Animal Kingdom PDF

Animal Kingdom Animals being more complex than plants, various new fundamental features were included in classifying them. These features were  Arrangement of cells  Body symmetry  Nature of coelom  Pattern of digestion  Circulatory or reproductory system  Level of organisation A...

Animal Kingdom Animals being more complex than plants, various new fundamental features were included in classifying them. These features were  Arrangement of cells  Body symmetry  Nature of coelom  Pattern of digestion  Circulatory or reproductory system  Level of organisation Animals are multicellular but they show different levels of organisation of cells. In sponges the cells are arranged as loose aggregates. They show cellular level of organisation. In sponges among the cells there is a division of labour. In Coelenterates the cell arrangement is more complex. The cells performing the same function group together to form tissues. Sponges Coelenterate  Level of organisation In Platyhelminthes and little higher phyla they show organ level of organisation. The tissues group together to form organs specialized to do a particular function. Phyla like Annelida,Arthropods,Molluscs,Echinodermat a and chordates the organs get associated to form functional systems. Each system is responsible for a physiological function. This pattern of organisation is called organ system level of organisation. Complexity in organ system among organisms-Types of digestive system Digestive system in Platyhelminthes has only a single opening to the outside of the body that serves as both mouth and anus. Such a digestive system is called incomplete digestive system. A complete digestive system has two opening mouth and anus.  Types of circulatory system Open circulatory system-The blood is pumped out of the heart and the cells and tissues are directly bathed in it. Closed circulatory system-Blood is circulated through a series of vessels of varying diameters.(arteries, veins and capillaries)  Symmetry Animals can be categorised on the basis of their symmetry. Sponges are mostly asymmetrical. Asymmetrical-any plane that passing through the centre axis does not divide the organism into equal halves. examples sponges. When any plane passing through the central axis of the body divides the organism into two identical halves, it is called radial symmetry. example coelenterates,ctenophora,and  Symmetry In some animals the body can be divided into identical left and right halves in only one plane. Such symmetry is called bilateral symmetry.  Diploblastic and Triploblastic Animals in which the cells are arranged into two embryonic layers. An external ectoderm and internal endoderm are called diploblastic animals. eg: Coelenterates. An undifferentiated layer called mesoglea is present between the ectoderm and the endoderm. Mesoglea serves as an internal skeleton. Elastic property of mesolglea help to restore shape after it is deformed. Those animals in which the developing embryo has a third germinal layer called mesoderm in between the ectoderm and the endoderm are called Tripbloblastic animals. eg:Platyhelminthes to chordates.  Coelom Presence and absence of a cavity between the body wall and the gut wall can be used for classifying organisms. Body cavity is lined by mesoderm is called Coelom. Animals possessing coelom are called coelomate. Examples of coelomate Annelida,mollusca, arthropoda,echinodermata,hemichordata and chordates. In some animals the body cavity is not lined by mesoderm, instead the mesoderm is present as scattered pouches in between the ectoderm and endoderm. Such a body cavity is called pseudocoelom and animals that posses them are called pseudocoelomate. Examples of pseudocoelomate Aschelminthes Some animals lack body cavity completely. They are called acoelimates.Example Platyhelminthes.  Segmentation In some animals the body is externally and internally divided into segments with a serial repetition. In earthworm the body shows this pattern called metameric segmentation and this phenomenon is called metamerism.  