Diversity In Animal Kingdom - General Zoology PDF

DIVERSITY IN ANIMAL KINGDOM GENERAL ZOOLOGY (LECTURE) BS PSYCHOLOGY 3-2 | DR. GALLARDO | SEM 1 2024 ○ Archaea – under it is kingdom archaea (same name) I. METHOD, PURPOSES & SCHEMES OF CLASSIFICATION re...

DIVERSITY IN ANIMAL KINGDOM GENERAL ZOOLOGY (LECTURE) BS PSYCHOLOGY 3-2 | DR. GALLARDO | SEM 1 2024 ○ Archaea – under it is kingdom archaea (same name) I. METHOD, PURPOSES & SCHEMES OF CLASSIFICATION referring to ancient bacteria ○ Eukarya – under it are kingdom Protista, plantae, A. METHOD OF CLASSIFICATION animalia, and fungi 1. PHENETICS 7 KINGDOM CLASSIFICATION SCHEME - Phenetics, also known as taximetrics, is an attempt to Thomas Cavalier-Smith (1981) classify organisms based on overall similarity, usually in Gave rise to Kingdom Chromista morphology or other observable traits, regardless of their ○ Mostly derived from Protista phylogeny or evolutionary relation ○ Members have plastids enclosed in a four-membrane 2. CLADISTICS envelope - In a cladistic classification taxa are delimited exclusively ○ Possess Chlorophyll C and do not store energy in the by holophyly, that is, by the possession of a common form of starch ancestor, rather than by combination of genealogy and ○ Have different accessory pigments, such as fucoxanthin degree of divergence. ○ Plasmodium is included in this kingdom - The outcome of a cladistic analysis is a cladogram — a 8 KINGDOM CLASSIFICATION SCHEME tree-shaped dendrogram — that is interpreted to Thomas Cavalier-Smith (1991) represent relationships. Kingdom Archezoa: 3. EVOLUTIONARY CLASSIFICATION ○ Contains organisms that lack mitochondria and plastids - Evolutionary Classification (or Darwinian Classification) is ○ Their ribosomes are similar to prokaryotes (70s) a branch of biological classification that seeks to classify ○ Have a simple cytoskeleton organisms using a combination of phylogenetic relationship (shared descent), progenitor-descendant II. IDENTIFICATION & NOMENCLATURE relationship (serial descent), and degree of evolutionary change. A. BASIS OF CLASSIFICATION - The results of the evolutionary analysis are incorporated in a diagram, called a phylogram, which records both the 1. LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION branching points and the degrees of subsequent a. Kingdom divergence. b. Phylum c. Class B. PURPOSE OF CLASSIFICATION d. Subclass The classification of organisms provides clear and practical e. Order ways to organize and communicate information about f. Suborder organisms. g. Family Classification can show relationships between ancient and h. Subfamily modern groups, indicate the evolutionary pathways along i. Genus Species which present-day organisms may have developed, and j. Subspecies provide a basis for comparing experimental data. 2. GRADES OF ORGANIZATION IN ORGANISMAL COMPLEXITY C. SCHEMES OF CLASSIFICATION a. PROTOPLASMIC GRADE OF ORGANIZATION - This characterizes unicellular organisms in which all of its 2 KINGDOM CLASSIFICATION SCHEME life functions are confined within the boundaries of a Carl von Linne, also known as Carolus Linnaeus, laid the single cell. foundation for modern biological nomenclature. He b. CELLULAR GRADE OF ORGANIZATION distinguished two kingdoms of living things: Animal kingdom - An aggregation of cells that are functionally differentiated. and Vegetable kingdom. c. CELL-TISSUE GRADE OF ORGANIZATION 3 KINGDOM CLASSIFICATION SCHEME - An aggregation of similar cells into definite patterns or In 1866, Ernst Haeckel proposed a third kingdom of life, the layers organized to perform a common function, to form a Protista, for “neutral organisms” which were neither animal nor tissue. plant. d. TISSUE-ORGAN GRADE OF ORGANIZATION 4 KINGDOM CLASSIFICATION SCHEME - An aggregation of tissues into organs is a step in In 1938, Herbert F. Copeland proposed a four-kingdom complexity since organs are usually composed of more classification, elevating the protest classes of bacteria than one kind of tissue and have a more specialized (Monera) and blue-green algae to phyla in the novel Kingdom function than Fr - Fmssange tissues. Monera. e. ORGAN-SYSTEM GRADE OF ORGANIZATION - When organs work together to perform a certain function, 5 KINGDOM CLASSIFICATION SCHEME we have the highest level of organization which is an Robert Whittaker recognized an additional kingdom for the organ system. Systems are associated with basic body