Kingdom Classification PDF

# **Mammals** - **Traits**: Cat, Dog, Cow, Sheep, Goat, Bat, Rat, Monkey, etc. - **Body**: Covered with hair, well developed. - **Habitat**: Live on land, but whales For example, some live in water but still breathe with lungs. Whales cannot stay underwater for long. - **Reproduction**: Spend most o...

# **Mammals** - **Traits**: Cat, Dog, Cow, Sheep, Goat, Bat, Rat, Monkey, etc. - **Body**: Covered with hair, well developed. - **Habitat**: Live on land, but whales For example, some live in water but still breathe with lungs. Whales cannot stay underwater for long. - **Reproduction**: Spend most of their lives producing offspring (do not lay eggs). - **Exceptions**: The Australian spiny anteater and platypus lay eggs, but are mammals. - **Milk glands**: They provide milk to their young. - **Characteristics**: Hairy, warm-blooded, breathes with a diaphragm, four-chambered heart, and lungs. # **Birds (Aves)** - **Characteristics**: All birds (sparrows, pigeons, etc.) are included in this. Bats are not birds, they are mammals. - **Respiration**: Breathing is done through the lungs. - **Body**: External skeleton made of feathers (Bats have no feathers, but leathery membranes). - **Limbs**: Forelimbs modified into fins, legs slender and scaly. - **Heart**: Four Chambered heart (two atriums, two ventricles). - **Temperature control**: Warm-blooded (their The body temperature remains constant). In cold weather, birds like the Siberian crane migrate to warmer places. # **reptile** - **Example**: Lizard, snake, crocodile. > Note: Crocodiles go into water only to hunt. They do not live in water and breathe through lungs. # **Reptiles** - **Crocodile**: Hunts in water, adapted for life on land. - **Eggs**: With leathery shells, laid outside water, on the banks of rivers and ponds. - **Respiration**: Breathe through lungs since birth. - **Body**: Rough skin, with external scales. # **amphibian** - **Examples**: frogs, toads, salamanders, newts. - **Life in both water and land**: These They spend some time of their life in water and some time on land. - **Tadpole stage**: Their babies (tadpoles) live in water and breathe through gills. - **Moist skin**: Their skin is moist. - **Five-fingered**: their limbs have five fingers (pentadactyl). - **Three-chambered heart**: Their heart has three chambers. - **Cold blooded**: These are also cold blooded. # **Pises (fishes)** - **Adaptation to water**: Their body is immersed in water adapted to live in. - **Gills**: They breathe through gills, so They die outside water. - **Two chambered heart**: There are two chambers in their heart. - **Cold blood**: Their body temperature They unstable. They are also called ectothermic. - **Cartilaginous fishes**: their skeleton Made of cartilage. Like sharks and dogfish. Their mouth is facing downwards. - **Bony fishes**: Their skeleton is made up of bones What is made of. Such as Rohu, Katla, Trout, Ring. They face forward. # **Vertebrate animals** - **Notochord**: They have a notocard, Which is a rod-shaped structure located in the mid-dorsal axis of the body (in the back). - **Vertebral column**: Due to the presence of notochord these are also called vertebrates. # **mollusca** - **Soft body**: Their bodies are soft and do not have any segments. - **Hard cover**: They have a hard cover over their body, like snails. - **Muscular leg**: They have a muscular leg which helps them in walking. That is why they are named Mollusca. - **Weapon-like organs**: They have some Have arm-like limbs, such as the eight arms of an octopus. # **इकाइनोडर्मेटा** - **Spiny skinned animals**: their body has There are thorns. - **Examples**: Starfish, Brittle stars, Sea urchins, Sea cucumbers. # **Annelida** - **Largest group**: It includes many such organisms These are the ones you see around your home, like centipedes, millipedes, insects, scorpions and spiders. - **Jointed limbs**: Their limbs are jointed, like our jointed limbs. - **Body segments**: Their body consists of one or more paired body segments. - **Chitin covering**: A layer on their body There is an outer covering called chitin. This is a thick layer which they shed from time to time and make a new one. This process is called molting. # **Round worms (Nematoda)** - **features**: - Cylindrical, elongated, unsegmented body - The body is filled with a fluid. - Digestive system bifid (mouth and anus separate) - Most are parasites. Some are also found in soil. - **Example**: Ascaris (roundworm) # **Ring worms (Annelida)** - **features**: - Segmented (divided into segments) body - Cylindrical body - Well developed digestive system - Digestive system bifid (mouth and anus separate) - **Example**: Earthworm, Leech # **Cnidaria (Coelenterata)** - **features**: - Two layered body (diploblastic) - Single cavity (both mouth and anus in same hole) - Equipped with tentacles which have stinging cells at their tips. - Mostly aquatic. - **Example**: Hydra, jellyfish, sea anemone # **Flatworms (Platyhelminthes)** - **features**: - Flat, soft, unsegmented body - Single mouth (no anus) - Most are parasites. - **Example**: tapeworm, planaria # **invertebrate animals** # **Porifera** - **features**: - The simplest multicellular animals - There are many holes in the body. - The body is cavity shaped - There is no single face. - Mostly attached to the sea surface. - Bacteria feed by trapping particles