Medical Terminology - Suffixes, Prefixes and Roots PDF

# Medical Terminology - Suffixes, Prefixes and Roots **1. Myel/o= spinal cord الحبل الشوكي** **2. My/o = Muscle عضله** **3. oste/o = Bone عظم** **4. Neur/o= Nerve عصب** **5. Arthr/o= joint مفصل** **6. Cyan/o means blue** **7. erythr/o means red** **8. leuk/o means white** **9. melan/o means black ا...

# Medical Terminology - Suffixes, Prefixes and Roots **1. Myel/o= spinal cord الحبل الشوكي** **2. My/o = Muscle عضله** **3. oste/o = Bone عظم** **4. Neur/o= Nerve عصب** **5. Arthr/o= joint مفصل** **6. Cyan/o means blue** **7. erythr/o means red** **8. leuk/o means white** **9. melan/o means black اسود** **10.poli/o means gray رمادي** ## Practice: **necrosis means** **A- tissue death.** **B- abnormal hardening.** **C- abnormal narrowing.** **1. Cardi-= heart** **2. Gastr- = stomach** **3. Tonsillectomy استئصال اللوز is the surgical removal of the tonsils** **4. -ology= the study of** **5. -necrosis means tissue death. موت** **6. arteri/o = artery** **7. -sclerosis means abnormal hardening.تصلب** **8. -malacia= abnormal softening** **9. -stenosis means abnormal narrowing. ضیق** ## -graphy means ..... **A- the process of producing a picture or record.** **B- surgical repair.** **C- is the surgical repair of a muscle** ## ☐ Practrice **Irrhea means .......** **A- flow or discharge and refers to the flow of most body fluids.** **B- rupture/ break, burst.** **C- surgical suturing** ## ☐ Write the meaning of the following suffixes. **1. angi/o = blood vessel** **2. -centesis is a surgical puncture/ pierce to remove fluid for diagnostic purposes or to remove excess fluid** **3. -rrhage means bleeding** **4. hem/o = blood** **5. -rrhaphy means surgical suturing** **6. -rrhea means flow or discharge تفريغ** **7. -rrhexis means rupture قطع أو تمزق ** **tr break. burst.** ## ANSWER/ Match these Prefixes and suffixes to their meanings | Prefix/ or suffix | Meaning | |---|---| | 1. A-/An- (a) | a) lack of-Absence | | 2.Ab- (b) | b)Away from | | 3.Ad- (f) | c)excessive, increased | | 4.Dys- (e) | d) right side | | 5. Hyper- (c) | e)bad, difficult, or painful | | 6. dextr/o (d) | f) toward-near | ## Q. Perinatal refers to ....... **A- the time and events surrounding birth** **B- the time and events after birth** **C- the time and events before birth** ## Check Your Understanding: | Definition | Possible Answers | |---|---| | 1.1. bad, difficult, painful ...Dys-... | -algia | | 1.2. excessive, increased ... hyper- | Dys- | | 1.3. enlargement ...-megaly | -ectomy | | 1.4. pain, suffering ... -algia ... | -megaly | 1.5. surgical removal ... -ectomy ... | Hyper- | | 1.6. abnormal condition or disease ...- osis .. | -malacia | 1.7. abnormal softening ...-malacia ... | Hypo- | 1.8. deficient, decreased ... hypo-.... | -itis | 1.9. inflammation ...-itis .... | -necrosis | 1.10. tissue death ...-necrosis ... | | 1.11. bleeding, bursting forth ...-rrhage ... | -ostomy | 1.12. surgical creation of an artificial opening to the body surface ...-ostomy | -otomy | | 1.13. surgical incision ...-otomy . | -plasty | 1.14. surgical repair ...-plasty ... | -rrhage | 1.15. surgical suturing ...-rrhaphy.... | -rrhaphy | | 1.16. visual examination ...-scopy | -rrhea | 1.17. rupture ...-rrhexis ... | -rrhexis | 1.18. abnormal narrowing ...-stenosis ... | -sclerosis | 1.19. abnormal hardening ...-sclerosis ... | -scopy | 1.20. flow or discharge ...-rrhea ... | -stenosis | ## Quiz 1 **1- If I haven't been brushing my teeth often enough. I may end up with bleeding from my gums a condition called** **A. hepatitis** **B. colitis** **C. gingivitis** **D. stomatitis** **E. Proctitis** **Answer: c** **2- A patient has had a diagnosis of colon cancer and will need surgical removal of the colon. She will end up with a permanent hole in her abdomen for drainage into a bag. The permanent opening is called a** **A. megacolon** **B. colitis** **C. colonoscopy** **D. colostomy** **E. Colectomy** **Answer: D** **3- You have been having chronic pains in your abdomen, and your family physician refers you to a specialist in diseases of the digestive tract called a** **A. cardiologist** **B. pulmonologist** **C. neurologist** **D. gastroenterologist** **E. Proctologist** **Answer: D** **4- You have just been diagnosed as having an enlarged liver. The doctor describes it as..........