AP World History: French Revolution, Enlightenment PDF

Enlightenment A.​ Born out of the Renaissance (humanism) and Scientific Revolution B.​ Applying reason and logic to natural laws C.​ Shift of reason and individualism over religion, traditionalism a.​ Highly Secular, challenged institutions (Church) b.​ Freedom, self-det...

Enlightenment A.​ Born out of the Renaissance (humanism) and Scientific Revolution B.​ Applying reason and logic to natural laws C.​ Shift of reason and individualism over religion, traditionalism a.​ Highly Secular, challenged institutions (Church) b.​ Freedom, self-determination (countries want to form their own country, demographics, ideals), education D.​ Open-mindedness and inquiry - End of divine right governments E.​ Knowledge could transform society Figures of the Enlightenment A.​ Thomas Hobbes (1588–1679) a.​ Wrote Leviathan b.​ Religion separate from politics and thought knowledge separate from faith i.​ Got him in trouble with the British Parliament ii.​ First to emphasize reason instead of faith c.​ Major belief was that all people are fearful and predatory (greedy) - Life is "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short" without government. i.​ They should submit to absolute power of the state as a result ii.​ Absolute power of the state allows people to live by reason and have lasting preservation d.​ Supported a strong government based on reason B.​ John Locke (1632–1704) a.​ Wrote Two Treatises of Government and An Essay Concerning Human Understanding. b.​ Disagreed with Hobbes in human nature i.​ People are all born good and with natural rights by God, people were not born greedy and selfish c.​ Believed in natural rights: Life, Liberty, and Property d.​ King’s power should be limited by laws enacted by the people i.​ Constitutional monarchy e.​ Social Contract: Agreement between the government and people  i.​ If the government does not uphold its part of the contract and protect the people’s rights, then people should revolt f.​ Freedom of religion should be a right protected by the government g.​ Ideas used by colonists as reason for the American Revolution and shaped the Constitution, also influenced French Revolution C.​ Baron de Montesquieu (1689-1755) a.​ Wrote The Spirit of the Laws b.​ Agreed with Locke a lot about role of government c.​ Against tyranny and absolute power d.​ Admired British Parliament’s checks on power - avoided 1 person becoming too powerful e.​ He said government should be broken into 3 branches: 1 makes laws, 1 interprets laws, 1 enforces laws i.​ Monarchy (Executive), Aristocracy (Legislative), Commons (Judicial) ii.​ Called seperation of powers, model for US iii.​ Each has some control over another - prevent a leader from becoming too powerful D.​ Voltaire (1694-1778) a.​ Wrote Candide and Philosophical Letters. b.​ Believed in constitutional monarchy and civil rights c.​ Advocated freedom of speech, religious liberty, and judicial reform d.​ “I do not agree with a word you say but I will defend to the death your right to say it” E.​ Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778) a.​ Wrote The Social Contract b.​ Individuals should have certain rights c.​ Believed in majority rule: whatever majority of people wanted should be law d.​ Championed idea of General Will i.​ Impulse to pursue common good within community e.​ Ideas supported the French Revolution f.​ “Man is born free, and everywhere is in chains”  F.​ Denis Diderot (1713-1784) a.​ Created the Encyclopedia b.​ Wanted to compile all human knowledge into a book so everyone could read it and become smarter - Encyclopedia i.​ Censored in France, were articles on human knowledge to change ways of thinking G.​ Cesare Beccaria (1738-1794) a.​ Wrote On Crimes and Punishments b.​ Said that laws exist to preserve society and order i.​ Was opposed the use of capital punishment and torture. c.​ Argued for fair trials based on evidence and testimony. d.​ Influenced modern legal systems, human rights laws, and the abolition of cruel punishments. H.​ Thomas Paine (1737-1809) a.​ Wrote Common Sense and The Rights of Man b.​ Supported and played a big role in the American Revolution. c.​ Argued for natural and universal rights. d.​ Opposed hereditary rule i.