AP World History Past Paper PDF

Chapter 1 & 2 Paleolithic Age -​ Paleolithic age= old stone age (up to 10,000 BCE) -​ People were hunter gatherers -​ They were nomads -​ The men hunted while the women gathered -​ Women were more successful at gathering because hunting was hard with not many weapons and tools...

Chapter 1 & 2 Paleolithic Age -​ Paleolithic age= old stone age (up to 10,000 BCE) -​ People were hunter gatherers -​ They were nomads -​ The men hunted while the women gathered -​ Women were more successful at gathering because hunting was hard with not many weapons and tools -​ There was relative gender equality -​ Nomadic groups of 30-50 people -​ Nomads moved in circular patterns -​ Creation of fire happened during the Paleolithic age -​ They used fire a defense mechanism and for food and to keep warm during the winters -​ Info from cave paintings in France Neolithic Era -​ Neolithic Era= New stone age -​ Went from food gathering to food production -​ Experimented with farming -​ During this time period, the human population started settling instead of being nomadic -​ Settled near freshwater and rivers -​ They used a technique called slash and burn -​ There was a lot of trial and error -​ Change in gender relations -​ Patriarchal -​ Human population increased because humans were healthier -​ Form of a social structure -​ Leaders -​ Religious leader -​ Artisans -​ Farmers -​ Complex religion (polytheistic) -​ People believed that gods had a connection with the environment Mesopotamia -​ 10,000 BCE -​ 1st civilization -​ Tigris and Euphrates rivers are challenging and have unpredictable flood patterns -​ Mesopotamia divides into city states for better management -​ Theocracy- seen as divine -​ Mesopotamia’s leader was seen as divine -​ Mesopotamia has a wide and open area/land and got invaded often because they had no barrier of protection -​ The fertile crescent leads to great crop production  -​ Achievements -​ Irrigation system -​ Cuneiform -​ The wheel -​ Hammurabi’s code -​ Social distinction -​ High class was less punished than the lower class -​ Ziggurats -​ Mudbrick walls Phoenicians -​ They didn't rely on agricultural productions -​ They were traders and really good at it -​ Knowledgeable about waterways -​ Famous for phonetic alphabet and known for their famous red and purple dye (HIGH DEMAND) -​ Contributed to social distinction -​ Physical -​ Ways to determine social ranking Egypt -​ The nile river runs through egypt -​ The nile river is super calm, they know the flood pattern -​ Egypt has a massive natural barrer (Sahara Desert) -​ No city states in Egypt -​ Egypt is a theocracy -​ Egyptian writing: hieroglyphics -​ Mummified bodies -​ Pyramids -​ Good at working together -​ Dedicated -​ Engineering abilities -​ Shows their ability in math and science -​ Geography significantly shaped Egyptian civilization by: -​ The Nile River provided fertile land and irrigation -​ The Sahara Desert offered protection from inva2sions -​ Predictable flooding supported agriculture -​ Limited city-states fostered a unified theocratic society -​ Natural resources enabled trade and construction of monumental architecture Chapter 3 Empire - empire is a state (larger) that stays dominant over their region. They take things from people and other regions. Empires have different cultures and different people in a system. Rules for being a civilization -​ Select system of administration -​ Decide fate of conquered state -​ Have consolidated system for moneys -​ Create an efficient system of taxes -​ Create a uniform language Persian Empire e -​ Dates : 550-340 BCE -​ Location: Southwestern Iran -​ 1 leader, monarch, governors (satraps) -​ Indus river, persian gulf, mediterranean sea -​ The mediterranean includes Persia, Greece, Rome -​ Bodies of Water near them such as: Persian gulf, black sea, mediterranean sea, and indus river -​ Bodies of water benefit the environment -​ Resources -​ Water -​ Food -​ Farming -​ Persia had an irrigation system that sustained a rich agricultural economy. -​ Had a royal road (1700m) that helped with communication, trading, messages -​ Leaders that were responsible for the growth of Persia: -​ Cyrus (559-530 BCE) -​ Darius (522-486 