** **A. megacolon** **B. hepatomegaly** **C. Macrostomia تضخم الفم** **D. hepatitis** **E. Gastroenteritis** **Answer: B** **5- You have taken your friend to the emergency room with severe lower back pain and blood in his urine. After examination and lab tests, the physician reports that your friend has an inflammation of his kidneys and makes a diagnosis of ........** **A. hepatitis** **B. cystitis** **C. Proctitis** **D. Nephritis** **E. Gastritis** **Answer: D** **6-Your friend who is a long distance runner is told by his physician that he has an enlarged heart but that this can be a normal ending in well conditioned athletes. The doctor writes on his chart that your friend has ...........** **A. hepatomegaly** **B. cardiomegaly** **C. megacolon** **D. macrostomia** **E. Myocarditis** **Answer: B** **7- A patient with epilepsy صرع has had a procedure performed that records brain electrical activity. This procedure is called ..........** **A. Electrocardiography تخطيط كهربائي للقلب** **B. Electroencephalography تخطيط كهربائي للمخ** **C. Electromyography تخطيط كهربائي للعضل** **D. Electrogastrography تخطيط كهربائي للمعدة** **فصل كهربائي هلامى (فصل البروتينات تفؤيد كهربائي E. Electrophoresis** **(للبروتينات)** **Answer: b** **8- A female patient has a special X-ray procedure of the breasts performed. The X-ray image is called a** **A. mammoplasty** **B. Mammoplasia (normal enlargement of breasts)** **C. mammography** **D. mastectomy** **E. mammogram** **Answer: E** **9-Your mother is having her uterus surgically removed along with her ovaries. Removal of ovaries is called** **A. hysterectomy** **B. orchidectomy** **C. appendectomy** **D. Oophorectomy** **E. gastrectomy** **Answer: D** **10- A patient has become sterile due to chronic inflammation of her uterine tubes from frequent infection with sexually transmitted diseases. This tubal inflammation is called** **A. Endometritis (inflammation of innermost lining layer of the التهاب بطانة الرحم (uterus)** **B. Perimetritis (inflammation of the membrane on the outer surface of the uterus)** **C. Salpingitis (inflammation of the fallopian tube)** **D. hepatitis** **E. proctitis** ## Answer **1. The medical term describes an inflammation of the stomach........** **A. gastritis B.Gastrosis C. gastro D. gastroenteritis** **2. A/an ... is the surgical removal of the appendix.** **A. appendectomy B Appendicitis C. Appendix D. Appendicostomy** **3. An inflammation of the stomach and small intestine is known as...** **A. gastralgia B. gastroenteritis C. gastritis D. Gastrosis** **4. The term meaning pain in a joint or joints is .......** **A. arthralgia B. arthritis C. arthrocentesis D. atherosclerosis** **5. A ....... is a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the skin.** **A. dermatologist B. dermatology C. neurologist D. neurology** ## Answer **1. The term describes the surgical repair of a nerve.** **A. neuralgia B. neurorrhaphy C.neurology D.neuroplasty** **2. The term means loss of a large amount of blood in a short time.** **A. diarrhea B. hemorrhage C. hepatorrhagia D. otorrhagia** **3. The term means the tissue death of an artery or arteries.** **A. arteriomalacia B. arterionecrosis C. arteriosclerosis d.arteriostenosis** **4. The term means between, but not within, the parts of a tissue.** **A. interstitial B. intrastitial I C. intermuscular D. intramuscular** **5. The term means enlargement of the liver.** **A. hepatitis B. hepatomegaly C. nephromegaly D.nephritis** ## Answer **Otorhinolaryngology is the study of the ears, nose, and throat.** **1.** **A. Oto** **B. Rhino** **C. Laryng** **D. ology is the study of the ears, nose, and throat.** **2. Neonatology is the study of disorders of the newborn.