​ Helped inspire the American and French Revolutions, influenced modern democratic thought. Empiricism A.​ Knowledge comes from observation and experience (cause and effect) a.​ Basis of modern-day scientific method B.​ Sir Francis Bacon a.​ Father of Empiricism b.​ Experiment and observation c.​ Emphasis on practical, useful knowledge Nationalism A.​ Feeling of intense loyalty to others with shared language and culture a.​ Supported the idea of independent nations Abolitionism A.​ Abolishment of slavery (end Transatlantic slave trade and free slaves/serfs) B.​ Slave trade was banned before slavery C.​ Brazil last to eliminate slavery in Americas U.S., Great Britain and Suffrage A.​ Reform Act - 1832 a.​ Extended voting rights to adult males who rented properties land of a certain value, so 1 in 7 males in the UK were allowed voting rights B.​ Reform Act - 1867 a.​ Extended the franchise to men in urban areas who met at a property qualification, so increasing male suffrage C.​ Representation of the People Act - 1884 a.​ Addressed imbalances between boroughs and countryside i.​ Brought voting population to 5.5 million, but 40% of males were disenfranchised due to property qualification D.​ Representation of the People Act - 1918 a.​ Gave voting rights to all men over 21 and 40% of women, with property restrictions and women needing to be over 30 years old E.​ Representation of the People Act - 1928 a.​ Universal suffrage for all men and women over 21, no property restrictions Capitalism A.​ Means of production are privately owned for profit B.​ Adam Smith a.​ Wrote The Wealth of Nations b.​ Physiocrat c.​ Supported free trade, not mercantilism d.​ Laissez-faire economics - Gov. should reduce intervention in economic decisions i.​ let the market flow ii.​ “Invisible Hand” of the market would guide consumers/businesses to make the best choices for society iii.​ Foundation for capitalism Physiocrats A.​ Group of French economists who thought the wealth of nations was primarily from agriculture and that agricultural production was the source of all economic value Feminism A.​ Women’s rights, suffrage (voting) and equality B.​ Olympe de Gouges - France a.​ Wrote the Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the (Female) Citizen C.​ Mary Wollstonecraft - England a.​ Wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Women b.​ Universal education to prepare women to contribute to political/professional society D.​ Seneca Falls - In New York a.​ Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Santon hosted women’s rights/suffrage convention Socialism A.​ Public or direct ownership of means of production Classical Liberalism A.​ Belief in natural rights, constitutional government, laissez-faire economics, less militarism, divinity Conservatism A.​ Belief in traditional institutions - Practical experience over theories Deism A.​ The existence of a creator who does not intervene in the universe after its creation B.​ Belief that divinity set laws in motion C.​ Church provided needed moral guidance -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Utopian Socialists E.​ Henri de Saint-Simon  a.​ Scientists and engineers work with businesses to operate clean, efficient, beautiful places that produced valuable goods for society b.​ Public works projects i.​ Proposed Suez Canal F.​ Charles Fourier a.​ 810 passions that would make work more enjoyable and workers less tired b.​ Came up with the term “Feminism” G.​ Robert Owen a.​ Small communal societies that believed in education, collective ownership, and shared rules i.​ New Lanark, Scotland ii.​ New Harmony, Indiana (US) 1.​ Dreamed of Utopia, tried to make it with his small societies H.​ Fabian Society a.​ England b.​ Gradual socialists - use of parliamentary means c.​ H.G. Wells, Virginia Woolf, George Bernard Shaw Russian Serfdom A.​ Most Russians were peasant serfs B.​ Tied to their land, treated like property, and at the mercy of landlords C.​ Emperor Alexander II abolished serfdom a.​ 23 million people freed Zionism A.​ The desire of Jews to reestablish independent homeland in the Middle East a.​ Region predominantly Muslim, controlled by Ottomans and Palestinian Arabs b.​ Goal to escape anti-Semitism in Europe B.​ Led by Theodore Herzi C.​ Support increased following Dreyfus Affair a.