Notochord Notochord is mesodermally derived rod like structure formed on the dorsal side during embryonic development.eg:chordates. Animals with notochord is called chordates and those which do not form notochord are called non- chordates.eg:Porifera to echinodermata  Classification of Animals Phylum-Porifera Phylum-Coelenterata(Cnidaria) Phylum-Ctenophora Phylum-Platyhelminthes Phylum-Aschelminthes Phylum-Annelida Phylum-Arthropoda Phylum Mollusca Phylum Echinodermata Phylum-Hemichordata Phylum-Chordata  Phylum-Porifera Members are commonly known as sponges. Marine and asymmetrical animals. Primitive multicellular animals and have cellular level of organisation. Advanced water transport or canal system. Water enters through minute pores called (ostia)in the body wall into a central cavity called spongocoel.  Phylum-Porifera From Spongocoel the water goes out through the osculum. This pathway of water transport is helpful in food gathering,respiratory exchange and removal of waste. Choanocytes or collar cells line the spongocoel and the canal. Choanocytes generate a directed water current through the sponge and to trap and ingest microscopic food particles by phagocytosis. Phylum- Porifera  Phylum-Porifera  Digestion is intracellular.  The body is supported by a skeleton made up of spicules or spongin fibres.  Sexes are not separate(hermophrodite)sperm and eggs are produced by the same individual.  Asexual reproduction is by fragmentation.  Sexual reproduction is by the formation of gametes.  Fertilisation is internal and development is indirect. (Indirect development has a larvel stage which is morphologically distinct from adult.)  Phyllum-Porifera Examples of porifera: Sycon –Scypha Spongilla-Fresh water sponges Euspongia-Bath sponge  Phylum Coelentrata (Cnidaria) Habitat-Aquatic-mainly marine, sessile or free swimming. Radially symmetrical animals. Coelenterates have cnidoblast or cnidocytes- Cnidarians. Cnidoblasts are present on the tentacles Cnidoblasts are specialised cells contains the stinging capsules or nematocytes. Cnidoblasts are coiled threadlike structure that helps to capture and anchorage the prey. It contains poison that paralyses the prey. Cnidoblasts are used for anchorage,defense and for capture of prey. Phylum Coelenterata  Phylum Coelentrata Cnidarians have tissue level of organisation, diploblastic.  Cnidarians have a central gastro vascular cavity with single opening called the mouth.  The mouth is present on a circular raised area called hypostome.  Digestion is extracellular and intracellular  Phylum Coelenterata Intracellular digestion Extracellular digestion the breakdown of food materials into small the breakdown of food materials into molecules occurs outside the cell in the small molecules occurs inside the food lumen of the alimentary canal or on the vacuoles within the cell. decaying organic materials. In this type of digestion, the ingestion In this type of digestion, ingestion occurs occurs through the phagocytic vesicles. through the mouth. In this digestion, digestive enzymes Digestive enzymes involve lysozyme secreted from the glands of the alimentary that secretes into the food vacuole. canal. In intracellular digestion, only chemical In extracellular digestion, both chemical digestion takes place. and mechanical digestion occurs. Nutrients formed by this type of Nutrients formed by this type of digestion digestion diffuses into the cytoplasm are absorbed into the blood through the gut through the membrane of the vacuole. epithelia. The materials that are not digestible get The materials that are not digestible get excreted through the exocytosis. excreted through the anus. It is a simple mechanism of digestion It is a complex mechanism of digestion that that involves vesicles. involves the organs and glands.  Phylum Coelentrata Some cnidarians have a skeleton composed of calcium carbonate. Barrier Reef.Australia-The Great Barrier Reef is the world's largest coral reef system composed of over 2,900 individual reefs and 900 islands stretching for over 2,300 kilometres over an area of approximately 344,400 square kilometres. The reef is located in the Coral Sea, off the coast of Queensland,  Phylum Coelenterata Cnidarians exhibit two basic body forms Polyp form and Medusa form Polyp forms are sessile and cylindrical. Medusa forms are umbrella shaped and free swimming. Some cnidarians show alternation of generation-Metagenesis. Polyps produce medusae asexually and medusae form polyps sexually.  