etc. - **Example**: Bath sponge, Sycon # **Cnidaria (Coelenterata)** - **features**: - Two layered body (diploblastic) # **Animalia** - **Lack of cell wall**: Organisms Cells do not a a cell wall. - **Lack of chlorophyll**: Chlorophyll does not occur, so photosynthesis cannot occur. - **Mobility**: Most animals are mobile. - **Food intake**: Food is taken by swallowing, sucking etc. - **Classification**: Animals can be mainly divided into two groups: | group | Speciality | |----------------|----------------------| | vertebrates | has a spinal cord | | Invertebrates | no backbone | # **Animalia** - **General characteristics of animals**: - **Multicellular**: composed of many cells. - **Eukaryotic**: Cells have a nucleus. - **Heterotrophs**: do not feed themselves can be created and are dependent on other living organisms. - **Lack of cell wall**: Organisms # **Dicotyledonous and Monocotyledonous Plants** - **Has a well developed body**: in which the roots, stem and leaves are clearly visible. - **There are two types**: | Type | number of cotyledons | |------------------|-----------------------| | monocotyledon | One | | dicotyledon | Two | # **Dicotyledonous seeds**: - On opening these seeds, two cotyledons are visible. - The venation of their leaves is reticulate type, in which a network of branches is visible. - Root taproot type # **gymnosperms** - **Definition**: Gymnosperms are plants in which the seeds are not covered by a fruit. "Gymno" means naked. - **features**: - Seeds are found in cone like structures. - There are no flowers. - **Example**: Pine, Cycas # **angiosperm** - **Definition**: Angiosperms are plants that have seeds inside fruits. - **features**: - They are flowering plants. - Has a well developed body with roots, stem and leaves clearly visible. # **bryophyta** - **Definition**: Bryophytes are plants having presumed roots, stems and leaves. - **features**: - They are autotrophs and contain chlorophyll. - **Example**: mosses, liverworts # **टेडो फइट व fern** - **Definition**: Pteridophytes have clearly differentiated roots, stems and leaves. - **features**: - Leaves contain tiny structures called leaflets. - Produce spores which later become new plants. - There are no flowering plants. - **Example**: Fern # **plant** - **Definition**: Plants are multicellular, eukaryotic and autotrophic organisms. - **features**: - They contain chlorophyll with which they make their food. - There are several classes of plants: # **thallophyta** - **Definition**: Thallophyta is a class of plants in which leaves, stems and roots are not clearly differentiated - **features**: - They are autotrophs and contain chlorophyll. - **Example**: algae, Chlamydomonas, Volvox # **fungus** - **Definition**: Fungi are multicellular, eukaryotic, and saprophytic (dependent on dead and decaying matter) organisms. - **features**: - They are clearly visible. - Their bodies consist of thread like structures called hyphae. - The cytoplasm inside the hyphae contains numerous nuclei. - **Example**: bread mold, yeast, mushrooms, tute stollen # **plant** - **Definition**: Plants are multicellular, eukaryotic and autotrophic organisms. - **features**: - Those chlorophyll are blood as # **eukaryotes** - **Definition**: Eukaryotes are cells that have a well-defined nucleus surrounded by a nuclear membrane. - **features**: - They can be unicellular or multicellular. - They may be autotrophic (make their own food) or heterotrophic (depend on other organisms for food). - **Example**: Chlamydomonas (autotroph), some protozoa(heterotroph) # **fungus** - **Definition**: Fungi are multicellular, eukaryotic, and saprophytic (dependent on dead and decaying matter) organisms. # **monera kingdom** - **Monera**: Unicellular, prokaryotic organisms. They do not have an organized nucleus. DNA is scattered throughout the cell, not surrounded by any membrane. - **Example**: Blue-green algae (cyanobacteria). # **Protista world** - **Protista**: Unicellular, eukaryotic organisms. They have an organized nucleus. - **Example**: Chlamydomonas. # **What is a family?** - **Family**: Group of species of the same genus that have similar characteristics. - **Example**: Lions, tigers, and domestic cats all belong to the "Felidae" family. They have many similar characteristics such as they are all carnivores and have strong claws. The Dog Family (Canidae) includes dogs, foxes, and jackals. # **What is order?** - **Order**: A group of several related families that are similar to each other. - **Example**: Cat family and dog family both belong to the order of mammals # **What is the name of the human species?** - The reader is encouraged to name the human species himself. # **What is genus?** - **Genus**: A group of species that share certain common characteristics. - **Example**: Mountain crow(completely black) and house crow(pale black). These are two different species but both have genus "Corvus". They cannot interbreed. # **Some examples of non-reproduction** - **Zebra and donkey**: Their union produces offspring called "zonkeys", which are sterile, meaning they cannot produce more zonkeys. Because zebra and donkey are not of the same species. - **Tiger and lion**: Their union produces an offspring called "tigan", which is infertile. - **Goat and sheep**: Their union produces offspring called "geep". - **Tomato and potato**: Their union produces an offspring called "pometto".