​ French military officer who was convicted of treason  b.​ Documents that implicated him were forged c.​ Eventually pardoned, but increased the desire to leave d.​ Nation of Israel established following WWII -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- American Revolution and Events That Led to It A.​ Important to note that life in colonies was good: had land, not many people, equal status for free men, and no titled nobility or single established church=more freedom B.​ Birth and causes of Revolution a.​ Inspired by the Enlightenment, philosophy, and physiocrats b.​ Colonial legislatures operated with level of autonomy c.​ Disconnect with mother country - 13 separate colonies unite to preserve liberties i.​ Britain was focused on Asia and Africa and let colonies run themselves independently if they followed British law and acknowledge the crown ii.​ People don’t feel British, they feel independent, so when the British start taxing them, they don’t like it d.​ Due to Britain’s debt from the 7 years war, they used taxes and tariffs on the colonies, i.​ After years of salutary neglect and autonomy, Britain was tightly regulating goods e.​ Britain refused to offer representation of colonists in Parliament f.​ Thomas Paine’s Common Sense said it was common sense for colonies to be independent and their own country g.​ Colonists respond to with protests, animosity, and frustration against unfair taxes, no representation, and an overall lack of connection with Britain i.​ Boston Massacre, Boston Tea Party, Lexington and Concord, Breeds/Bunker Hill  1.​ All lead to the Declaration of Independence C.​ Declaration of Independence penned mainly by Thomas Jefferson - Inspired by John Locke and Enlightenment (mainly natural rights) a.​ “Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.” - “Inalienable rights” b.​ Signing it was treason - all the people who signed knew they were giving their life away for freedom i.​ Wasn’t signed off on by the states until August 2nd D.​ Thomas Jefferson a.​ From Virginia so he was the bridge between the North and South colonies (Washington was too since he was from Virginia too) b.​ A lot of European influence E.​ Benjamin Franklin a.​ Instrumental in writing the Declaration of Independence and securing support for the Revolution F.​ Revolutionary War and Battles a.​ Britain had an early edge, but the tide turns after the Battle of Saratoga i.​ France agrees to help the Americans 1.​ They were secretly aiding the colonists but were hesitant to join at first, having their own issues and it would be hard financially b.​ Key victories: Battle of Trenton, Battle of Princeton, Survival at Valley Forge, Battle of Monmouth, Pyrrhic wins at Guilford Courthouse and Cowpens, Battle of Yorktown c.​ Treaty of Paris eventually signed i.​ Established the Mississippi river as a western boundary, and Britain would formally recognize the United States ii.​ Ended and resolved the revolutionary war New Zealand Wars A.​ New Zealand originally occupied by Polynesian Maori a.​ Divided by iwi (individual tribes) B.​ Britain came in hopes of colonizing→conflicts over land and politics→series of wars  a.​ Britain able to sustain and defeat the united Maori i.​ Resulted in the Treaty of Waitangi which favored the British French Revolution A.​ Liberte, egalite, et fraternite (Enlightenment natural rights) a.​ Enlightenment causes the 3rd estate to question the 1st and 2nd’s actions B.​ France was in an economic crisis - Versailles, wars, colonization, inflation, poor harvests C.​ Ruled by King Louis XVI and Queen Marie Antoinette (Madame Deficit) a.​ French royalty that were hated and blamed for all the issues in France D.​ Ancien Regime and Three Estates a.​ The Ancien regime was the 3 estates that made up France b.​ 1st Estate - Clergy, 2nd Estate - Nobility, 3rd Estate - Everyone else (97% of pop.) i.​ Clergy and Nobility had most of the land, did not have to pay taxes, were privileges, and often outvoted/ganged up on the third estate 1.​ The people had no representation E.​ National Assembly a.​ The third estate broke free and forms their own legislative body - the National Assembly F.​ Tennis Court Oath a.​ The people stormed where the king was, but he closed the doors, so they moved to a Tennis Court i.