** **-Neo** **Nat** **ology** ## Answer **1. A medical specialist concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of heart disease is a/ an cardiologist** **2. The term meaning a runny nose is rhinorrea** **3. The term meaning the inflammation of a joint or joints is arthritis** **4. A medical specialist in disorders of the newborn is a/an Neonatologist** **5. The term meaning a surgical incision into a nerve is a/an neurotomy** **6. The term meaning inflammation of the heart is carditis** **7. The term meaning pain in the nose is rhinalgia** **8. The term meaning pain in a nerve or nerves is neuralgia** **9. The term meaning a surgical incision into the heart is a/an cardiotomy** **10. The term meaning an inflammation of the nose is rhinitis** ## 1. Pericarditis is a term describing inflammation of ..... **A. the inside lining بطانة of heart chambers** **B. the tough sacحويصلة كيس surrounding the heart** **C. the muscular layer of the heart** **D. a coronary artery شرين تاج** **E. a heart valve صمام القلب** **• The answer was the tough sac surrounding the heart** ## 2. A physician who specializes in diagnosis of diseases of the heart is a called a ...... **A. hematologist** **خبير متخصص بالامصال B. Serologist** **اخصائي علم الامراض C. Pathologist** **D. cardiologist** **E. cardiovascular surgeon** **The answer was cardiologist** ## 1. A recording of the electrical activity of the heart is termed ..... **A. Echocardiogram مخطط صدى القلب** **B. cardiac scan قص القلب** **C. electrocardiogram** **D. cardiac catheterization قسطرة القلب (the procedure of producing a catheter which is a small tube inserted into a body cavity to create an opening, distend a passageway or remove fluid)** **E. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)** **• The answer was electrocardiogram** ## 2. Bradycardia بطء القلب is a term describing an **A. abnormally fast heart rate** **B. inflammation of heart muscle** **C. enlarged heart** **D. abnormally slow heart rate** **E. abnormally small heart** **• The answer was abnormally slow heart rate** ## 1. Which of the following cells gives the red color to the blood? **A. leucocytes** **B. erythrocytes** **C. Melanocytes خلايا صبغية** **D. Phagocytes (are cells that protect the body by ingesting harmful foreign particles, bacteria and dead cells)** **• The answer was erythrocytes** ## 2. Inflammation of veins is termed .... **A. lymphangitis (an inflammation of the lymphatic channels)** **B. phlebitis** **C. arteritis** **Angina ذبحة** **• The answer was phlebitis** ## 1. Permanent damage to heart muscle due to a blocked artery is termed **A. myocardial infarct احتشاء القلب** **B. Cardiomyopathy اعتلال عضلة القلب** **C. cardiomegaly** **D. myocarditis** **• The answer was myocardial infarct** ## 2. The medical technician who draws blood from a vein for laboratory tests is called a **A. cardiologist** **B. hematologist** **C. phlebotomist** **D. radiologist** **The answer was phlebotomist خزع الوريد** ## 1. A physician determines that the heart murmur (abnormal heart sound) in a patient is caused by narrowing of a heart valve passageway. The term for this condition is **فقر دم موضعي A. Ischemia** **B. Regurgitation ت ارتجاع** **C. stenosis** **D. angina** **• The answer was stenosis ضيق** ## 2. CHALLENGE QUESTION: Read through this final question carefully. You will have to recall three different word parts and then identify a term you have never been presented. A hemangioma means **A. blood found in spinal cord fluid** **B. a tumor of heart muscle** **C. a tumor of blood vessels** **D. blood found between the skull and the brain** **• The answer was a tumor of blood vessels ورم وعائي** ## QUIZ THREE **1- Meningitis refers to ......** **A. inflammation of the brain** **B. inflammation of the membranes around the brain** **C. inflammation of the spinal cord الحبل الشوكي** **D. a sensation of itchiness of the scalp فروة رأس** **• The answer was inflammation of the membranes around the brain** **2- Neuropathy is a term describing** **A. a specialist in diseases of the nervous system** **B. inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain** **C. a noninflammatory disease of nerves** **D. absence of a brain at birth** **• The answer was a noninflammatory disease of nerves** **3- A meningomyelocele describes ......** **A. herniation of the brain out of the skull** **B. herniation of protective membranes surrounding the brain** **C. herniation of both protective membranes and spinal cord** **D. inflammation of membranes surrounding the brain** **E. a hole in the protective membranes surrounding the brain** **• The answer was herniation/ protrusion of both protective membranes and spinal cord** **4- Aphasia is a term defining difficulty or loss of ability to** **A. read** **B. write** **C. see** **D. hear** **E. speak** **• The answer was speak** **5- Which of the following procedures involves injecting a radioactive element into a patient's vein that may mark the presence of a tumor?