Fungi, proposed in 1969. The resulting five-kingdom system functions such as circulation, respiration, and digestion. comprised Kingdom Monera, Kingdom Fungi, Kingdom 3. SYMMETRY Protista, Kingdom Plantae, and Kingdom Animalia. a. SPHERICAL SYMMETRY 6 KINGDOM CLASSIFICATION SCHEME - Means that any plane passing through the center divides Carl Woese (1960s) a body into equivalent or mirrored halves. Introduced 3 domains b. RADIAL SYMMETRY ○ Bacteria – under it is the kingdom bacteria K&M 1  - Applies to all forms that can be divided into similar halves POLYNOMIAL SYSTEM by more than two planes passing through the longitudinal - Prior to the adoption of the modern binomial system of axis. naming species, a scientific name consisted of a generic c. BILATERAL SYMMETRY name combined with a specific name that was from one to - Applies to animals that can be divided along a sagittal several words long. Together they formed a system of plane into two mirrored portions. respiration, and polynomial nomenclature. digestion. 2. INTERNATIONAL CODE OF ZOOLOGICAL 4. METHODS OF MESODERM FORMATION NOMENCLATURE BRIEF HISTORY The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature is the system of rules and recommendations originally adopted by the International Congresses of Zoology and, since 1973, by the International Union of Biological Sciences (IUBS). PRINCIPLES I. BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE - This is the principle that the name of each taxon must be unique. Consequently, a name that is a junior homonym of another name must not be used as a valid name II. COORDINATION - The principle of coordination is that within the family group, genus group and species group, a name established for a taxon at any rank in the group is simultaneously established with the same author and date for taxa based on the same name-bearing type at other ranks in the corresponding group III. FIRST REVISER - This is the principle that in cases of conflicts between simultaneously published divergent acts, the first 5. GUT DESIGN AND SEGMENTATION subsequent author can decide which has precedence. It supplements the principle of priority, which states that the first published name takes precedence. - The Principle of the First Reviser deals with situations that cannot be resolved by priority. IV. HOMONYMY - This is the principle that the name of each taxon must be unique. Consequently, a name that is a junior homonym of another name must not be used as a valid name. V. TYPIFICATION - This is the principle that each nominal taxon in the family group, genus group, or species group has—actually or potentially—a name-bearing type fixed that provides the objective standard of reference that determines what the name applies to. VI. STRUCTURE - The Code divides names as follows: - Names above the family group - Family-group names - Genus-group names - Species-group names SURVEY OF ANIMAL PHYLA CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMALS Kingdom Animalia is divided into two groups: the Protozoa and the Metazoa according to their cellularity. PROTOZOA METAZOA B. ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE Unicellular Multicellular 1. SYSTEM OF NOMENCLATURE No reproductive cell Has more than one kind of BINOMIAL SYSTEM reproductive cell - The binomial nomenclature system combines two names into one to give all species unique scientific names. The Doesn’t undergo Undergoes embryogenesis first part of a scientific name is called the genus. The embryogenesis second part of a species name Is the specific epithet. Species are also organized into higher levels of classification. METAZOA K&M 2  Metazoans are subdivided according to their level of COMMENSALISM One partner benefits, no effect on the other organization. (ex. Elysia and Chlorella alga) MESOZOA Minute, ciliated, worm-like animals that 3. Nutrition of all types: autotrophic or heterotrophic and live as parasites in marine invertebrates holozoic or saprozoic PARAZOA Includes Placozoa (contains a single ORIGIN OF Engulfed a photosynthetic bacteria which species, Trichoplax adhaerens) and AUTOTROPHIC evolved to become Porifera (Sponges) PROTOZOANS chloroplasts EUMETAZOA Has more than one kind of reproductive ORIGIN OF Engulfed an aerobic bacteria which evolved cell HETEROTROPHI into a mitochondria Holozoic or Saprozoic C feeding PROTOZOANS EUMETAZOA 4. Holozoic or Saprozoic feeding Eumetazoans are divided according