​ Here, the National Assembly swore not to stop meeting until France had a constitution G.​ Maximilien Robespierre a.​ Headed this revolution. b.​ Later plays a role in the Reign of Terror (started it) i.​ Established first French Republic with Jacobins ii.​ Executed 72 thousand before being executed himself H.​ Storming the Bastille a.​ French citizens stormed this prison for weapons and ammunition, and to free the prisoners who were sent there because they opposed the king  b.​ Symbol of the French Revolution I.​ Declaration of the Rights of Man a.​ Declared all males equal before law, Equal right to hold public office, Freedom of religion, Taxes according to wealth b.​ A modified Declaration of Independence J.​ Jacobins a.​ Radicals, leader of the new French Republic along with Robespierre after the French Revolution b.​ Created the Committee of Public safety K.​ Committee of Public Safety a.​ Council of 5 people ordering executions for people who opposed the revolution L.​ Reign of Terror a.​ Started by the execution of the king and queen via guillotine after being tried for treason b.​ 5-year period under Jacobins and Robespierre where 72000 people were executed and fear spread i.​ Committee of Public Safety would execute opponents of revolution (very strict and killed anyone who even slightly complained about the new way things were run) Napoleon Bonaparte A.​ Born in Corsica into French/Italian family B.​ Supported French Revolution and Jacobins, joined French military a.​ Drove British from Toulon b.​ Went to Egypt i.​ Disrupted British trade, disaster c.​ Eventually became a political leader i.​ Overthrew weak Directory ii.​ 3-man governing board: Consulate, called himself “First Consul” iii.​ Made another Constitution 1.​ Napoleonic Code C.​ Eventually named Emperor a.​ Consolidated power, strengthened central gov., modernized finance, controlled prices, encouraged industry, built roads and canals, developed public school systems, and made peace with the Catholic Church (Concordat of 1801) D.​ Battle of Austerlitz a.​ Strategic victory E.​ Battle of Trafalgar a.​ British admiral Horatio Nelson ruined French fleet F.​ Napoleonic Code a.​ Equality of all males before law b.​ Religious toleration c.​ Advancement based on merit d.​ Women lost power i.​ Not citizens ii.​ Males had power over wives and kids G.​ Continental System a.​ Closed European ports to British goods H.​ Annexed many areas in war, adding to France a.​ Put his friends and family on thrones of other countries I.​ Britain blockaded European ports a.​ Shut off ports to keep people from entering/leaving i.​ Embargo b.​ Trade restrictions hurt Europe i.​ Goods were scarce, prices rose, smuggling was widespread J.​ Challenges a.​ Spain resisted foreign rule after Napoleon's brother took the throne i.​ Introduced reforms against Catholic Church ii.​ Rise in Spanish nationalism iii.​ Spain fights against French and Britain aided b.​ Russia resigned from Continental System  i.​ Napoleon sends Grand Army, Russia retreats with Scorched Earth Policy (burning everything along the way to avoid battle) c.​ Russia, Austria, Britain, and Prussia ally against France d.​ Napoleon defeated at Battle of Nations, exiled to Elba, Louis XVIII becomes king K.​ Later life/Downfall a.​ Louis XVIII didn’t accept Napoleonic Code or honor land settlements b.​ Napoleon escaped Elba and returns to cheers c.​ Napoleon vs Allies and Battle at Waterloo, forced to abdicate, exiled to St. Helen i.​ Dies there d.​ Overall eventually brought down by resistance from Russia and Britain L.​ Impact a.​ Citizens gained and women lost rights b.​ Conquests spread Revolution’s ideas c.​ Nationalism d.​ Abolishing the Holy Roman Empire indirectly creates Germany e.​ Sold the Louisiana Territory to US f.​ Congress of Vienna and Vienna Settlement i.​ Cleaned up Europe after Napoleon g.​ Made Europe’s largest empire since the Roman Empire h.​ Credited with taming the French Revolution i.​ Preserved many moderate elements like civil equality, secular law code, religious freedom, and promotion by merit j.​ Maintained revolution’s emphasis on social equality but dispensed with liberty Haitian Revolution A.​ Island of Saint Domingue (Hispaniola) - richest and most profitable colony in the world a.​ 40% of world’s sugar, 50% of world’s coffee b.