Biology Chapter 18: Cardiovascular System

<p>Lymphocytes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Form blood clots. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>O- (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A measurement of the percentage of each type of white blood cell. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vascular spasm. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To protect and anchor the heart (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aortic valve (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They allow rapid communication and coordination between cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Repolarization (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increases heart rate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To exchange gases between the blood and the lungs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To generate electrical impulses that control heart rate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Blood viscosity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Angiotensin II (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>MAP = Diastolic pressure + 1/3 (Systolic pressure - Diastolic pressure) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Blood pressure increases due to reduced flow (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Arterial blood pressure is higher due to proximity to the heart (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Atrial contraction, isovolumetric contraction, ventricular ejection, isovolumetric relaxation, diastolic filling (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Preload, afterload, contractility (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The volume of blood the heart pumps in one minute; heart rate multiplied by stroke volume (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They increase heart rate and can be influenced by intrinsic factors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Capillaries are singularly layered to allow for exchange with tissues (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diffusion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It allows for immediate dilation or constriction of vessels in response to blood flow changes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alternative pathways provide multiple routes for blood to reach the same tissue (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The volume of blood that circulates through the body in a given period.

The difference in blood pressure between two points in the circulatory system.

A measure of the opposition to blood flow in vessels, influenced by viscosity, length, and radius.

The average pressure in a person's arteries during one cardiac cycle.

A hormone system that regulates blood pressure and fluid balance by adjusting blood vessel constriction.

When platelets encounter damage, they adhere to the site, aggregate, and release chemicals to promote clotting.

The process of blood clotting involving platelets and clotting factors to stop bleeding.

Part of coagulation activated by internal damage to blood vessels, involving a series of factors (like XII, XI, IX, VIII).

Part of coagulation activated by external trauma, primarily involving tissue factor (TF) and factor VII.

The convergence of intrinsic and extrinsic pathways leading to the activation of prothrombin to thrombin, forming a blood clot.

The cardiovascular system's primary function is to transport blood, nutrients, gases, and wastes throughout the body.

The three heart wall layers are the epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium, each serving distinct functions.

The heart's conduction system generates and spreads electrical impulses, causing the heart to contract rhythmically.

Five distinct phases of the heartbeat, including diastole and systole.

The volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute.

The difference between resting and maximum cardiac output.

Substances that alter the heart rate by affecting the pacemaker.

Three variables: preload, afterload, and contractility that determine stroke volume.

Capillaries are thin-walled vessels essential for gas and nutrient exchange.

The difference between hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure in capillaries.

Vasodilators widen blood vessels; vasoconstrictors narrow them.

Blood carries oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste, plays a role in immune response and regulates body temperature.

A centrifuged blood sample contains plasma, erythrocytes, and the buffy coat (leukocytes and platelets).

Hematocrit is the percentage of blood volume occupied by red blood cells; clinical usage may differ from medical definition based on measurement context.

Colloid osmotic pressure is the pressure exerted by plasma proteins that draws water into the circulatory system, affecting fluid balance.

Major plasma proteins include albumins (regulate osmotic pressure), globulins (immune function), and fibrinogen (blood clotting).

Erythropoiesis is the production of red blood cells, stimulated by erythropoietin, mainly in the bone marrow.

Granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils) contain granules and are primarily involved in immune responses; agranulocytes (monocytes, lymphocytes) lack these granules.

Vascular spasm is the immediate constriction of blood vessels after injury, reducing blood flow; it is the first step in hemostasis.