Coelenterata Physalia-Portuguese man of war-named after its resemblance to 18th century Portuguese warships. Adamsia-Sea anemone-named after the anemone, a terrestrial flowering plant, Pennatula-Sea Pen  Coelenterata Gorgonia-Sea fan Meandrina-Brain coral  Phylum Ctenophora Commonly called sea walnut or comb jelly. They have the rows of cilia, lining their bodies that propel them through the ocean. They are walnut shaped and hence known as sea walnut.  Phylum Ctenophora Exclusively marine Radially symmertical Diploblastic Tissue level of organisation Has eight external rows of ciliated comb plates.  Phylum-Ctenophora Digestion is both extracellular and intracellular. Bioluminescence is see in ctenophora. Bioluminescence is the property of organism to emit light. Sexes are not separate Only sexual means of reproduction is seen. Fertilisation is external with indirect development Examples-Pleurobranchia and ctenoplana  Some other bioluminescence organisms Jellyfish. water jelly (Aequorea victoria)... Squid. bobtail squid (Euprymna berryi) Silke Baron.... Anglerfish. anglerfish.... Lanternfish. Lantern fish (Symbolophorus veranys)... Firefly. firefly Terry Priest.... Fungi. bitter oyster (Panellus stipticus)  Phylum Platyhelminthes Dorsoventrally flattened-Flat worms. Endoparasites 1. Morphological and Physiological Adaption-Degeneration of organs-complete or partial degeneration or loss of organs have taken place in the body of helminth parasites. minimal locomotory organ the alimentary canal has either totally disappeared. absence of complex form of nervous system, photoreceptor organs (eyes) and other sense organs 2. Attainment of new organs. Shape of the body Development of protective covering Development of adhesive organs Suckers Hooks  Difference between endoparasite and ectoparasite Ectoparasite Endoparasite Ectoparasites are those that live on the Endoparasites are those that live inside surface of the host. the host. They can be temporary, intermittent or They are mostly permanent residents of permanent residents of the host. the host. Their mode of respiration is mostly Their mode of respiration is mostly aerobic. anaerobic. They cause less damage to the host as They cause more severe damage to the compared to ectoparasite. host and might lead to its death. Since they live on the surface they are They live inside the host and thus are affected by external environmental not affected by external environmental factors. factors. They are safe from the host’s immune They have to evade the host’s immune system. system for their survival. Examples include mosquito, leech, ticks. Examples include tapeworm, protozoan.  Phylum Platyhelminthes Bilaterally symmetrical Triploblastic Acoelomate Organ level of organisation Specialized cells flame cells help in osmoregulation and excretion. Sexes are not separate Fertilisation is internal Indirect development-With many larval stages. Some members have high ability to regenerate. Eg Planaria.  Phylum Platyhelminthes Examples are Tapeworm ,Liver Fluke  How many larval stages in platyhelminthes enable them to have a better survival abilty? Endoparasites Enable to acquaint the organism with harsh environment and adapt. Smaller larval size enable them to overcome the crunch in space. Larval stage can easily travel and infect healthy person.  Phylum Aschelminthes Circular body hence the name round worm. Freeliving,aquatic and terristrial or parasitic in plants and animals. Organ system level of organisation. Bilaterally symmetrical,triploblastic. Pseudocoelomate animals Complete alimentary canal with well developed muscular pharynx.Muscular pharynx help in pushing down the food.  Phylum Aschelminthes Excretory tube removes body wastes from the body cavity through the excretory pores. Sexes are separate-Dioecious.Often female are longer than the male. Fertilisation is internal and development may be direct or indirect. A monoecious plant is one that has male and female  Phylum Aschelminthes Examples Ascaris(Round worms) Wuchereria( Filarial worm) Ancylostoma(Hookworm)  Phylum Annelida They are terrestrial or aquatic-marine and fresh Some are even parasites. Organ system level of organisation. Bilateral symmetry. Triploblastic Segmented or have metameres- Annelida(annulus)-little rings Annelids have longitudinal and circular muscles that help in locomotion. Aquatic annelids have lateral appendages called parapodia that helps in swimming Phylum Annelida  Phylum Annelida Have closed circulatory system. Nephridia helps in osmoregulation and excretion.  