​ Slaves were the majority of the population i.​ Death rate around 50% from being tortured and overworked  c.​ The rest of the population were rich whites, poor whites, and gens de couleur libres (free people of color) B.​ Slaves rebelled against French Plantation owners, killed masters and burned homes a.​ Joined by Maroons - people who already escaped slavery C.​ Initial revolt was led by Vincent Oge, but failed D.​ Toussaint L’Ouverture was a former slave that led the revolution a.​ L’Ouverture was familiar with Enlightenment thought and was a capable general b.​ Established an independent government and pitted Europeans against one another i.​ Europeans wanted to contain revolt c.​ Helped craft constitution i.​ Equality and citizenship to all residents - Abolition ii.​ Land reform 1.​ Plantation divided and distributed amongst former slaves and free blacks iii.​ Named self-governor for life d.​ Napoleon wanted to regain the island and reinstate slavery as it was so valuable i.​ Toussaint was betrayed and imprisoned by the French (dies in jail) E.​ Toussaint’s successor, Jean-Jacques Dessalines, led another revolt which declared Haiti’s complete independence a.​ First in Latin America to: win independence, be a black-led country in Western Hemisphere, become permanently independent due to a slave uprising Bolivar/Creole Revolutions A.​ Spanish Social Hierarchy a.​ Peninsulares, who made up 0.1% of the population, and often didn’t even live in South America, had the most political power and wealth. b.​ Creoles, who were Europeans born in South America, were almost identical to the peninsulares, but had less power and wealth from not being born in Europe. c.​ Mestizos and Mulattoes were people of mixed descent who supported the creoles in their revolutionary ideas. i.​ The creoles rejected their help.  d.​ Africans and natives were at the bottom, and ultimately could not help in the revolution. B.​ Desire for independence from creoles a.​ Were wealthy people who opposed Spanish mercantilism and wanted more political power (jealous of peninsulares) and less taxation b.​ Familiar with the Enlightenment c.​ Napoleon’s invasion of Spain also gave people the opportunity to rebel against a weakened Spanish empire C.​ Simon Bolivar a.​ Simon Bolivar was an Enlightened revolutionary creole who was very wealthy b.​ Wanted desperately to be a viceroy and have political power but could not due to being a creole i.​ Wanted to overthrow Spain and the Peninsulares c.​ He used his wealth to fund his military campaigns in Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, etc. d.​ He wrote The Jamaica Letter to gain British support for their independence, as they needed colonial land as well as an advantage over the French and Spanish. i.​ Reflects Bolivar’s vision for Gran Colombia - Envisioned unification of territories like the United States 1.​ Never fully achieved D.​ Manuela Saenz a.​ Simon Bolivar’s wife who gained notoriety for women and fought with Bolivar E.​ Caudillos a.​ Strong local leaders (military leader) with regional power bases who emerged after the wars for independence i.​ Disregarded the representative government and rule of law F.​ Peru a.​ Illiterate citizens were not allowed to vote, but eventually changed b.​ Women gained minimal rights G.​ Puerto Rico and Cuba a.​ Caribbean holdings began to rise against the Spanish  H.​ Lola Rodriguez de Tio a.​ Poet who critiqued Spain’s exploitation of Puerto Rico -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Congress of Vienna A.​ Task to restore stability after 25 years of Napoleon's wars B.​ Goal to create lasting peace, balance of power, and protect system of monarchy C.​ Main people a.​ Prince Clemens von Metternich (Austria) b.​ Tsar Alexander I (Russia) c.​ Lord Robert Castlereagh (Britain) d.​ Prince Maurice Talleyrand (France) Realpolitik A.​ Realistic, practical political strategy based on what the leader thought was best B.​ Championed by Count di Cavour, used by Otto von Bismarck Italian Unification A.​ Peninsula was divided among kingdoms and city-states a.​ Regional culture and language B.​ Congress of Vienna gave most of north Italy to Austria and gave authority to monarchs instead of unifying them a.​ Part of the reason for unification and war against Austria C.