to their symmetry.. PHAGOTROPH Ingests visible particles of food; implies RADIATA Animals which forms can be divided into or HOLOZOIC phagocytosis (invagination of the cell half membrane surrounds a food particle) and releases through exocytosis BILATERIA Animals which forms can be divided along the sagittal plane OSMOTROPH Ingests food in a soluble form; implies or SAPROZOIC pinocytosis which is by transport of solutes BILATERIA directly across the outer cell membrane Animals with Bilateral symmetry can be classified according to 5. Encystment or Excystment their body cavity. ENCYSTMENT Formation of cyst to survive (ex. ACOELOMATA lacks body cavity Entamoeba histolytica) PSEUDOCOELOMAT cavity lacks peritoneal lining which is A EXCYSTMENT Escape from cyst called pseudocoel 6. No organs or tissues EUCOELOMATA possesses a true coelom 7. Asymmetrical body EUCOELOMATA 8. No body cavity Eucoelomates are divided according to their gastrulation or fate of blastopore, the first opening that develops. 9. no germ layer present PROTOSTAMIA blastopore becomes the mouth 10. Serves as an indirect source of food for man, fish and other animals; Prospectors use the skeletal deposits of marine DEUTEROSTOMIA blastopore becomes the anus protozoans to pinpoint the location of oil 10 MAJOR PHYLA IN THE ANIMAL KINGDOM TYPES OF PROTOZOA BASED ON LOCOMOTION 1. PROTOZOA SARCODINA Motility is due to the streaming of ectoplasm, Protozoa (G. protos, first, + zoia, animal) includes unicellular producing protoplasmic projections called eukaryotic organisms in which all life activities occur within the pseudopodia (false feet). limits of a single plasma membrane. MASTIGOPHOR Locomotion is affected by one or more CHARACTERISTICS OF PHYLUM PROTOZOA A whip-like, thin structures called flagella. 1. Mostly microscopic, although some are large enough to be CILIOPHORA Locomotion is carried out by means of short seen with the unaided eye hair-like projections called cilia, 2. Aquatic or terrestrial habitat; free-living or symbiotic mode of SPOROZOA Do not have locomotor organelles in their life (mutualism, commensal:sm parasitism) mature stage. MUTUALISM Both partners benefit (ex. Termites and EXAMPLES - Amoeba proteus (Sarcodina) protozoa) - Heteronema acus (mastigophora) - Paramecium caudatum (Ciliophora) PARASITISM One partner benefits at the expense of - Plasmodium vivax (Sporozoa) another (ex. Cryptosporidium parvum) 2. PHYLUM PORIFERA: SPONGES K&M 3  Phylum Porifera (L. porus, pre, + fera, bearing) bear myriads of tiny pores (ostia) and canals that constitute a filter-feeding 15. Serves as protective shelter and provides abundant food system adequate for their inactive life habit. supply for animals; purpose of scrubbing, cushion or padding, absorbing fluid, painting; releases Cytosine Arabinoside, a CHARACTERISTICS OF PHYLUM PORIFERA chemical producing one of the first drugs to successfully treat cancer 1. Capable of regeneration and somatic embryogenesis TYPES OF SPONGES BASED ON CANAL SYSTEM 2. Vary in size from a few millimeters to the great loggerhead sponges; brightly colored because of the pigments in their ASCONOID Most primitive and has the simplest structure; dermal cells but fades quickly when removed from water tube-shaped; with flagellated spongocoel 3. All aquatic SYCONOID It is derived from the asconoid structure; vase-shaped or cup-shaped; with flagellated 4. Centered on elaboration of water circulation and filter-feeding canals system LEUCONOID They arise from syconoid sponges; have lost 5. All adults are sessile and attached to substratum radial symmetry and are very irregular in shape and may attain large sizes; with flagellated 6. Form and Function: chambers OSTIA Tiny body opening for incoming water EXAMPLES - Aplysina archeri (Asconoid) - Ircinia campana(Syconoid) OSCULUM Larger openings for incoming water - Spongia officinalis (Leuconoid) SPICULES (calcareous or siliceous) meshwork of organic CLASSIFICATION OF PORIFERA fiber CALCAREA Needle-shaped or three or four-rayed CALCAREOUS (CALCISPONGIAE spicules of calcium carbonate (Ex. Spicules made up of calcium ) Leucosolenia) carbonate SILICEOUS HEXACTINELLIDA Glass Sponge — six-rayed, siliceous Spicules made up of c silicon dioxide (HYALOSPONGIAE) spicules united to form a network (Ex. Venus' flower basket) SPONGOCOE Cavity lined with choanocytes that pulls water L through pores and expel it in the osculum DEMOSPONGIAE Have