BCE) -​ A characteristic that made the Persian Empire so successful was they had effective administrative system -​ Governors, officials, satraps -​ They would have a satrap in each province -​ Had a system of imperial spies -​ Persia also had imperial centers which showed they power Greeks -​ Dates: 750 BCE -​ Location: near mediterranean sea and black sea -​ Politically organized into city states -​ Athens: democracy -​ Sparta: military driven political system -​ In early Greek history wealthy men had rights of citizenship as the civilization grew, men from lower class gained rights. -​ Athens -​ Democracy  -​ More free than sparta -​ Had the idea of citizen ships and a say in decision making -​ Sparta -​ Military driven political system -​ Strict rules and harsh punishments -​ In Greece, they established around water for resources -​ water/food -​ Farming -​ Trade (favorable amount) -​ Export = olive oil and wine (they had a lot of it) -​ Import = other natural food products -​ Developments -​ Spread of Greek Culture -​ Language -​ Building statues -​ Athens and Sparta have their own type of government and culture - Greece expanded form growing populations by intermarriage - not dependent on rivers Greco-Persian Wars -​ Dates: 499-449 BCE -​ Series of conflicts between the Greek City States and Persian Empire -​ Greeks Won! -​ Athens’ Golden Age was 50 years after the Greco-Persian Wars -​ Delian league -​ City states came together and organized future attacks from Persia -​ Athens was in charge -​ Pericles was spending too much money on Athens, Sparta was suspicious he was taking money for the delian league, this leads to the peloponnesian war Peloponnesian War -​ Dates: 431-404 BCE -​ Conflict between city states Athen and Sparta -​ Athens wanted to solidify dominant position because athens brought the greek city states temporarily together for the Greco-Persian Wars, But Sparta was now trying to defend its independence -​ Athens was defeated -​ Peloponnesian War leads to takeover by the growing forces of Macedonia. Philip ll (King of Macedonia) unified Greece. Alexander the Great -​ Expanded greek cultures across territories -​ Led a massive Greek expedition against the Persian Empire that lasted 10 years -​ Died in 323 BCE -​ Empire was divided into 3 kingdoms Hellenistic Era  -​ After Alexander died -​ Hellenistic culture is a mix of -​ Greek -​ Egypt -​ Persia -​ India -​ The hellenistic culture is 1 great culture in mix with others -​ Due to the Hellenistic Era, greek architecture also spread -​ Alexandria Egypt was an example of Hellenistic culture Rome -​ Dates: 509 BCE -​ In 509 BCE, Romans overthrew the Etruscans -​ Rome starts as a state and republic -​ They had a government that selects their own leader -​ Social classes -​ Plebeians- low class -​ Patricians- high class -​ Empire began in 490 BCE when Romans gained control over Italian peninsula -​ Conflict between the social classes lead to the 2nd legal code called the 12 tables -​ Punic Wars -​ 1. Romans wanted sicily( carthage) -​ 2. Carthage tried to invade rome using elephants and failed -​ First Triumvirate -​ Result of unhappiness between social classes -​ Julius Caesar was not elected, idea of a republic started to fade -​ Julius came to power militarily -​ He increased the senate from 300-900 members -​ The increase of senate members angered the patricians because their power decreased -​ Julius was assassinated by senators in 44 BCE -​ 2nd Triumvirate -​ Octavian was in power for 40 years and he was good -​ He was more political than Julius -​ He reduced the size on senate from 900-600 -​ Conquers egypt and gains territory in Europe -​ Played a big role in transforming Rome from a republic to an empire -​ He divided rome into sections and created a good tax collected system -​ He maintained some elements of a republic like senate -​ Nero -​ Mentally not okay -​ Persecuted Christians -​ Killed his mom, stabbed her in the womb -​ Builds a castle where city of rome is burned -​ He dies  -​ After Nero, there’s the five good emperors -​ Pax Romana (Golden Age 180 CE) -​ Provided security, prosperity, and relative peace -​ After the Pax Romana, the downfall of Rome happens -​ The Downfall of the