​ Giuseppe Mazzini and Giuseppe Garibaldi a.​ Both part of one of the most influential groups: Carbonari b.​ Mazzini rallied groups called Young Italy to move toward unification c.​ Garibaldi gathered nationalistic volunteers called red shirts to fight against Austria and Italian monarchs who were against unification  d.​ Both exiled for their revolutionary actions and rebellions started by their nationalistic organizations D.​ Count di Cavour and King Victor Emmanuel II a.​ Cavour: Prime Minister of Piedmont-Sardinia, liked realpolitik, wanted unity through any means necessary, and led Risorgimento - unification movement b.​ Victor Emmanuel II: King of Sardinia in Piedmont endorsed Cavour’s idea of unity through any means c.​ Together with Napoleon III, they used their Piedmontese and French troops to go to war with Austria, defeating them and expand Sardinia i.​ Goal to weaken Austria who had presence in the north ii.​ Convinced Napoleon to help in return for support against Russians 1.​ Backed out after limited engagement in fear of angering Pope E.​ After success defeating Austria and Sardinia expanding, other states vote by plebiscite (referendum) to join the Kingdom of Sardinia a.​ Aligned with Garibaldi and Red Shirts who were fighting in Kingdom of Naples F.​ Garibaldi returns and conquers Sicily with his red shirts, invades Naples with help from Victor and the Sardinian army - they go on to defeat the Papal states, the king of Naples, Rome, and Venetia a.​ Victor proclaimed King of Italy, and Italy is unified Prussia A.​ Foundations laid by Frederick William and the Great Elector a.​ Inherited land known as Brandenburg-Prussia b.​ Small open territory without natural defense B.​ Built 4th largest army in Europe C.​ Civil government developed D.​ Officials in the government were members of Prussian landed aristocracy (Junkers) E.​ Son Frederick I became king a.​ Prussia emerged as great power in Europe German Unification  A.​ Strengthened as a response to Napoleon's invasion and wars B.​ Congress of Vienna causes revolutions in Prussia and Austria inspired by nationalism and liberalism in response C.​ King Wilhelm I supported German unification and came to power, appointing Bismarck to be the Prime minister of Prussia D.​ Otto von Bismarck (Prime minister of Prussia) a.​ Used realpolitik to engineer 3 wars b.​ Strong leader and public speaker who wanted to use diplomacy and wars to unite i.​ Believed in “blood and iron” to unify through war and strength c.​ Disputes between Prussia and Denmark grew over ownership of area called Schleswig, causing war, and Bismarck manipulated Austria to align against Denmark and then against each other i.​ Called the Seven Weeks’ War ii.​ They gained Schleswig and additionally Holstein, but had disputed with Austria over ownership of the areas, causing Austro-Prussian War 1.​ Prussia wins, and now controls most German-speaking land in central Europe d.​ Bismarck and Wilhelm look to get western German-speaking land, thus the Franco-Prussian War for this land i.​ Used Ems Dispatch (altered communication between Prussia and France) to manufacture the war with France E.​ New German Empire created from both German states formerly under the Holy Roman Empire and the newly-acquired territories a.​ William I proclaimed Kaiser (ruler) of 2nd German Empire/Reich b.​ Includes Alsace-Lorraine, territory on the border between France and Germany Balkan Nationalism A.​ Ottoman expansion stopped at Vienna B.​ Nationalism in the region began whittling away at the empire a.​ Inspired by the Enlightenment C.​ Greece inspired to fight back against Ottoman rule after 350 years  a.​ Gained independence aided by the British, French, and Russian support D.​ Serbia, Bulgaria, and Romania followed a similar pattern a.​ They were rallied around history, culture, and religion b.​ They were aided by regional powers like Austria-Hungary and Russia Ottoman Nationalism A.​ Late 19th century - Ottomanism a.​ Create modern, unified state b.​ Minimize ethic, linguistic, and religious differences B.​ Pushback to Ottomanism a.​ Created greater desire for self-determination and independence in Ottoman Empire b.​ Led to splintering off of many countries and territories in Europe, Africa, and the Middle East