siliceous spicules that are not six-rayed (Ex. Cliona) MESOHYL Gelatinous matrix containing sponge cells and a connective tissue of sponges 3. PHYLUM CNIDARIA 7. Nervous system is absent Phylum Cnidaria (Gr. knide, nettle + L. aria, like or connected with) took its name from cells called Cnidocytes which 8. Intracellular digestion contains stinging organelles known as nematocysts which can only be formed and used by cnidarians. This phylum is 9. Excretion and respiration by diffusion also called Coelenterata (Gr. koilos, hollow, + enteron, gut, + L. ata, characterized by). They are derived from a planula 10. larva. - Asexual reproduction by regeneration (ability to repair injuries CHARACTERISTICS OF PHYLUM CNIDARIA and restore lost parts) - Somatic embryogenesis (development of an entire new sponge from fragment of cells) 1. Contains stinging cell organelles called nematocysts in - Sexual reproduction by eggs and sperm since they are epidermis or gastrodermis monoecious (having both male and female sex cells in an individual) 2. Two basic types body forms: polypoid and medusoid (Dimorphism) 11. No organs or true tissues but on cellular level of organization 3. Entirely aquatic 12. Radial symmetry 4. Presence of tentacles that are extensible projections that aid in food capture 13. No body cavity 5.Gastrovascular cavity (coelenteron) with a single opening that 14. No germ layer present serves as both mouth and anus 6. Locomotion is by muscular contraction MESOGLEA Tiny body opening for incoming water K&M 4  BASAL Larger openings for incoming water 2. Aquatic or terrestrial in moist places; free-living and parasitic DISC 3. Locomotion by muscular contraction 7. Body with two layers: epidermis and gastrodermis 4. Presence of rheoreceptor (sensing direction of the water 8. Sensory organs for equilibrium (statocyst) and photosensitive current), ocelli (light-sensitive eyespots), and statocyst (for organs (ocelli) equilibrium) 9. Nerves are arranged as nerve net called neuromuscular 5.Nervous system consisting of ganglion cells system 6. Incomplete digestive system 10. Extracellular digestion 7. Excretory system of protonephridia 11. No excretory or respiratory system 8. Lacks respiratory, circulatory and skeletal system 12. Asexual reproduction by budding or sexual reproduction by gametes 9. Internal fertilization 13. Tissue level of organization 10. Organ and Organ-system level of organization 14. Primary radial symmetry; no definite head 11. Bilateral symmetry; definite polarity of anterior and posterior ends 15. No body cavity 12. No body cavity 16. With double germ layer of mesoglea (diploblastic) 13. Three germ layers (triploblastic) 17. Provides habitat and protection for fishes; provide substantial amounts of food for humans and other organisms; 14. Used in biological pest control programs tourist attractions; used for jewelry or ornaments CLASSIFICATION OF PLATYHELMINTHES CLASSIFICATION OF CNIDARIA TURBELLARI free-living, carnivorous flatworms ANTHOZOA Needle-shaped or three or four-rayed A (coral and spicules of calcium carbonate (Ex. anemones) Leucosolenia) MONOGENEA parasitic monogenetic flukes SCYPHOZOA Glass Sponge — six-rayed, siliceous TREMATOD parasitic flukes (swimming jellyfish) spicules united to form a network (Ex. A Venus' flower basket) CESTODA tapeworms STAUROZOA Have siliceous spicules that are not (stalked jellyfish) six-rayed (Ex. Cliona) Note: Trematodes, monogeneans and cestodes are collectively called Neodermata, a taxon based on the distinctive tegument CUBOZOA Bell-shaped medusae square in cross plan. (box jellies) section EXAMPLES - Planarian (Turbellaria,) HYDROZOA Has asexual polyps and sexual - Gyrodactylus elegans (hydroids and medusae - (Monogenea) siphonophores) - Liver fluke (Trematode and Beef tapeworm (Cestoda) EXAMPLES - Elkhorn Coral, Crown Jellyfish - Horned-stalked Jellyfish - Sea Wasp 5. PHYLUM NEMATODA: ROUNDWORMS - Portuguese Man o’ War Phylum Nematoda (Gr. nema, thread, + eidos, form) are called roundworms because of their unsegmented cylindrical bodies. 4. PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES: FLATWORMS Their origins are not known, and ancestral forms probably did not give rise to any other living groups of animals. Phylum Platyhelminthes (Gr. platys, flat, + belmins, worm) are acoelomate bilateral animals since they lack coelom or CHARACTERISTICS OF PHYLUM NEMATODA pseudocoel and without appendages. They were derived from an ancestor that probably had cnidarians-like characteristics. 