Skeletal System Study Guide Answer Key PDF

Anatomy and Physiology Skeletal System - Study Guide 1. List the major functions of the skeletal system. Support Protection of internal organs Movement (in conjunction with muscles) Mineral storage (calcium and...

Anatomy and Physiology Skeletal System - Study Guide 1. List the major functions of the skeletal system. Support Protection of internal organs Movement (in conjunction with muscles) Mineral storage (calcium and phosphorus, vitamin D) Blood cell production (hematopoiesis) Energy storage (in the form of fat in the yellow marrow) 2. What are the four shapes of bones? Long bones Short bones Flat bones Irregular bones 3. Microscopic Anatomy Matching: a. Osteocytes f. Haversian canal k. Epiphyseal plate b. Osteoblasts g. Volkmann’s canal l. Articular cartilage c. Osteoclasts h. Medullary Cavity m. Diaphysis d. Lacunae i. Periosteum n. Epiphysis e. Osteon j. Epiphyseal line _f_ is arranged in concentric circles called lamellae around central canal _a_ mature bone cells found in the matrix of bone cavities called lacunae. Maintains the bone. _g_ runs perpendicular to the Haversian canal _e_ each complex consisting of a central canal and matrix ring _b_ bone forming cells _c_ destroying bone cells, breaks down bone matrix _d_ canal that carries blood vessels and nerves to all areas of the bone for nutrition _h_ stores adipose tissue called yellow bone marrow, in infants red bone marrow is found here and forms blood cells _i_ fibrous connective tissue membrane that covers diaphysis of bone _j_ remainder of epiphyseal plate _k_ hyaline cartilage in young growing bone, causes lengthwise growth of long bone and becomes replaced by bone at the end of puberty. _l_ covers surface of epiphysis _m_ shaft of long bone, makes up most of the length _n_ the ends off long bone, consists of thin layers of compact bone filled with spongy bone 4. What is the difference between red and yellow bone marrow? Red bone marrow produces blood cells and is found in certain bones (like the pelvis, ribs, and vertebrae). Yellow bone marrow stores fat and is found in the medullary cavity of long bones. 5. What is the difference between compact and spongy bone Compact bone is dense and forms the outer layer of bones, providing strength. Spongy bone is lighter, found inside bones, and contains trabecular structures that help in shock absorption. 6. Define ossification. Ossification is the process by which bone forms, replacing cartilage with bone tissue 7. True/ False Bone Growth: a. T/F - bone growth width is controlled by sex hormones and growth. b. T/F - Articular cartilage is found in the middle of bones and old cartilage is replaced with new bone during bone growth in length. Articular cartilage is found at the ends of bones, not in the middle. c. T/F – cartilage forms on the outer surface of the epiphyseal plates while new bone forms on the internal face. d. T/F – Appositional growth is when the bones get wider because bone is added to the interior and removed from the exterior. Appositional growth is when the bones get wider because bone is added to the exterior and removed from the interior. e. T/F – Bone growth width results in widening of the diaphysis and medullary cavity. f. T/F – bones are remolded continually due to phosphorus levels in the blood and the pull of gravity and muscles on the skeleton. g. T/F – bone remodeling is essential if bones are to retain normal proportions and strength during growth as the body increases in size and weight. h. T/F – bone remodeling occurs as a way to maintain homeostasis. i. T/F – when blood calcium levels rise, calcium is removed from bone and PTH stimulates osteoclasts to dissolve bone and add calcium to the blood.  8. What is the difference between closed (simple), fractures and open (compound) fractures? Closed (simple) fractures do not break through the skin, whereas open (compound) fractures do break through the skin, exposing the bone. 9. The skeleton is divided into two parts. What are the two parts? Be able to identify what they include. Axial skeleton: includes the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage. Appendicular skeleton: includes the limbs and girdles (shoulder bones and pelvic bones). 10. What bone is not technically part of our skull and doesn’t articulate directly with other bones but serves as a movable base for our tongue? The hyoid bone. Also the bone that can tell a medical examiner if someone has been strangled because it will break in that process. 11. What structure serves as the axial support of the body and extends from the skull to the pelvis? The vertebral column (spine). Fill in the blank: 12. The skeletal system __protects___ the organs and ____supports__ the body. 13. The _appendicular___ skeleton allows your body to move. 14. The __axial__ skeleton supports the weight of the body and protects internal tissues and organs. 15. The place where two bones meet is a __joint___. 16. _Cartilaginous_ joints allow partial movement and are found between the vertebrae, and where the ribs meet the breastbone. 17. Synovial joints are held together with long, flexible bands of connective tissue called __ligaments_. 18. How many cervical vertebrae form the neck? 7 19. How many thoracic vertebrae are there? 12 20. How many lumbar vertebrae are there? 5 21. What is the purpose of intervertebral discs? To provide cushioning and support between the vertebrae, allowing for flexibility and movement of the spine. 22. What happens if an intervertebral disc gets pinched? It can cause pain, numbness, and weakness in the legs or arms, depending on the location of the pinched nerve. 23. Why is our spine curved? What is the curving pattern of our spine? The spine is curved to provide better support and balance. The curving pattern includes cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral curves. 24. What is the purpose of our thoracic cage? To protect the heart and lungs, support the shoulder girdle, and assist in respiration. 25. What is the difference between male and female pelvis? The female pelvis is generally wider and has a larger pelvic inlet to accommodate childbirth; the male pelvis is narrower and more robust. 26. What is the longest, strongest, heaviest bone in the body? The femur 27. Explain how joints are classified. Joints are classified based on their structure (fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial) and function (immovable, slightly movable, freely movable).  made up of 4. Appendicular skeleton 6. legs, arms, feet, and pelvic girdle 5. Axial skeleton 7. skull 8. vertebral column 9. rib cage Label the main bones of the skull On the next page, label the main bones of the human body.