Phylum Annelida Neural system consists of paired gangilia connected by lateral nerves to double ventral nerve cord.  Phylum Annelida They may be dioecious or monoecious. Nereis are dioecious where as earthworm and leeches are monoecious. Reproduction is sexual. Examples: Nereis,Pheretima(earthworm) and Hirudinaria(Leech)  Phylum Arthropoda Largest Phylum-includes insects.2/3 of species belong to Arthropoda. Organ level of organisation. Bilaterally symmetrical Triploblastic Segmented Coelomate  Phylum Arthropoda The body of Arthropods are covered with chitinous exoskeleton. The body is divided into head,thorax and abdomen. They have jointed appendages.Arthros- Joint,Poda-appendages.  Phylum Arthropoda Respiratory organs are gills,book lungs or tracheal system. Circulatory system is open Presence of sensory organs like antennae,eyes(compound and simple eyes)  Phylum Arthropoda Statocysts or balancing organs are present. Excretion is by malphigian tubule. Sexes are dioecious Fertilization is internal Oviparous condition Development may be direct or indirect.  Phylum Arthropoda Some arthropods are of economical importance. Honey bee-Apis mellifera Silk worm-Bombyx mori (sericulture) Lac insect-Lacifer Vectors: Mosquitoes-anopheles,culex and aedes Gregarious pests:A pest which move with other pests collectively and attacks on crop field are known as gregarious pest. Locust (Locusta) Living fossil-Limulus(King crab) that cosmetically resemble ancestral species known only from the fossil record. To be considered a living fossil, the fossil species must be old relative  Phylum Arthropoda Jointed legs that allow more mobility on land Hard exoskeleton made of chitin that protects the body The hard exoskeleton also reduces water loss from the body of arthropods making them more adapted to terrestrial conditions.  Phylum Mollusca Second largest phylum Terrestrial or aquatic(marine or fresh water) Organ system level of organisation Bilateral symmetry Triploblastic Coelomate Body is unsegmented, covered by calcareous shell. Body is divided into head, muscular foot and visceral hump. Phylum Mollusca  Phylum Mollusca A soft and spongy layer of skin forms a mantle over the visceral hump. Space between the hump and the mantle is called the mantle cavity. In the mantle cavity are feather like gills. Gills are respiratory and excretory in function. Anterior head has sensory tentacles.  Phylum Mollusca The anterior head region has sensory tentacles. The mouth contains a file like rasping organ for feeding called radula. Dioecious and viviparous Indirect development  Phylum Mollusca Examples: Pila(Apple snail) Pinctada(Pearl oyster) Sepia(Cuttle fish) Loligo(Squid) Octopus(Devil fish) Aplysia(Sea hare) Dentalium (Tusk shell) Chaetopleura(chiton)  Phylum Echinodermata Animals have endoskeleton of calcareous ossicles. Because of Spiny body the name Echinodermata All are marine. Organ level of organisation Adult echinoderms are radially symmetrical but larvae are bilaterally symmetrical. Triploblastic and coelomate Digestive system is complete with  Phylum Echinodermata Phylum Echinoderms possess a unique water vascular system, consisting of a central ring canal and radial canals that extend along each arm. Water circulates through these structures and facilitates gaseous exchange as well as nutrition, predation, and locomotion.  Phylum Echinodermata Excretory organ is absent Sexes are separate Reproduction is sexual External fertilization Development is indirect with free swimming larvae. Examples: Asterias-Star fish Echinus-Sea Urchins Antedon-Sea lily Cucumaria-Sea cucumber Ophiura-Brittle star  Phylum Hemichordata Hemichordata was earlier considered as a sub phyla under chordata. Hemichordata has rudimentary structures in the collar region called stomochord a structure similar to notochord. Has organisms in the phyla that are worm like,marine with organ level of organisation. Bilaterally symmetrical. Triploblastic Coelomic Body is cylindrical and has anterior proboscis,a collar,and a long trunk. Phylum Hemichordata  Phylum Hemichordata They generally live in burrows The mouth is located between the proboscis and the collar. The trunk is the longest part of the animal. It contains the pharynx, which is perforated with gill slits (or pharyngeal slits), the oesophagus, a long intestine, and a terminal anus.  