1. Mostly small or microscopic CHARACTERISTICS OF PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES 2. Aquatic or terrestrial in moist places; some are parasitic 1. Cephalization was established in which sense organs for 3. Locomotion by muscular contraction by increasing the nervous control have been located on the head pressure in pseudocoel K&M 5 4. Uses pseudocoel as a hydrostatic organ to constitute a FOOT for locomotion or for attachment in a hydrostatic skeleton substratum 5. Nervous system has a circumentric nerve ring connected to VISCERAL MASS anterior and posterior nerves s MANTLE or encloses the space between the mantle and 6. Digestive system is complete PALLIUM body wall 7. Excretory system of an excretory pore MANTLE body wall 8. Reproduce through internal fertilization and eggs are usually CAVITY OR stored in the uterus PALLIAL CAVITY 9. Organ level of organization SHELL - Periostracum, 10. Bilateral symmetry with 3 layers - Prismatic layer - Nacreous layer 11. Body cavity is pseudocoel 2. Marine or terrestrial 12. Three germ layers (triploblastic) 3. Rasping organ (radula), a tongue-like organ for feeding 13. Infestation of crops, animals and humans 4. Muscular foot used chiefly for locomotion MOST COMMON PARASITIC NEMATODES & ITS MODE OF INFECTION & DISEASES 5. Nervous System contains neurosecretory cells that functions in osmoregulation HOOKWOR Contact in juveniles in soil that burrow to skin M - Ascariasis 6. Open digestive system PINWORM Inhalation of dust with ova and by 7. Open circulatory system of heart; One or two kidneys contamination with fingers (metanephridia) - Ancylostomiasis 8. Both monoecious and dioecious forms INTESTINAL Ingestion of embryonated ova in contaminated ROUNDWORM food 9. Organ level of organization - Enterobiasis 10. Bilaterally symmetrical; unsegmented; often with definite TRICHINA Ingestion of infected muscle head WORM - Trichinosis 11. Coelom s limited mainly to area around heart, lumen of WHIPWORM Ingestion of contaminated food or by gonads and parts of kidneys unhygienic habits - Trichuriasis 12. Three germ layers (triploblastic) CLASSIFICATION OF NEMATODA 13. Used as food, jewelry and damages vegetation RHABDITE Ventrally coiled amphid; three esophageal CLASSIFICATION OF MOLLUSCA A glands CAUDOFOVEATA worm-like mollusk with mantle of ENOPLEA Amphids are pocket-like; five or more chitinous cuticle and calcareous scales esophageal glands SOLENOGASTRES worm-like mollusk with mantle of scales 6. PHYLUM MOLLUSCA or spicules Mollusca (L. molluscus, soft) are soft-bodied animals that contain a fluid-filled space within the mesoderm, the coelom. MONOPLACOPHORA has a single limpetlike shell CHARACTERISTICS OF PHYLUM MOLLUSCA POLYPLACOPHORA has eight dorsal plates in shell 1. Form And Function: SCAPHOPODA has a one-piece tubular shell HEAD-FOOT PORTION GASTROPODA has a coiled shell REDULA protrusible, tongue-like organ for feeding BIVALVIA enclosed in a two-lobed mantle K&M 6  CEPHALOPODA has a head with arms or tentacles 8. PHYLUM ARTHROPODA Phylum Arthropoda (Gr. arthron, joint, +pous, podos, foot) is EXAMPLES - Chaetoderma the most extensive phylum in the animal kingdom. Its soft - Neomenia cuticle was stiffened by deposition of additional amounts of - Neopilina protein and an inert polysaccharide called chitin. - Mopalia CHARACTERISTICS OF PHYLUM ARTHROPODA - Dentalium 1. Arthropodization - development of a cuticular exoskeleton 7. PHYLUM ANNELIDA: SEGMENTED WORMS Phylum Annelida (L. annelus, little ring, + ida) is also called 2. Tagmatization — combination of metameres called Tagma “bristle worm” because most of them bear tiny chitinous which performs specialized tasks bristles called setae (L. seta, hair or bristle). Their bodies are divided into similar rings arranged in linear series and 3. Protective coloration externally marked by circular groves. 