILIMAN| INSTITUTE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Electrical Safety In electrical safety the guiding principles are: o Rendering the source as electrically dead o Providing barriers to prevent contact. Knowledge & review of materials ad conductors and insulators are needed General indicators of Human resistance to Electric Current 8 – 15mA Pain 15-20mA Pain, loss of muscular control 20-100mA Intense pain & paralysis of breathing muscles; possible suffocation Excerpt from UP-NEC-ICPS 100-200mA Ventricular fibrillation which will cause death > 200mA is possible to come from a 220V convenience outlet In electrical safety, the guiding principles are: (1) rendering the source as electrically dead and (2) providing barriers to prevent contact. Knowing electrical conductors to be the following: A material having many free electrons that can move easily. Metals (especially copper) are good conductors. Copper wires will allow billions of electrons to flow in the same direction to create a great source of electrical current. On the other hand, electrical insulators are material with few free electrons that cannot move easily. Rubber, dry wood, porcelain, and clay are considered good insulators. Insulators prevent electricity from flowing where it should not flow and control the flow of electricity in order to prevent accidents. 60 UP DILIMAN| INSTITUTE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Electrical Safety When working with Electrical equipment: NEVER ALWAYS Make repairs unless the power is off and Remove all conductors such as metal jewelry and unplugged from the circuit watches. Use equipment/ tools with frayed cords. Remove portable phones or other electronic devices. Operate, repair, submerge or work with Use required PPE such as insulated tools, gloves, and equipment in or around water floor mats. Keep your skin dry. Table above summarizes the different precautions and safety measures for activities involving electrical equipment. 61 UP DILIMAN| INSTITUTE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Electrical Safety From: “29 safety failure that would give OSHA nightmares-fail blog ” From: “29 safety failure that would give (cheezburger.com) From: “20 reasons why women live longer OSHA nightmares-fail blog ” than man” by-skirmante retrieved from Bored Panda (cheezburger.com) Above are some images showing unsafe practices on electrical systems and components. 62 UP DILIMAN| INSTITUTE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Personal Protective Equipment-PPE -any Physical Material or Equipment that is placed between the Employee and Workplace Hazards o To be selected and provided to employees, where hazards cannot be sufficiently abated or removed. In OSH, defines- Personal protective Equipment and Devices (under Rule 1080) OSH mandates management to: – provide PPE and training for personnel – post areas requiring PPE with signs – ensure full compliance of employees, (in the safety program and/ or policies) Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) is any Physical Material or Equipment that is placed between the employee and workplace hazards to reduce the potential for injury. PPE is to be selected and provided to employees or workers with assigned duties in which hazards cannot be sufficiently eliminated or removed to prevent occupational injury or illness. From the existing rules, standards and best practices, employees are normally mandated to: Use PPE in accordance with instruction and training received. Guard against damage to PPE Care for their PPE properly Report PPE malfunctions or problems to supervisory personnel Follow safe work practices while working with hazardous materials and wastes 63 UP DILIMAN| INSTITUTE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Personal Protective Equipment-PPE Identified sources of Hazards (by OHS committee) i. Impact ii. Noise iii. Heat iv. Electrical v. Penetration vi. Chemical vii. Dust viii. Material Handling From: “47 reasons why women live longer than men” by-Gabulaite retrieved from Bored Panda From: “Safety failures that OSHA would prefer not be a thing” retrieved from (cheezburger.com) Above are the identified sources of hazards that PPE may address. According to OSH rules, the following are the responsibilities of different entities with regards to PPE: Player Specific responsibilities Management shall: Provide PPE and training for all workers Post areas requiring PPE with signs Ensure full compliance of employees, as set in the CHSP or policies Supervisors shall: Ensure that appropriate PPE is available to employees Ensure PPE is properly used Employees shall: Use PPE in accordance with instruction and training received Guard against damage to PPE Care for their PPE properly Report PPE malfunctions or problems to supervisory personnel Follow safe work practices while working with hazardous materials and wastes Health and Safety Committee shall: Conduct workplace hazard assessment to determine the presence of hazards w/c necessitate use of PPE Conduct periodic workplace reassessment as requested by supervisors Maintain records on hazards assessments Provide training and technical assistance to supervisors on the proper use, care and cleaning of approved PPE Provide guidance to the supervisor for the selection and purchase of approved PPE Periodically reevaluate the suitability of previously selected PPE Review, update, evaluate the overall effectiveness of the PPE program 64 UP DILIMAN| INSTITUTE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Personal Protective Equipment-PPE Excerpt from UP-NEC-ICPS Excerpt from UP-NEC-ICPS From: “29 safety failure that would give OSHA nightmares-fail blog ” (cheezburger.com) Above are illustrations of inappropriate personal protection equipment. 