** **A. A brain scan** **B. Electroencephalography** **C. Magnetic resonance imaging** **D. Angiography** **• The answer was A brain scan** **6- A baby is born without a brain. The diagnosis would be** **A. Encephalitis التهاب الدماغ** **متلازمة خلل النسيج النخاعي B. Myelodysplasia** **(فتق خروج مغلفات ومكونات السائل الشوكي من الفجوات بين الفقرات C. Meningocele** **D. Anencephalic (the absence of a major portion of the brain)** **• The answer was anencephalic** **7- A patient may have a brain tumor, and the physician decides to use a procedure that will give the highest resolution of imaging soft tissues. He gives orders for** **A. a brain scan** **B. computed tomography** **C. magnetic resonance imaging** **D. lumbar puncture** **• The answer was magnetic resonance imaging** **8- A tumor of the protective membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord is called a/an** **A. neuroma** **B. encephalocele** **C. myeloma** **D. meningioma** **• The answer was meningioma** **9- A patient suddenly has difficulty speaking and her right arm feels stiff and weak. After four hours, she has complete return of normal speech and movement. This patient most likely suffered a/an** **سكتة دماغية A. Stroke** **نوبة نقص التروية لجزء من الدماغ ينجم عن فقدان وظيفة هذا الجزء من الدماغ B. transient ischemic attack** **C. epileptic seizure نوبة الصرع** **D. myocardial infarction احتشاء عضلة القلب** **• The answer was transient ischemic attack** **10- CHALLENGE QUESTION! Abnormal or lack of development of part of the spinal cord is termed** **التهاب الدماغ A. Encephalitis** **B. Meningitis التهاب السحايا** **C. Myelodysplasia (show increased numbers of immature cells in the bone marrow, and a decrease in mature, functional cells in the blood( خلل التنسج النخاعي** **اعتلال الدماغ تتميز باضطرابات وظائف الدماغ مثل اورام الدماغ D. Encephalopathy** **The answer was myelodysplasia** ## Quiz **1- An emetic drug would have which of the following actions?** **A. Stop bleeding** **B. Induce vomiting** **C. Stop vomiting** **D. Stop diarrhea** **E. Kill bacteria** **• The answer was Induce (encourage) vomiting** **2- Introduction of a fiberoptic instrument through the abdominal wall for diagnostic purposes is called .....** **A. Sigmoidoscopy تنظير سيني (medical examination of the large intestine from the rectum)** **B. colonoscopy** **C. laparoscopy** **D. endoscopy** **E. colposcopy** **• The answer was laparoscopy** **3- Surgical removal of an inflamed gallbladder containing stones is termed ....** **A. cholelithiasis** **B. cholelithotomy** **C. Cholelithotripsy تفتيت الحصى الصفراوية** **D. cholecystectomy** **E. cholecystitis** **The answer was cholecystectomy** **4- Cirrhosis is a condition involving ....** **A. abnormal outpocketing جيب خارجيof the large intestine** **B. inflammation of the small intestine** **C. constriction انقباض of the esophagus with a tumor** **D. difficulty swallowing** **E. degeneration of the liver** **The answer was degeneration of the liver** **5- The guaiac (guai-ac/gwi-ak) test is used to determine presence of** **Gallstones حصى المرارة** **A. ** **B. blood in the stool** **C. twisting of the small intestine** **D. appendicitis** **E. blood in vomit** **The answer was blood in the stool** **5- You read in a medical report that a patient had a proctoscopic examination. You conclude that the physician will be looking for, among other possibilities, a tumor in the** **A. mouth** **B. colon** **C. rectum** **D. stomach** **E. Gallbladder The answer was rectum** **7- Dysphagia is a term describing difficult, painful or abnormal** **A. passing of stool** **B. emptying of the stomach** **C. swallowing** **نتفاخ - امتلاء البطن بالغازات (D. passing gas flatulence** **E. chewing of food** **• The answer was swallowing** **B- A patient from a car accident has a swollen belly and the surgeon suspects bleeding into the abdomen. He/she will puncture ثقب the belly and drain (clear) (out( تصريف any fluid looking for blood. This procedure is termed** **A. laparotomy** **B. endoscopy** **C. thoracocentesis** **D. abdominocentesis** **E. Colectomy استئصال القولون** **• The answer was abdominocentesis** **9- If I have GERD, I have** **A. gallbladder disease** **B. stomach ulcers** **C. blood in my stool** **D. alcoholic liver disease** **E. severe ‘heartburn'** **• The answer was severe 'heartburn'** **10- CHALLENGE QUESTION! The following question has multiple word parts. Take it apart piece by piece. Cholangioenterostomy describes a procedure that** **A. examines the interior of the gallbladder with a lighted fiberoptic instrument.