4. Nervous system with nerve cords CHARACTERISTICS OF PHYLUM ANNELIDA 5. Complete digestive system 1. Metamerism, repetition of systems in different somites 6. Respiration by Malpighian Tubules (terrestrial) or Antennal 2. Mostly are marine and few are terrestrial Glands (marine) 3. Coelomic fluid supplies turgidity and functions as hydrostatic 7. usually Internal fertilization; often with metamorphosis and skeleton parthenogenesis 4. Chitinous setae is often present 8. Open circulatory system Organ-system level of organization 5. Nervous system has a double ventral nerve cord 9. Bilateral symmetry; more pronounced cephalization 6. Digestive system is complete and not metamerically 10. Reduced coelom in adults (hemocoel) arranged 11. Three germ layers (triploblastic) 7. Gas exchange through skin, gills, or parapodia 12. Essential in pollination, serves as food, and produce 8. Excretory system is typically a pair of nephridia for each products such as honey and beeswax metamere CLASSIFICATION OF ARTHROPODA 9. Circulatory system s closed TRILOBITA body divided by two longitudinal furrows into 10. Asexual reproduction by budding and sexual reproduction three lobes (trilobites) by gametes CHELICERAT has chelicerae as their feeding appendages 11. Organ-system level of organization A (eurypterids, horseshoe crabs, spiders and 12. Bilateral symmetry ticks) 13. Coelom (schizocoel) is well developed and divided by septa Class aquatic chelicerates Merostomata 14. Three germ layers (triploblastic) Class sea spiders 15. Important for drainage, aeration, missing of soil and Pycnogonida distribution of organic matter; used as medicine; serves as food Class scorpions, spiders, mites, Arachnida ticks CLASSIFICATION OF ANNELIDA POLYCHAETA bears many segments with parapodia CRUSTACE mostly aquatic; cephalothorax with dorsal A carapace (crustaceans) OLIGOCHAETA number of segments variable UNIRAMIA uniramous appendages (insects and HIRUDINIA has a fixed number of segments (normally 34) myriapods) EXAMPLES - Aphrodita Class Diplopoda Millipedes - Lumbricus Class Chilopoda Centipedes - Placobdella K&M 7  A. PELMATOZOA Class Pauropoda Pauropods Class Symphyla Garden Centipedes borne on aboral stalk (Sea lilies, feather stars) Class characterized by a lily form (sea lilies and Class Insecta Insects Crinoidea feather stars) EXAMPLES - Modocia typicalis B. ELEUTHEROZOA - Megalograptus Eurypterid - Whiteleg Shrimp body form star-shaped, globular, discoidal, or cucumber-shaped (Sea daisies, Starfish, Brittle stars, Basket stars, Sea urchin, 9. PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA Sea biscuit, Sand dollar, Sea cucumber Phylum Echinodermata (Gr. echinos, sea urchin, hedge hog + Class having a common center (sea daisies) derma, skin, + ato, characterized by) Echinoderms are free Concentricycloidea moving but radial. It is believed that they descended from bilateral ancestors because their larvae are bilateral but Class Asteroidea star-formed (star fish) becomes radially symmetrical later in development known as Metamorphosis. Class characterized by a tail (brittle stars Ophiuroidea and basket stars) CHARACTERISTICS OF PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA Class Echinoidea hedgehog-formed (sea urchin, sea 1. Regeneration - process of renewal, restoration, and caused biscuits and sand dollars) by disturbance or damage Class cucumber-formed (sea cucumbers) 2. All aquatic Holothuroidea 3. Water-vascular system - for locomotion, food and waste transportation, and respiration in the form of podia or tube feet 10. PHYLUM CHORDATA 4. Pedicellariae — miniature jaw-like pincers that keeps body Phylum Chordata (L. chorda, cord) The name of the phylum is surface clear of algae (Tridactylous, Ophicephalous, derived from notochord (Gr. noton, back, + L. chorda, cord) Triphyllous, Globiferous) which is primarily for support and to stiffen the body. They also have a greater fundamental unity of organ systems and body 5. Locomotion by tube feet plan than other phyla. 6. Dermal endoskeleton composed of calcareous ossicles CHARACTERISTICS OF CHORDATA 7. Nervous system with circumoral ring and radlal nerves 1. Marine or terrestrial 8. Digestive system s usually complete 2. Four Chordate Hallmarks: Notochord supports and stiffens the body 9. Internal fertilization; dioecious Postanal Tail extension of the body that runs past 10. Blood-vascular system (Hemal system) Is much reduced; the anal opening maln circulation of body fluids are by peritoneal cllia Pharyngeal opening for feeding and breathing 11. Organ-system level of organization Pouches (becomes the larynx in humans and pharyngeal gill slits in fishes) 12. Unsegmented body (nonmetameric) with radial, pentamerous symmetry; they have no head or brain Dorsal Nerve forms the Central Nervous System Cord 13. Extensive coelom (enterocoelus type) forming the perivisceral cavity and the cavity of the water-vascular system 