65 UP DILIMAN| INSTITUTE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Personal Protective Equipment-PPE From: “Safety failures that OSHA would prefer not be a thing” retrieved from From: “20 reasons why women live longer (cheezburger.com) than man” by-skirmante retrieved from Bored Panda From: “OSHA Defying moments of safety failure” retrieved from (cheezburger.com) Above are illustrations of inappropriate personal protection equipment. 66 UP DILIMAN| INSTITUTE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Personal Protective Equipment-PPE Eye & Face Protection safety glasses goggles Face shields Welding goggles Welding shields Images excerpt from ILO OSH Eye & face protection We need Eye & Face Protection when working with: Dust and other flying particles, such as metal shavings or sawdust Corrosive gases, vapors, and liquids Molten metal that may splash Potentially infectious materials such as blood or hazardous liquid chemicals that may splash Intense light from welding and lasers Safety Glasses Made with metal/plastic safety frames Most operations require side shields Used for moderate impact from particles produced by jobs such as carpentry, woodworking, grinding, and scaling. Goggles Protects eyes and area around the eyes from impact, dust, and splashes Laser (Welding) Safety Goggles Protects eyes from intense concentrations of light produced by lasers Face Shields Full face protection Protects face from dusts and splashes or sprays of hazardous liquids Does not protect from impact hazards Wear safety glasses or goggles underneath Welding Shields Protects eyes against burns from radiant light Protects face and eyes from flying sparks, metal spatter, & slag chips produced during welding, brazing, soldering, and cutting 67 UP DILIMAN| INSTITUTE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Gloves w/ thick latex coated palm Personal Protective Equipment-PPE Head Protection: Hard Hats (per ANSI Z89.1-1997) Hand Protection (Note: there are no ANSI standards for gloves) Hard Hats Heavy duty gloves Images excerpt from ILO OSH Images excerpt from Yale ESH Head protection: Hard Hats Class G (formerly Class A) General service (e.g., mining, building construction, shipbuilding, lumbering, and manufacturing) Good impact protection but limited voltage protection Class E (formerly Class B) Electrical work Protect against falling objects, high-voltage shock/burns Class C Designed for comfort, offer limited protection Protects heads that may bump against fixed objects, but do not protect against falling objects or electrical shock (Per ANSI Z89.1-1997 ) Hand Protection : Gloves o Tape tops/fold: to keep liquids out & off skin o Vinyl, Rubber, Neoprene: Adequate for most chemicals o Synthetic gloves: good for petroleum based products Some precautions in usage of hand protection devices: Leather or cotton are appropriate for most abrasive jobs Don’t wear metal reinforced gloves around electrical work Make sure gloves fit- unsuitable fit may lead to injuries There are no ANSI standards for gloves, however, selection must be based on the performance characteristics of the glove in relation to the tasks to be performed 68 UP DILIMAN| INSTITUTE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Personal Protective Equipment- Earmuffs PPE Boots and Shoes Hearing Protection Safety shoes & boots Earplugs Images excerpt from ILO OSH Images excerpt from ILO OSH Foot Protection: Boots/ Shoes Types According to Materials Steel Toed Safety Shoes and Boots Puncture Proof Soles Non-Conductive for Electrical Work Rubber or Synthetic Footwear around Chemicals Types According to Use: Class H - Heavy work; Class S - Normal work; Class L - Light work Hearing Protection Common workplace injury Gradual increase over time Damage can be caused without pain Incorrect protection or protection worn incorrectly can be equally damaging You would need hearing protection when the following conditions are present: Workplace sounds are irritating You must raise your voice to be heard from two feet away Ears ringing after leaving work Sound levels reach 85 Decibels over an 8-Hour period Short bursts of high-pitched, loud, or continuous sounds Description for ear protection devices Plugs offer the most protection Earplugs are comfortable and easy to insert and use Muffs must fit snugly May need plugs and muffs in severe places Must keep sound below 90db 6