** **B. surgically creates an opening between the intestines and the abdominal wall.** **C. surgically creates a passageway between the gallbladder duct (canal) to the intestine.** **D. Involves X-rays showing the gallbladder draining into the intestine.** **E. surgically removes gallstones through an opening in the abdomen.** **• The answer was surgically creates a passageway between the gallbladder duct to the intestine.** ## Quiz **1- Surgical reconstruction or cosmetic alteration of the nose is termed ...** **A. rhinectomy** **B. rhinoplasty** **C. rhinopexy** **D. rhinotomy** **E. rhinoscopy** **• The answer was rhinoplasty** **2- A faster than normal respiratory rate of breathing is termed ...** **A. dyspnea** **B. apnea** **C. tachypnea** **D. Pleurisy (inflammation of pleura/ a serous membrane that covers the lungs and thorax قفص صدري** **E. Pneumoconiosis التهاب رئوي** **• The answer was tachypnea** **3- Hemoptysis is a term describing .....** **A. a bloody nose** **B. bleeding from the gums** **C. blood in the chest cavity** **D. a clot in a pulmonary artery** **E. coughing up blood from the lungs** **The answer was coughing up blood from the lungs** **4- A patient with a foreign body trapped in a lung passageway would be a candidate for which of the following procedures?** **A. Laryngoscopy** **B. Tracheostomy** **C. Bronchoscopy** **D. Laryngectomy** **E. Pulmonectomy** **The answer was Bronchoscopy** **5- Patients with pneumonia often find it difficult or painful to take deep breaths. The term for this is** **. ** **A. tachypnea** **B. dyspnea** **C. apnea** **D. Cystitis** **E. emphysema انتفاخ الرئة** **• The answer was dyspnea** **6- A special procedure to examine the blood vessels of the lungs by X-ray is called** **A. a lung scan** **B. Thoracocentesis (to remove fluid from or air from the pleural cavity for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes)** **C. bronchoscopy** **D. endoscopy** **E. pulmonary angiography** **• The answer was pulmonary angiography** **7- A tracheostomy is a procedure involving** **A. visual examination of the interior of the trachea** **B. a temporary opening cut into the trachea** **C. a permanent opening cut into the trachea** **D. visual examination of the lung passageways** **E. surgical reconstruction of a crushed trachea** **• The answer was a permanent opening cut into the trachea** **8- Epistaxis is the term for** **A. a collapsed lung** **B. a nosebleed** **C. uncontrollable sneezing** **D. coughing up blood from the lungs** **E. 'miner's lung' disease** **The answer was a nosebleed** **2- Frequently after surgery involving general anesthetic, a patient may not void 【empty) urine for a period of time, because the kidneys have stopped producing urine. This usually temporary condition is termed** **A. polyuria** **B. oliguria** **C. anuria** **D. nocturia** **Enuresis سلس البول** **• The answer was anuria** **2- Presence of a kidney "stone" is termed .....** **A. nephrosis** **B. Hydronephrosis تضخم الكلية** **C. nephritis** **D. nephrolithiasis** **E. pyelonephritis** **• The answer was nephrolithiasis** **3- A specialist in diseases of the lower urinary tract, bladder and urethra, is called a ........** **A. nephrologist** **B. urologist** **C. proctologist** **D. blepharologist (eyelid specialist)** **E. Serologist اخصائي امال** **The answer was urologist** **1- Nephrolithotomy is the term for ........