3. Complete digestive system 14. Three germ layers (triploblastic) 4. Closed blood system 15. Used in scientific research and education; serves as food; keeps the ecosystem clean because they feed on organic 5. Organ-system level of organization corpses 6. Bilateral symmetry; with definite head 7. With true coelom SUBPHYLUM OF ECHINODERMATA 8. Segmented body with three germ layers (triploblastic) K&M 8 9. They make up the human population; source of food Body plan consisting typically of head, trunk, and postanal tail; neck, present in some, especially terrestrial MAJOR GROUPS OF CHORDATA forms A. GROUP PROTOCHORDATA 3 CLASSES OF SUBPHYLUM UROCHORDATA 1. Urochordata - notochord and nerve cord in free-swimming 1. CLASS ASCIDIACEA larva only (Tunicates) Most common, diverse and best known Class Ascidiacea Rounded or cylindrical animals ranging from about 0.5 to Class Larvacea 10 cm Class Thaliacea One end of the body is always firmly fixed to rock, coral, 2. Cephalochordata - notochord and nerve cord persist or some similar solid surface throughout life (Lancelets) Often called Sea Squirts 2. CLASS LARVACEA B. GROUP CRANIATA Body shape resembles that of the tadpole-like larvae of most tunicates 3. Vertebrata - bony or cartilaginous vertebrae surrounding Their body consists of a basically oval trunk and a spinal cord relatively long thin tail 2.5 cm or 1 inch Superclass Agnatha Elongated, transparent form with all chordate without true jaws or appendages characteristics Tunicate Oikopleura Class Myxini characterized by a slimy texture (hagfish) 3. CLASS THALIACEA Barrel- or lemon-shaped pelagic forms with transparent, Class shielded head (lamprey) gelatinous body Cephalaspidomorphi They are typically surrounded by bands of circular muscle Superclass Gnathostomata Known as thaliaceans or salps with jaws and usually paired appendages (Jawed fishes, all tetrapods) FISHES FISHES Class cartilaginous fish (sharks, rays, ○ Has often been used to describe a mix assortment of Chondrichthyes chimaeras) water-dwelling animals SUPERCLASS AGNATHA: Jawless Fishes Class bony fish ○ Living jawless fishes are represented by approximately 84 Osteichthyes species divided between two classes: Myxini (hagfishes) with about 43 species and Cephalaspidomorphi Class Amphibia ectothermic; life on water and land (lampreys) with 41 species. Members of both groups lack jaws, internal ossification, scales, and paired fins, and Class Reptilia ectothermic; creeping animals both groups share pore-like gill openings and an eel-like body form. However, the two groups are morphologically Class Aves endothermic; birds very different. Class Mammalia possessing mammary glands 2 CLASSES OF SUPERCLASS AGNATHA 1. CLASS MYXINI Entirely marine group 3 SUBPHYLA OF PHYLUM CHORDATA Body slender, eel-like, rounded, with naked skin containing slime glands, no paired appendages, fibrous 1. SUBPHYLUM UROCHORDATA and cartilaginous skeleton, biting mouth with two rows of (“tail-chordates”) more commonly called tunicates eversible teeth Hagfishes 2. SUBPHYLUM CEPHALOCHORDATA Slender, laterally compressed, translucent animals about 2. CLASS CEPHALASPIDOMORPHI 5 to 7 cm in length Body shape resembles that of the tadpole-like larvae of Inhabit the sandy bottoms of coastal waters around the most tunicates world Their body consists of a basically oval trunk and a It also has the four distinctive characteristics of chordates relatively long thin tail in simple form 2.5 cm or 1 inch Marine lancelets Elongated, transparent form with all chordate characteristics 3. SUBPHYLUM VERTEBRATA Tunicate Oikopleura All have a cranium (bony or cartilaginous braincase) Also have the four chief characteristics of chordates SUPERCLASS OSTEICHTHYES: Bony Fishes K&M 9  ○ Skeleton more or less bony, vertebrae numerous, skin with mucous glands and embedded dermal scales, some CLASS AVES without scales, paired fins, mouth with many teeth (some toothless), jaws present 1.SUBCLASS ARCHAEORNITHES Birds of the late Jurassic and early Cretaceous bearing 2 CLASSES OF SUPERCLASS OSTEICHTHYES many primitive characteristics Reptile-like birds 1. CLASS ACTINOPTERYGII Fused rib cage and the breastbone extended into a keel Skeleton with bone of endochondral origin, caudal fin Clawed wings, a reptilian style rib cage without a large usually homocercal, paired and median fins present, carina and the presence of a long. bony tail supported by long dermal rays, jaws