Roman Empire -​ Class conflict -​ Barrack emperors -​ Religious conflict -​ Large population -​ Spread of epidemic disease -​ Natural disaster -​ Barbarian attacks -​ There was such a large slave population in Rome and slaves don’t pay taxes and Rome was really dependent on slaves and have economic failure -​ Rome is too large -​ Empires get divided into eastern and western roman empires -​ 476 CE Roman Empire collapses -​ Roman Architecture -​ Roman road system -​ Transportation and goods -​ Aqueduct -​ Brings water from water source to urban area -​ Colosseum -​ Entertain large masses Shang Dynasty -​ Dates : 1766-1122 BCE -​ Formed around the yellow river -​ River -​ Farming and trade -​ Ruled by kings -​ Religion -​ Polytheistic -​ Their society was patriarchal (males as dominant) -​ Built irrigation systems -​ Made a chinese language system -​ Started to use metal Zhou Dynasty -​ Dates: 1122-256 BCE -​ To overthrow the Shang they used the mandate of heaven -​ Bigger than the Shang -​ Used decentralized system to rule the dynasty -​ Split the land up into different sections while someone governed it -​ As time went on, each state wanted more land -​ Ends up in a big fight  -​ Period of warring states -​ Decline of Zhou -​ China was divided into states that later wanted power, ending in a fight Qin Dynasty -​ Dates : 221-207 BCE -​ Followed legalism -​ Used legalism to bring china back together after the period of warring states -​ Shi Huangdi -​ First emperor -​ Divides china into districts -​ Centralized bureaucracy that allows efficient system of tax collecting -​ Invented concept of census -​ Builds a section of what later became the great wall of china Han Dynasty -​ Dates: 206 BCE- 220 CE -​ Larger than Qin -​ They dropped legalism for confucianism -​ Still had centralized bureaucratic system -​ They have a lot of rice which causes the increase of population -​ Issues that Han has -​ Barbarian threats -​ Large population -​ Class conflict -​ Bad leadership -​ 220 CE the collapse of the Han Dynasty Mauryan Empire -​ Before gupta -​ Larger than Gupta -​ Religiously tolerant -​ Promoted buddhism under ashoka -​ Buddhism was a way of bringing people together -​ Less strict than the caste system -​ Spread of buddhism created unity Gupta Empire -​ Smaller, northern india -​ Abandoned buddhism to go to hinduism -​ Buddhism was forced out -​ This was considered the Golden Age -​ Like the mayans they too also invented the concept of zero -​ Math science -​ Time of relative peace -​ Took advantage of silk roads, gem stones and spices are exported Chapter 4 Legalism -​ Philosophical -​ Believed that human nature was selfish, shortsighted, and stupid -​ Needed strict laws and harsh punishments -​ Shi Huangdi use legalism to unify China after period of warring state -​ Legalism led to the downfall Quin because of oppressive policies and rebellion Confucianism -​ Philosophical -​ Based on teachings of confucius -​ Human relationships -​ Political and social activism -​ Teachings were compiled in a text, anilects -​ 5 basic relationships : 1.​ Father to son 2.​ Husband to wife 3.​ Ruler to subject 4.​ Older brother to younger brother 5.​ Friend to friend -​ Shows patriarchy -​ Dominated by men -​ Filial piety, respect/ honoring elders and ancestors -​ Confucianism valued education -​ China chose Confucianism over legalism because there were less punishments also it outlined unequal relationships, everyone had their place. -​ Valued education Daosim -​ Philosophical -​ Individualistic -​ Like to “withdraw” themselves -​ Big into nature -​ Value simplicity -​ Withdraw from life -​ Education isn’t as important because they want to put an end to troubles -​ No mention of afterlife Hinduism -​ Polytheistic -​ No exact founder -​ A caste system -​ Social hierarchical system -​ Reincarnation  -​ Soul is reborn to another living thing -​ You karma affects your position -​ Hinduism stays in India because it isn't an easy religion to spread (complex). -​ Women had more freedom -​ Hindu texts: vedas, upanishads Buddhism -​ Philosophical -​ Founder: Siddhartha Gautama (566-486 BCE) -​ He seems suffering; wants to end concept of it -​ Gains a solid amount of followers -​ Buddhism spreads to other parts of asia -​ How did Buddhism spread: -​ Missionaries in Ashoka’s reign who promoted it -​ Appealed to lower class -​ Trade routes (silk road) -​ Easier than hinduism, more accessible -​ Buddha rejected the caste system, he claimed neither caste nor gender was a barrier to enlightenment. -​ Enlightenment: perfect peace and freedom from suffering -​ Buddhism adapted: Mahayana Buddhism -​ Greater accessibility -​ Spiritual path available (wider range) -​ Rules buddhists follow: -​ 4 Noble Truths 1.