AP 2 Unit 2 Need to Know List PDF

**AP 2 Need to Know List Unit 2** ================================= **Chapter 18: Cardiovascular System: Blood** ============================================ - Describe the general functions of blood. - List six characteristics that describe blood, and explain the significance of each to...

**AP 2 Need to Know List Unit 2** ================================= **Chapter 18: Cardiovascular System: Blood** ============================================ - Describe the general functions of blood. - List six characteristics that describe blood, and explain the significance of each to health and homeostasis. 1. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 2. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 3. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 5. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 6. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ - List the three components of a centrifuged blood sample. 1. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 2. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 3. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ - Define hematocrit, and explain how the medical definition differs from the clinical usage. - Name the three formed elements of the blood, and compare their relative abundance. 1. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 2. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 3. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ - Define colloid osmotic pressure, and explain how plasma protein levels affect colloid osmotic pressure. - List the major types of plasma proteins, and explain the general function of each. - List the major solutes found in plasma. - Explain the general process of hematopoiesis, including the name of the hematopoietic stem cell and the substances (CSFs) involved in hematopoiesis. (Chart) - Describe the process of erythropoiesis. - Compare the production of granulocytes, monocytes, and lymphocytes in leukopoiesis. - Summarize the process by which platelets are formed in thrombopoiesis. - Describe the structure of erythrocytes. - List the events by which erythrocyte production is stimulated. - Explain the process by which erythrocyte components are recycled. - Compare and contrast the different blood types and their importance when transfusing blood. - Explain the main function of leukocytes. - Distinguish between granulocytes and agranulocytes, and compare and contrast the various types with respect to structure, abundance, and function. - Explain what is meant by a differential count and how it is clinically useful. - Describe the structure and function of platelets. - Explain vascular spasm (the first phase of hemostasis), and name conditions that bring about vascular spasm. - Describe what happens when platelets encounter damage in a blood vessel. - Define coagulation, and list the substances involved in coagulation. - Compare and contrast the intrinsic pathway and the extrinsic pathway for activating blood clotting. - Describe events in the common pathway. - Explain the sympathetic response to blood loss when blood loss exceeds 10%. - Explain the processes of clot retraction and fibrinolysis. - List some conditions that occur with the red bone marrow and blood in the elderly. **Chapter 19: Cardiovascular System: The Heart** ================================================ - Describe the general function of the cardiovascular system. - Describe the general structure and function of the heart. - Compare and contrast **pulmonary** circulation and **systemic** circulation of the cardiovascular system. Trace blood flow through both circulations. - Describe the location and position of the heart in the thoracic cavity. - List and describe the structural components of the pericardium (visceral vs. parietal) - Describe the function of the pericardium and the purpose of the serous fluid within the pericardial cavity. - Compare the superficial features of the anterior and posterior aspects of the heart. - Name the three layers of the heart wall and the tissue components of each. - Characterize the four chambers of the heart and their functions. - Compare and contrast the structure and function of the two types of heart valves. - Identify the coronary arteries. - Describe blood flow through the coronary arteries. - Identify the coronary veins - Describe the general structure of cardiac muscle, including intercalated discs. - Explain how cardiac muscle meets its energy needs. - Identify and locate the components of the heart's conduction system. - Compare and contrast parasympathetic and sympathetic innervation of the heart. - Describe the steps for SA nodal cells to spontaneously depolarize and serve as the pacemaker cells. - Describe the spread of the action potential through the heart's conduction system. - List the electrical events of an action potential that occur at the sarcolemma. - Define the refractory period. - Explain the significance of the plateau phase. - Identify the components of an ECG recording. - Identify the two processes within the heart that occur due to pressure changes associated with the cardiac cycle. - List the five phases of the cardiac cycle. - List and describe what occurs during the five phases of the cardiac cycle. - Explain the significance of ventricular balance. - Define cardiac output. - Explain what is meant by cardiac reserve. - Define chronotropic agents, and describe how they affect heart rate. - Explain how autonomic reflexes alter heart rate. - List the three variables that may influence stroke volume. - Define each of the three variables, and describe the factors that influence each variable and how each variable affects stroke volume. - Summarize the variables that influence cardiac output. **Chapter 20: Cardiovascular System: Vessels and Circulation** ============================================================== - Describe the three tunics common to most vessels. - Explain the distinguishing features of the tunics found in arteries, capillaries, and veins. - Compare and contrast the composition of elastic arteries, muscular arteries, and arterioles. - Describe the general anatomic structure and function of capillaries. - Compare the anatomic structure, function, and location of continuous capillaries, and fenestrated capillaries. - Trace the movement of blood through a capillary bed. - Describe the structure and general function of veins. - Explain how veins serve as a blood reservoir for the cardiovascular system. - Compare and contrast the simple and alternative pathways of blood vessels. - Predict the significance of slow blood flow in the capillaries. - Explain the processes of diffusion and vesicular transport between capillaries and tissues. - Explain the processes of bulk flow, filtration, and reabsorption. - Compare and contrast hydrostatic pressure and colloid osmotic pressure in the capillaries. - Define net filtration pressure (NFP). - Calculate net filtration pressure for both the arterial end and the venous end of a capillary. - Explain the lymphatic system's role at the capillary bed. - Describe what is meant by degree of vascularization. - Explain the process of angiogenesis and how it aids perfusion. - Describe the myogenic response that maintains normal blood flow through a tissue. - Compare and contrast a vasodilator and a vasoconstrictor. - Explain how a tissue autoregulates local blood flow based on metabolic needs. - Describe how local blood flow is altered by tissue damage and as part of the body's defense. - Explain the general relationship of total blood flow to local blood flow. - Define blood pressure and blood pressure gradient. - Compare and contrast blood pressure and blood pressure gradients in the arteries, capillaries, and veins. - Calculate pulse pressure and mean arterial pressure (MAP) in the arteries. - Explain the mechanisms that help overcome the small pressure gradient in veins to return blood to the heart. - Define resistance, and explain how resistance is influenced by blood viscosity, vessel length, and vessel radius. - Describe the relationship of both the blood pressure gradient and resistance to total blood flow. - Explain why blood pressure increases with increased resistance in the systemic circulation. - Describe the anatomic components associated with regulating blood pressure through short-term mechanisms. - Explain the autonomic reflexes that alter blood pressure. - Describe the hormones that regulate blood pressure. - Explain the renin-angiotensin system and its influence on blood pressure. - Contrast the effects of angiotensin II, aldosterone, and antidiuretic hormone on blood pressure with those of atrial natriuretic peptide. - Compare total blood flow and distribution at rest and during exercise. - Trace the pathway of vessels from the right ventricle to the lungs and back to the left atrium. - Describe features of the pulmonary circulation that distinguish it from systemic circulation. - Identify and describe the arteries that transport blood away from the left ventricle of the heart to the major areas of the body. - Identify and describe the veins that return blood from the systemic circulation to the right atrium of the heart.