Ajman University Anatomy and Physiology I PDF

Ajman University Faculty of Pharmacy and Health Sciences. ANATOMY and PHYSIOLOGY I PHA130 DR NIHAL A. Ibrahim, M.D, PhD.  Chapter 1 An Orientation to the Human Body Dr.Nihal Abdalla, M.D. A&PI 2  An overview of anatomy and Phys...

Ajman University Faculty of Pharmacy and Health Sciences. ANATOMY and PHYSIOLOGY I PHA130 DR NIHAL A. Ibrahim, M.D, PhD.  Chapter 1 An Orientation to the Human Body Dr.Nihal Abdalla, M.D. A&PI 2  An overview of anatomy and Physiology Anatomy and physiology are 2 complementary branches of science that provide the concepts that help us to understand the human body. Anatomy studies the structure of the body parts and their relations to one another. Physiology studies the function of the body or how the body parts work. Dr.Nihal Abdalla, M.D. A&PI 3  Topics of Anatomy: 1- Gross or macroscopic anatomy: is the study of large body structures visible to the naked eye such as the heart , lungs and kidneys. 2- Microscopic anatomy: is the study of structures that are too small to be seen by the naked eye. These structures can be examined under the microscope. It includes: a- Cytology: study of the cells. b- Histology: study of the tissues. Dr.Nihal Abdalla, M.D. A&PI 4  Topics of Anatomy(cont) 3- Developmental anatomy: It studies the structural changes that occur in the body throughout the life. Embryology is the study of developmental changes that occur during intra-uterine life before birth. Dr.Nihal Abdalla, M.D. A&PI 5  Topics of Physiology: The topics or subdivisions of physiology are related to the specific organ systems. For example:  Cardiovascular physiology explains the functions of the heart and blood vessels.  Neurophysiology explains the work of the brain, spinal cord and nerves.  Renal physiology is concerned with kidney functions and formation of urine Dr.Nihal Abdalla, M.D. A&PI 6  Levels of structural organization At the chemical level: Atoms are the smallest building units of matter, they combine together to form molecules as water & proteins. At the cellular level: cells are made up of molecules, cells form tissues, tissues form organs, different organs form organ system. Dr.Nihal Abdalla, M.D. A&PI 7  Organ Systems Tissues Heart Cardiovascular system. Liver Digestive Epithelial Stomach system Cells Connective tissues Muscular Brain Nervous Nervous ….. system ….. Organs Human Body Dr.Nihal Abdalla, M.D. A&PI 8 The organ is formed of different types of tissues; For example: the stomach is formed of the following tissues: Dr.Nihal Abdalla, M.D. A&PI 9 Atoms Molecule Organelle Smooth muscle cell 2 Cellular level 1 Chemical level Cells are made up of Atoms combine to form molecules. molecules. Smooth muscle tissue Cardiovascular system 3 Tissue level Tissues consist of similar Heart types of cells. Blood vessels Blood vessel (organ) Smooth muscle tissue Connective tissue Epithelial tissue 4 Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues. 6 Organismal level 5 Organ system level The human organism is made up Organ systems consist of different of many organ systems. organs that work together closely. Dr.Nihal Abdalla, M.D. A&PI 10 Figure 1.1, step 6 CELLS: the shape and structure of the cell are modified according to its function: Dr.Nihal Abdalla, M.D. A&PI 11  The organ systems are interrelated together Examples of interrelationships among body organ systems: The integumentary system protects the body as a whole from the external environment. The digestive and respiratory systems, in contact with the external environment, take in nutrients and oxygen, respectively, which are then distributed by the blood to all body cells. Elimination of metabolic wastes is accomplished by the urinary and respiratory systems. Dr.Nihal Abdalla, M.D. A&PI 12 Figure 1.2 Examples of interrelationships among body organ systems. Digestive system Takes in nutrients, breaks them Respiratory system down, and eliminates Takes in oxygen and unabsorbed eliminates carbon dioxide matter (feces) CO2 O2 Food Cardiovascular system Via the blood, distributes oxygen and nutrients to all body cells and delivers wastes and carbon dioxide to disposal organs CO2 Blood O2 Heart Urinary Nutrients system Eliminates Interstitial fluid nitrogenous wastes and excess ions Nutrients and wastes pass between blood and cells via the interstitial fluid Integumentary system Feces Protects the body as a whole Urine from the external environment  (a) The Body (b) Systems (1) (c) a) Integumentary System Forms the external body covering; protects deeper tissues from injury; synthesizes vitamin D; site of cutaneous (pain, pressure, etc.) receptors, and sweat and oil glands. (b) Skeletal System Protects and supports body organs; provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement; blood cells are formed within bones; stores minerals. (c) Muscular System Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression; maintains posture; produces heat. Dr.Nihal Abdalla, M.D. A&PI 14  The Body systems (2) (d) (e) (f) (d) Nervous System Fast-acting control system of the body; responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands. (e) Endocrine System Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells. (f) Cardiovascular System Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc.; Dr.Nihal Abdalla, M.D. A&PI 15 the heart pumps blood.  The Body Systems (3) (g) (h) (i) g) Lymphatic System/Immunity Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood; disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream; houses white blood cells (lymphocytes) involved in immunity. The immune response mounts the attack against foreign substances within the body. (h) Respiratory System Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide; the gaseous exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs. (i) Digestive System Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells; indigestible foodstuffs are eliminatedDr.Nihal as feces. Abdalla, M.D. A&PI 16  The Body systems (4) (j) (k) (l) j) Urinary System Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body; regulates water, electrolyte and acid-base balance of the blood. (k) Male Reproductive System (I) Female Reproductive System Overall function is production of offspring. Testes produce sperm and male sex hormone; ducts and glands aid in delivery of sperm to the female reproductive tract. Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones; remaining structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus. Mammary glands of female breasts produce milk to nourish the newborn. Dr.Nihal Abdalla, M.D. A&PI 17  Homeostasis Homeostasis is the ability of the body to maintain a relatively stable internal conditions even though the changes which occur in the external environment continuously. The elements of a homeostatic control system. Communication between the receptor, control centre, and effector is essential for normal operation of the control system. Dr.Nihal Abdalla, M.D. A&PI 18  Students’ Assignment: Give 4 examples of homeostatic systems in the body. Explain the mechanism of each system. Dr.Nihal Abdalla, M.D. A&PI 19