​ All life is suffering 2.​ Suffering is caused by desire 3.​ To end suffering, one must end desire 4.​ To end suffering, one must follow eightfold path Judaism -​ Monotheistic -​ Founder: Abraham -​ Jewish God= Yahweh -​ Text: torah -​ Follows 10 commandments -​ Hebrews are chosen people -​ What attracted people to Judaism -​ Concept of afterlife -​ Concept of a single God -​ The covenant -​ Promised protection and blessings for faithfulness and obedience Christianity -​ Monotheistic -​ Founder: Jesus (4 CE- 29 CE) -​ Jesus is Jewish  -​ Becomes like the easier version of Judaism -​ Follows 10 commandments -​ Text: Bible -​ Old testament -​ New testament -​ What attracted people to Christianity: -​ After life: heaven -​ One God, personal relationship, security -​ Jesus was a good speaker -​ Performs miracles -​ He would draw crowds -​ How it spread : missionaries -​ Christianity values salvation and has the idea of helping Chapter 5 China -​ Emperor Wudi -​ Established examination system -​ Based on confucianism -​ Laid groundwork for a bureaucratic system -​ For an efficient government, you need to have an efficient system of taxes -​ Government and religion intertwined -​ ​ Bureaucratic system x confucianism -​ If you study well you could become a government official by taking the civil service examination -​ Child has to be male -​ Patriarchal -​ Civil service examination ​ -​ Tested on your understanding of confucian principles -​ Provides social mobility; if poor can become successful -​ Created by emperor Shi Huangdi -​ Farming -​ Small scale farming -​ Average family has a small piece of land and they work by themselves -​ Better economically -​ Less corrupt -​ Don't need to pay the worker -​ Motivation -​ Incentive -​ Large scale farming -​ A challenge -​ People feared them because they are so rich so they kept large scale farming instead  -​ Wealthy -​ Landlords own large piece of land and other people work -​ Merchants -​ Looked down upon -​ Treated terribly -​ People thought they sold other people's work -​ They weren’t respected because they were not educated and int take the examination -​ Merchants sent their sons to school so they could be respected Wang Mang -​ Believer in confucian good government Yellow turban rebellion -​ Peasants rebelled because of harsh and bad conditions and this led to: -​ Daoism -​ Weakened state -​ Overthrow of dynasty -​ Harsh conditions like: -​ Natural disasters -​ Famines -​ Droughts -​ Die of hunger India’s caste system -​ Emerging due to the need of government -​ Caste system over central government -​ Lack of political authority -​ Social security -​ No fear of moving up or down the caste -​ Castes provides order -​ Lack of social mobility, religious based -​ Jatis allowed greater social mobility by acquiring land or wealth Chinese Slavery -​ 1% of population -​ Not widespread -​ Did Not become a source of labor -​ Agricultural labor did not depend on slaves because china had peasants Indian Slavery -​ Protection for slaves -​ Did Not depend economically on slaves -​ They didn’t need slaves because of the untouchables -​ India did have domestic slaves that work at homes Mediterranean Slavery -​ Slavery was a defining element of Roman society -​ Athens was home to 60,000 slaves -​ Even poor households would have 1 or 2 slaves  -​ As the Roman empire grew, social disruption set loose and transformed it into a society where slaves played a large role in the economy. -​ Slaves didn't have to pay taxes and this led to the collapse of Rome because slaves make up ⅓ of the population of Rome. Systems of Patriarchy -​ China -​ Religion (Confucianism) Five Basic Relationships -​ Social order -​ Collapse of Han -​ Nomadic pressure contributed to the collapse which caused pressure so there's going to be an ease of patriarchy because of China and Nomads. -​ Greece -​ Athens - men are old when married, women are young -​ Sparta- women ran the household because men are always off at war or military training Chapter 6 2nd wave civilizations - 600 BCE-600 CE Africa -​ Most diverse continent (geographically) -​ Rainforest -​ Savannah regions -​ Mountainous -​ Desert -​ Sahara Desert (largest desert) -​ Protective barrier, hard to get through Meroé -​ 2nd wave civilization -​ Southern part of nile river -​ South of egypt -​ Constant rivals with egypt -​ Took the spot of what used to be Nubia -​ Monarchical system -​ Allowed females to rule -​ Urban center -​ Tells us they were advanced -​ Not worried about irrigation -​ A Lot of rain -​ Access to the nile -​ Dependable source of rain -​ They did trade using nile river because it has access to the mediterranean -​ Downfall:  -​ Deforestation -​ Removal of trees and wood -​ Bad for farming Axum -​ Modern day Ethiopia -​ Very mountainous -​ They were builders -​ Had great access to trade because they were located near the red sea which allowed them to trade with the roman empire -​ Highly productive agriculture -​ Plow based -​ Big Focus on grain -​ Supplement with trade -​ Introduction to christianity, it was not only a religious influence, but also as a cultural identity. Niger -​ 300 BCE- 900 CE -​ Niger river -​ has gold -​ A Lot of trade -​ Very wealthy -​ Don’t have centralized government -​ Lived in clusters based on trade and occupation -​ Relied on agriculture -​ Similarities with Egypt, China, Rome: -​ Development of urban centers and societies with advanced tech Teo Tihuacan -​ Valued green obsidian -​ Big cities -​ No writing system Mayans -​ Modern day guatemala -​ Western hemisphere -​ No irrigation -​ High agriculture production -​ Maze -​ Squash -​ Beans -​ Their high agricultural production sustains large populations -​ Tikal -​ Capital city of Mayans -​ Trade happened -​ political , economic, social part of the Mayan civilization -​ Political  -​ Divided into city states -​ Decentralized -​ Each city state has its own ruler -​ Economic -​ Mayan economy was based on intensive farming techniques -​ Elaborate water management system because they got a lot of water -​ Human sacrifice -​ Achievements -​ Mayan calendar -​ Writing system -​ Concept of 0 -​ Water management system -​ Massive buildings Hemispheres -​ Western -​ Relied more on agriculture, no irrigation -​ Tropical (more rain) -​ Less centralized government -​ Less domesticated animals -​ Eastern -​ Need irrigation -​ Interacts a lot more with mediterranean -​ Much more centralized government -​ Domesticated animals South America Andes Mountains -​ Western coast of South America -​ Diverse geography -​ Need to worry bout elevation because certain crops grow better or worse at different locations -​ Potatoes were native to the Andes mountains Chavin -​ Modern day Peru -​ No writing system -​ Elaborate temple complexes -​ Artwork -​ Taken over my Mochi -​ Not a large empire Mochi -​ Replaces Chavin -​ Bigger than Chavin -​ Engineers -​ Grew a lot of potatoes  -​ Pretty big agriculturally -​ Religious group (polytheistic) Bantus -​ Migratory society -​ The Bantus spread their culture to africa: -​ Agriculture -​ Tools -​ Language -​ Africans lean to farm because of the Bantu migration -​ The effects were spread of language and culture Chapter 7 Trade -​ Local trade - bartering between civilizations -​ Regional trade- trade that occurs in certain area -​ Hemispheric trade- happens in a hemisphere Positives to trade -​ New tech -​ Change in economics -​ Spread of cultures -​ More good exchanged -​ Relationships between civilizations Negatives to trade -​ Spread of disease -​ Bubonic plague (black deat) Religion -​ Spread of buddhism -​ Silk roads Silk Roads -​ China produces a lot of silk -​ Focus on luxury items for elite class -​ Gemstones, spices, porcelain, paper, mirrors -​ Movement of pastoral people also allowed for Indo- European languages, bronze, horse tech, etc. -​ Super popular -​ Merchants were more respected -​ Through central asia -​ Weather conditions