Phylum Hemichordata Circulatory system is of open type. Respiration is by gills Excretion is by proboscis gland Sexes are separate Fertilisation is external Development is indirect. Examples : Balanoglossus Saccoglossus  Phylum Chordates Unique in having the presence of notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord and paired pharyngeal gill slits.  Phylum Chordata Bilaterally symmetrical Triploblastic Coelomate Organ system of organisation Have a post anal tail Closed circulatory system  Phylum Chordata Comparison between chordates and non- chordates  Phylum Chordata Urochordates and Cephalochordates are often referred as Protochordates. Protochordates are exclusively marine. Sno. Urochordates Cephalochordates 1 Notochord is present only in Notochord extends from head to larval tail tail and is present through out life.  Phylum Chordates Why are urochordates called tunicates? The name “tunicate” comes from their outer covering, called the tunic, that protects the animal from predators. when touched or alarmed by a sudden movement, their muscles contract and the water in the animal shoots out. They are sessile after their larval stage, Phylum Chordates  Phylum Chordates Cephalochordates:  Phylum Chordates Sub phylum vertebrata is divided as follows:  Phylum Chordata Class cyclostomata:round mouth Ectoparasites on some fishes. Elongated body with 6-15 pair of gill slits for respiration They are jawless and have sucking and circular mouth. Body lacks scales and paired fins Have cranium and vertebral column that are cartilageous. Closed circulatory system.  Phylum Chordata-class cyclostomata Cyclostomes are marine and they move to fresh water for laying egg. They die within few days after spawning. During spawning, the lampreys stop eating, conserving all their energy for reproduction. After spawning, the adults die, as their intestines deteriorate and their bodies are attacked by fungus. The larvae have no teeth and are blind. Petromyzon-Lamprey Myxine-Hagfish Phylum Chordata  Phylum Chordata Class –Chondrichthyes. Marine and have streamlined body. Have cartilaginous endoskeleton Mouth is ventral. Notochord is present through out the life. Gill slits are separate with no operculum  Phylum Chordata-class chondrichthyes Spiracle are used to provide oxygenated blood directly to the eye and brain through a separate blood vessel. Skin is tough and contain minute placoid scales. Teeth are modified placoid scales that are directed backwards. Scales in Pisces  Phylum Chordata-class chondrichthyes Jaws are very powerful Are predaceous. Absence of air bladder, hence need to swim constantly to avoid sinking. Heart is two chambered-One auricle and one ventricle. Some of the chondrichthyes have electric organ as in Torpedo Some have electric organ as in Torpedo. Some possess poison sting.Trygon Poikilotherms Sexes are separate Males pelvic fins have claspers-that are used for sperm transfer during copulation. Internal fertilisation Viviparous Phylum chordates-class chondrichthyes Phylum-Chordata class-chondrichthyes Scoliodon-Dog fish Pristis-Saw fish Carcharodon-Great white shark  Phylum Chordata-class osteichthyes Marine and fresh water Bony endoskeleton Streamlined body Mouth is terminal Four pairs of gills covered by operculum on each side Skin is covered by cycloid or ctenoid scales Air bladder is present that regulates boyance. Heart is two chambered Cold blooded Sexes are separate External fertilization Oviparous Direct development  PhylumChordata-class Osteichthyes comes from the Ancient Greek hippókampos itself from híppos meaning "horse" and kámpos meaning "sea monster. Having a head and neck suggestive of a horse,seahorses also feature segmented bony armour, an upright posture and a curled prehensile tail.  