** **A. removing a kidney** **B. removing a kidney stone** **C. crushing kidney stones with sound waves** **D. removing a tumor from a kidney** **E. transplanting a replacement kidney** **The answer was removing a kidney stone** **5- The term for scanty or less than normal urine formation is** **A. anuria** **B. enuresis** **C. oliguria** **D. polyuria** **E. nocturia** **• The answer was oliguria** **5- A procedure that allows a physician to look into the bladder and examine its interior is termed a** **A. Cystitis** **B. cystoscopy** **C. cystogram** **D. Nephritis** **E pyelogram تصوير الحوض** **The answer was cystoscopy** **7- Surgical fixation or return and attachment of a kidney dislodged during an auto accident would be termed .................** **A. nephrotomy** **B. nephrolithotomy** **C. nephrolithotripsy** **D. nephropexy** **E. nephrectomy** **• The answer was nephropexy** **8- A lab report comes back to a physician documenting numerous erythrocytes in the urine specimen. The term for this is .................** **A. oliguria** **B. polyuria** **C. anuria** **D. hematuria** **E. nocturia** **• The answer was hematuria بول دموي** **1. Arthroplasty describes ............** **A. visualization of the interior of a joint** **inflammation of a joint** **B. ** **C. surgical reconstruction of a joint تقويم المفاصل** **D. autoimmune degeneration of a joint** **E. abnormal development of a joint** **• The answer was surgical reconstruction of a joint** **2. Tenorrhaphy is the term describing ....** **A. a torn tendon** **B. inflammation of a tendon** **C. surgical removal of a tendon** **D. surgically suturing a torn tendon** **E. measuring the length of a tendon** **. The answer was surgically suturing a torn tendon** **3. If your arthritis has noticeably worsened and pain and swelling no longer is controlled with high dose aspirin, your family physician would most likely refer you to a..........** **اخصائي علم الامراض A Pathologist** **B. Neurologist طبيب اعصاب** **C. orthopaedic surgeon جراخ عظام / مجبر** **D. Rheumatologist طبيب روماتيزم** **E. physical therapist** **4. Soft, rubbery bones due to inadequate calcium deposition related to vitamin D deficiency would be termed .................** **A. Osteoporosis هشاشة عظام** **B. Osteitis التهاب العظم** **C. Osteomyelitis التهاب العظم والنخاع** **D. Osteomalacia لين عظام** **سرطان نخاع العظم E. Myeloma** **5. The term for painful, aching muscles is ........** **A. neuralgia** **B. myalgia** **Analgesia مسكن** **D. arthralgia** **E. cephalgia** **• The answer was myalgia** **6. Myasthenia gravis involves ........** **A. inflammation of muscles** **B. degeneration of muscles** **C. severe muscular weakness** **D. inflammation of joints** **E. paralysis of muscles** **• The answer was severe muscular weakness** **7. When weight-lifters exercise regularly their muscles become stronger and the increase in muscular size is due to .....** **A. Atrophy ضمور** **ضمور نتيجة سوء تعذية B. Dystrophy.** **C. Myasthenia وهن عضلى** **D. Myositis التهاب العضل** **E. Hypertrophy تضخم فى حجم الخلايا** **The answer was hypertrophy** **8. Chondrocytes خلايا غضروفية are cells found in .................** **A. Tendons اوتر** **B. bones** **C. bone marrow** **D. Cartilage ضروف** **E. Blood** **The answer was cartilage** **9. A bone marrow tumor is termed** **A. Osteitis التهاب العظم** **B. Osteoma ورم عظمي** **C. myoma** **D. Myeloma سرطان نخاع** **سرطان الغدد اللمفاوية E. Lymphoma** **• The answer was myeloma** **10. A form of dwarfism results from achondroplasia, a term meaning** **A. a cartilage tumor** **B. inflammation of cartilage** **C. lack of normal cartilage development** **D. cartilage transforming into bone** **E. degeneration of cartilage تنكس الغضروف** **• The answer was lack of normal cartilage development** **11. A procedure to evaluate concentration of an injected radioactive element in bone to localize a possible tumor is termed ........** **A. electromyography** **B. Pyeloscopy تنظير حوض الكلى** **C. bone scan** **D. bone biopsy** **E. Osteopathy** **The answer was bone scan** **12. Inflammation of the shock absorber-like structure protecting a tendon sliding over a bone is termed .................** **A. arthritis** **B. tendonitis** **التهاب كيسى / التهاب الجراب وهو كيس صغير يحتوى على سائل يعمل كوسادة لتخفيف حدة C Bursitis** **الاحتكاك بين الاوتار والعضلات وبين العظام** **D. osteitis** **E. Osteomyelitis التهاب العظم والنخاع** **The answer was bursitis**