were complex -​ Hard for merchants to travel -​ Saddles and stirrups was effective and good for trade (longer distance trade) this helped by taking human weight off the back of the horse so the horse could travel for longer -​ Items traded -​ Nuts  -​ Indian spices -​ Porcelain -​ Peper -​ Mirrors -​ Buddhis was traded on the Silk Roads -​ Appealing to merchants -​ Spread widely throughout central and east asia -​ Indian traders and buddhist monks brought the religion to trans-eurasian trade routes -​ The sogdians were important to the process that buddhism was later introduced to northern china -​ 2 sogdians lived in china and helped translate sanskrit buddhist texts to chinese. -​ Disease spread on the Silk Roads -​ Between 534 and 750 CE the bubonic plague spread and Constantinople lost thousands of people everyday. -​ The most well known disease: The Black Death -​ Up to have the population of Europe perished from the plague -​ Overtime exposure provided some sort of immunity to Eurasian diseases Sea Roads (600-1450) -​ More trade on water -​ Traded heavier and bulk products -​ Slaves were also traded -​ Economics -​ Lower cost, little more risky -​ Tech developments -​ Magnetic compass (Chinese) -​ Astrolabe -​ Ships -​ Products that were traded -​ Glassware, wine (mediterranean) -​ Ivory, metal ( east africa) -​ incense (arabia) -​ Cotton, textiles, spices, pepper (india) -​ Porcelain, tea (china) -​ Transportation costs were lower on Sea Roads because ships could hold larger stuff than horses on the silk roads. -​ Changes in Southeast Asia from oceanic commerce -​ Policial change and used wealth to construct larger and more centrally governed states or cities -​ Cultural change as people were attracted to religion many new societies were stimulated -​ Srivijaya influenced much of southeast asia because of its connection between commerce and state building  -​ Sand Roads -​ Africa -​ Camels changed northern africa (originated from arabia) -​ Allows for trade across the Sahara Desert -​ Arabian camels don't need water as much and can travel long distances -​ Gold is discovered -​ Western africa -​ Gold (status symbol and high demand) -​ Building of the state Ghana -​ Take advantage that gold is nearby -​ Tax traders and tax gold -​ Middle East -​ Get products then finishes it and sells it for more -​ Mali takes over Ghana -​ Mansa Musa -​ Emperor of Mali -​ The capital of mali comes a center/city that represents the wealth of Mali -​ Mansa Musa handed out too much gold on his pilgrimage to Mecca and over saturated the market with gold. The demand for gold decreased because everyone had it. -​ When demand goes down prices also go down -​ Leads to economic instability -​ Songhai takes over Mali -​ West Africa shouldn't have released all their gold -​ Traded on the Sand Roads -​ Salt -​ Slaves -​ Gold Chapter 8 Sui Dynasty -​ After Han Dynasty -​ Dates: 581-618 CE -​ Unifies a section of modern day China -​ Emperor wasn’t well liked (Sui Yangdi) -​ Constructs the Grand Canal -​ Links the south with the north -​ Public works project -​ Allowed more agriculture -​ put a lot of pressure on chinese peasants -​ Chinese population continues to grow -​ Economically sets china up  -​ The canal contributed much to the prosperity of the Tang and Song. Their foundations were built off the Sui Dynasty Tang Dynasty -​ Dates : 618-906 -​ has a state structure that endured for thousands of years -​ The golden age of arts and literature -​ Restored chinese culture -​ Civil service examination -​ Confucianism -​ Very stable -​ Focus on agriculture -​ Were able to print books for the first time in world history -​ Tech -​ Movable type print (stamping system) -​ Beginning of literary works -​ Poetry -​ Record keeping Song Dynasty -​ Dates: 960-1279 -​ The golden age of arts and literature -​ Had a state structure that endured for thousands of years -​ Examination was back and more elaborate -​ Much smaller -​ Moved to the south because of the nomadic pressure -​ Part of golden age -​ Foot binding in Song Years because of the economic prosperity -​ Women with small feet were the beauty standard -​ Song Dynasty was conquered by the mongols -​ Many people found their way to the cities