present, teeth Archaeopteryx usually present with enameloid covering Also Known as ray-finned fishes 2. SUBCLASS NEORNITHES Extinct and living birds with well-developed sternum and 2. CLASS SARCOPTERYGII usually with keel; tail reduced, metacarpals and some Skeleton with bone of endochondral origin, caudal fin carpels fused together diphycercal, paired and median fins present, paired fins Eyes contained within a fused braincase with a single basal skeletal element and short dermal Greater rhea (Rhea Americana) rays, jaws present, teeth are covered with true enamel and typically are crushing plates restricted to palate, gills MAMMALS supported by bony arches MAMMALS Dipnoi (Lungfishes) ○ Body covered with hair ○ Integument with sweat, scent, sebaceous, and mammary glands CLASS CHONDRICHTHYES ○ Mouth with diphyodont teeth; lower jaw a single enlarged bone 1. CLASS ACTINOPTERYGII ○ Movable eyelids and fleshy external ears Large (average about 2 m), paired pectoral and pelvic ○ Four limbs (reduced or absent in some) adapted for many fins, mouth ventral, skin with placoid scales, forms of locomotion: terrestrial, aerial, aquatic endoskeleton entirely cartilaginous Tiger sharks, mako sharks & eagle ray CLASS MAMMALIA 1.SUBCLASS PROTOTHERIA AMPHIBIANS Cretaceous and early Cenozoic mammals; extinct AMPHIBIANS ○ Skeleton mostly bony, with varying numbers of vertebrae A. INFRACLASS ORNITHODELPHIA ○ Body forms vary greatly from an elongated trunk with Monotreme mammals (oviparous) distinct head, neck, and tail to a compact, depressed body Are Very primitive for mammals because, like reptiles with fused head and trunk and no intervening neck and birds, they lay eggs rather ! than having live birth ○ Limbs usually four (tetrapod) although some are legless In a Number of other respects, monotremes are rather ○ Skin smooth and moist with many glands derived, having been highly modified snouts or beaks, ○ Mouth usually large with small teeth in upper or both jaws and modern adult monotremes have no teeth. Like AMPHIBIANS other mammals, however, monotremes have a single ○ Body varied in shape, compact in some, elongated in bone in their lower jaw, three middle ear bones, high others metabolic rates, hair, and they produce milk to nourish ○ Body covered with horny epidermal scales the young. ○ Limbs paired, usually with five toes Duck-billed platypus CLASS AMPHIBIA 2. SUBCLASS THERIA SUBCLASS DIAPSIDA: DIAPSID REPTILES Extant animals Have a skill with two pairs of temporal openings; this arrangement allows for the attachment of larger, stronger A. INFRACLASS METATHERIA jaw muscles, and enables the jaw to open more widely Marsupial mammals Lizards, worm lizards & snakes Commonly thought of as pouched mammals Like other mammals, the marsupials are covered with hair SUBCLASS ANAPSIDA: ANAPSID REPTILES They range from small four-footed forms like the Skull does not have temporal openings on the side of the marsupial mole, Notoryctes, to the large two-legged skull kangaroos. Turtles Opossum BIRDS B. INFRACLASS EUTHERIA BIRDS Viviparous placental mammals ○ Body usually spindle-shaped: head, neck, trunk, and tail; Advanced mammals whose young are born at a neck disproportionately long relatively advanced stage ○ Limbs paired with the forelimbs usually modified for flying Human being, warthogs ○ Epidermal covering of feathers and leg scales ○ Beak, no teeth; tall not elongated K&M 10  TRADITIONAL CLASSIFICATION The most widely accepted traditional classification of mammals divides living placental mammals into 17 orders. Insectivora ○ small sharp teeth, ex. Moles Edentata ○ few or no teeth ex. Anteater Pholidota ○ large- plate-like scales ex. Pangolin Chiroptera ○ digits support membranous wings ex. Bats Carnivora ○ long pointed canine teeth ex. Coyote Rodentia ○ incisor teeth grows continuously Lagomorpha ○ chisel-like incisor teeth ex rabbits Perissodactyla - ○ odd-toed hooves ex. Horses Artiodactyla ○ even-toed hooves ex deer Cetacea ○ paddle-like forewings ex whale Primate ○ five digits on hands and feet ex. monkeys Proboscidea ○ with tusks ex. Elephants Hyracoidea ○ rubbery pads on feet ex. Hydrax Dermoptera ○ membrane of skin between legs for gliding ex bats Pinnipedia ○ feet with fins ex. Seal Sirenia ○ paddle-like tail ex. Manatee Tubulidentata ○ The head is elongated, snout is long and pig-like, fore feet have four toes and well-developed claws, hind feet have five toes. ex. aardvark K&M 11