Phylum chordata-class osteichthyes Exocoetus-Flying fish are marine. Can make self-propelled leaps out of the water over long distances. Have powerful wing-like pectoral fins that enable gliding for larger distances above the water surface. Hippocampus-Sea horse are marine Exocoetus-Flying fish Labeo-Rohu are fresh water Catla-Katla are fresh water Clarias-Magur Aquarium-Betta ,fighting fish. Pterophyllum-Angel fish. Phylum chordata-Class  Phylum Chordata-class Amphibia Amphi-dual,bios-life. Can live in aquatic as well as terrestrial habitats. Most of them have two pairs of limbs. Body is divided in to head and trunk. Tail may be present Skin is moist and without scales. Eyes have eye lids Tympanum is the hearing organ Alimentary canal, urinary tract and reproductive tract open into a common chamber called cloaca.The cloaca open externally Respiration is by gills,lungs and through skin.  Phylum chordata-class Amphibia The heart is three chambered,two auricle and one ventricle. Cold blooded animal-poikilothermous. Sexes are separate. External fertilisation Oviparous Indirect development  Phylum Chordata-Class Amphibia Bufo –Toad Rana- Frog Hyla- Tree frog Salamander- Ichthyophis-Limbless amphibian  Phylum Chordata-class Reptilia Reptilia means creeping and crawling mode of locomotion. Mostly terrestrial and body is covered by dry and cornfield skin,epidermal scales or scutes No external ear opening,Tympanum is the hearing organ Limbs if present are two pairs Heart is three chambered,but four chambered in crocodiles. Poikilotherms Snakes and lizards shed their scales as skin cast Sexes are separate Fertilization is internal Oviparous Direct development.  Phylum Chordata-Class Reptilia Turtle Tortoise Chameleon Garden Lizard Crocodile Alligator Wall lizard Cobra Krait Viper  Differences between tortoises and turtles tortoises spend most of their time on land and turtles are adapted for life spent in water. Tortoises have club-like forelegs and 'elephantine' hind legs. Turtles will have more flipper like legs, or webbed feet to make it easier to cruise through the water. Tortoises have more rounded and domed shells where turtles have thinner shells. Turtle shells are more streamlined to aid in swimming. Differences between alligator and crocodile An alligator’s snout is broader, more rounded, and U shaped, whilst the crocodile’s snout is longer, narrower, more pointed and V shaped. Alligators can grow to be anywhere from 3 to 4.5 meters, weighing in at an average of 230 kg. Crocodiles can grow up to 5.5 meters in length, reaching almost 1 ton! Crocodiles are generally lighter colours than alligators. Crocodiles tend to be a light tan or olive colour, whereas alligators are usually a dark blackish-grey  Differences between alligator and crocodile an alligator will usually try to escape by heading for the nearest water, unless they’re surprised, provoked, or defending their young. Crocodiles are typically more aggressive than alligators, making them the more dangerous animal. They’re generally bad- tempered and far more likely to attack humans, even unprovoked. Alligator and crocodile  Phylum chordata-Class Aves Presence of feathers except the flightless birds Possess beak Forelimbs are modified into wings Hind limbs have scales and modified for walking,swimming or clasping. Skin is dry with no glands,except for the oil glands at the base of the tail. Endoskeleton is fully ossified(bone) Long bone inside is hollow with air cavity enabling them to fly.(pneumatic) Digestive tract has addition chambers called crop and gizzard. Heart is complete and four chambered Homoiothermous-warm blooded. Respiration by lungs,air sacs help in respiration  Phylum chordata-class Aves Sexes are separate Fertilization is internal Oviparous Development is direct.  Phylum chordata-Class-Mammalia Shows Diversity in habitat.Polar region,deserts, mountain,forest,grassland. Some are adapted to fly or are aquatic Distinguishing feature is the presence of mammary gland. Mammary glands in female enable milk production for feeding young ones. Two pairs of limbs Skin is having outgrowth called hair Has external ear called pinnae  Phylum Chordata-Class mammalia Heart is four chambered Homoiothermous Respiration is by lungs Sexes are separate Fertilization is internal Viviparous with few exceptions Direct development