making China the most urbanized country in the world -​ Song Dynasty's capital of Hangzhou had 1 million people and was very lively -​ Had a golden age of tech innovations -​ World’s first printed books -​ Invention of Gunpowder -​ Led to a permanent revolution in military affairs that had global dimensions -​ Had strong industrial production -​ Growth was fueled by coal, it provided heat in homes -​ All these innovations contributed to commerce. Instead of being localized it became very widespread. -​ Social -​ Turning point in chinese history for patriarchy -​ With confucianism back, that tightened patriarchal restrictions on women Chinese relationship with northern nomads  -​ Interest in China’s manufactured items -​ Because they know the value -​ China needs horses from the northern nomads Yuan Dynasty -​ Mongols created their own dynasty China’s Tribute System -​ Egotistical -​ Ethnocentric -​ Groups like Japan, Korea, and Vietnam have to show respect to trade with the Chinese China and Korea -​ Close neighbors -​ Resist Chinese political control -​ Maintain own political ideology by participation in the tribute system -​ Buddhism takes place -​ Koreans sen students to china to learn -​ Korean dynasties maintained its political independence while participating in China’s tribute system -​ Korean students were sent to china to study confucianism and science and arts -​ Buddhism took place in Korea by: -​ Buddhist monks visiting chinese learning center and brought back forms of Chinese Buddhism -​ Schools that study confucianism using chinese texts were established in Korea -​ Planting confucian values and chinese culture had a negative impact on Korean women: -​ Chinese noticed and disapproved of free choice marriage in Korea -​ Korea moved toward greater cultural independence by developing a phonetic alphabet known as hangul for korean written language Vietnam and China -​ Vietnam adopted these things from China: -​ Administrative techniques -​ Examination system -​ Artistic and literary styles -​ Vietnam achieved political independence while fully participating in the tribute system -​ Vietnamese were ruled by Chinese officials that expected to fully assimilate this rich rice growing region into China culturally and politically -​ Chinese style irrigation introduced -​ Educated in confucianism -​ Chinese clothing and hairstyles became mandatory -​ Weakening of Tang allowed Vietnam to rebel and become a separate state -​ Vietnam had their own distinct language -​ Vietnam retained a greater role for women in social and economic life despite the chinese influence -​ Vietnam has rice, china is interested -​ Bring irrigation to vietnam -​ Called Vietnam southern barbarians  -​ They adopted a lot of stuff from China -​ Vietnam is considered a vassal state because it has some connection toward China Japan and China -​ Physically separated from China -​ Borrow a lot of ideas form the Chinese -​ Want to be like chinese -​ Nara Period -​ Believed to experience the same benefits from China if they copy and do what the Chinese did. It didn’t work because Japan and China are vastly different geographically too. Japan is mountainous. -​ Instead of using what they have, they focus on trying to be like China which leads to feudalism caused by the lack of success during the Nara Period. -​ Feudalism- land in exchange for protection -​ Social Hierarchy -​ Emperor ( has no real power) -​ Shogunate ( military leader) -​ Daimyo -​ Samurai (warriors) -​ Farmers -​ Merchants and artisans -​ Japan’s issue- lack of political stability from the lack of success during the Nara Period. -​ Chinese culture really found favor in Japan -​ The Japanese didn't create an effective centralized bureaucratic state to match China. Chinese technological impact on Eurasia -​ China’s tech like paper and gunpowder allowed religion to spread along with trade -​ Technologies were heavily influenced by buddhism -​ China had economic growth from its interaction from Eurasia -​ Chinese invention of gunpowder triggered the development of canons Impact of Buddhism in China -​ Buddhism brought stability and prosperity -​ After the decline of the Han, Buddhism provided comfort in the face of a collapsing society