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What is the mode of fertilization in phylum Arthropoda?
Which of the following is an example of a creature in phylum Mollusca?
What characteristic distinguishes echinoderms from other phyla?
What does the term 'gregarious pests' refer to in the context of agriculture?
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Which of the following structures helps with respiration and excretion in molluscs?
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What type of development is observed in most members of the phylum Mollusca?
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Which of the following is considered a living fossil in the context provided?
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What is the primary material that composes the exoskeleton of arthropods?
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What term is used to describe animals that have both ectoderm and endoderm but lack a mesoderm layer?
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Which of the following structures serves as an internal skeleton in diploblastic animals?
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What type of body cavity is characterized by being lined with mesoderm?
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Which of the following groups is categorized as coelomates?
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What is the term for animals that do not have a body cavity at all?
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What type of segmentation is exhibited by earthworms?
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Which animals possess a notochord during their embryonic development?
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Which phylum is known for having advanced water transport systems and oscula?
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What is a defining feature of organisms in Phylum Echinodermata?
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Which of the following statements accurately describes reproduction in Phylum Hemichordata?
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Which characteristic distinguishes Phylum Chordata from the other phyla mentioned?
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In which phylum do organisms have a structure called stomochord?
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What type of circulatory system is present in Hemichordates?
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Which of the following is NOT a feature of Phylum Echinodermata?
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Which structure is characteristic of Urochordates?
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Which group within Phylum Chordata is known for having a notochord that extends from head to tail throughout life?
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What is the primary function of the tunic in tunicates?
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Which feature is NOT characteristic of class Cyclostomata?
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During their life cycle, what is a unique behavior exhibited by marine lampreys during spawning?
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What adaptation allows chondrichthyes to remain buoyant in water?
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What is a key characteristic of the teeth of chondrichthyes?
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What separates chondrichthyes from other fish classes regarding their respiratory structures?
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Which of the following statements about cyclostomes is true?
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What role do claspers serve in male chondrichthyes during reproduction?
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What is the main difference in leg structure between tortoises and turtles?
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Which of the following characteristics is true for all reptiles?
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What type of reproduction is most commonly observed in reptiles?
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How do alligators and crocodiles primarily differ in behavior when surprised?
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What distinct feature do birds possess that differentiates them from reptiles?
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Which of the following statements correctly describes the snout shapes of alligators and crocodiles?
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What is a key anatomical feature of birds that assists them in flight?
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What is the classification of animals that includes snakes and lizards?
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Study Notes
Animal Classification
- Animals can be classified based on their body structure and embryological development.
- Diploblastic animals: Two germ layers (ectoderm and endoderm) with a mesoglea layer acting as an internal skeleton. For example, Coelenterates.
- Triploblastic animals: Three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm). Examples include Platyhelminthes to Chordates.
- Coelomate animals: Possess a true coelom lined by mesoderm. Examples include Annelida, Mollusca, Arthropoda, Echinodermata, Hemichordata, and Chordates.
- Pseudocoelomate animals: Have a pseudocoelom where mesoderm is scattered between the ectoderm and the endoderm. For example, Aschelminthes.
- Acoelomate animals: Lack a body cavity. Example, Platyhelminthes.
- Metamerism: Presence of externally and internally segmented bodies with repeated structures, as seen in Earthworms.
Phylum Porifera
- Commonly known as sponges.
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Characteristics:
- Marine and asymmetrical animals.
- Primitive multicellular animals with cellular organization.
- Have a canal system for water transport.
- Water enters through ostia pores and exits through the osculum.
Phylum Arthropoda
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Characteristics:
- Jointed legs for mobility on land.
- Hard exoskeleton made of chitin for protection and water retention.
- Statocysts for balance.
- Excretion through Malpighian tubules.
- Dioecious with internal fertilization and oviparous condition.
- Development can be direct or indirect.
Phylum Mollusca
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Characteristics:
- Second largest phylum.
- Found in terrestrial and aquatic environments.
- Organ system level of organization.
- Bilateral symmetry.
- Triploblastic and Coelomate.
- Unsegmented body, covered by a calcareous shell.
- Body divided into a head, muscular foot, and visceral hump.
- A mantle layer covers the visceral hump, forming a mantle cavity.
- Feather-like gills are located in the mantle cavity for respiration and excretion.
- Mouth contains a rasping feeding organ called the radula.
- Dioecious and viviparous.
- Indirect development.
Phylum Echinodermata
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Characteristics:
- Possess an endoskeleton of calcareous ossicles (spiny body).
- Exclusively marine.
- Organ level of organization.
- Adults are radially symmetrical, while larvae are bilaterally symmetrical.
- Triploblastic and coelomate.
- Have a unique water vascular system for gas exchange, nutrition, predation, and locomotion.
- Lack excretory organs.
- Sexes are separate.
- Reproduction is sexual with external fertilization.
- Development is indirect with free-swimming larvae.
Phylum Hemichordata
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Characteristics:
- Previously considered a subphylum under Chordata.
- Possess a rudimentary structure in the collar region called the stomochord, similar to a notochord.
- Worm-like, marine animals with organ level of organization.
- Bilaterally symmetrical.
- Triploblastic and Coelomic.
- Cylindrical body with an anterior proboscis, collar, and long trunk.
- Typically live in burrows.
- Mouth is located between the proboscis and collar.
- Trunk contains the pharynx with pharyngeal slits, esophagus, intestine, and anus.
- Open circulatory system.
- Respiration through gills.
- Excretion through the proboscis gland.
- Sexes are separate.
- External fertilization.
- Indirect development.
Phylum Chordata
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Characteristics:
- Unique for having a notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, and paired pharyngeal gill slits.
- Bilaterally symmetrical.
- Triploblastic.
- Coelomate.
- Organ system of organization.
- Post-anal tail.
- Closed circulatory system.
Phylum Chordata: Urochordates and Cephalochordates
- Often referred to as "Protochordates" and are exclusively marine.
Phylum Chordata: Urochordates.
- Commonly called "tunicates" due to the tunic covering their body.
- Sessile after their larval stage.
Phylum Chordata : Cephalochordates
- Commonly called "lancelets" or "amphioxus".
- Notochord extends from head to tail throughout life.
Phylum Chordata - Class Cyclostomata
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Characteristics:
- Round mouth.
- Ectoparasites on some fish.
- Elongated body with 6-15 pairs of gill slits.
- Jawless with a sucking, circular mouth.
- Lack scales and paired fins.
- Possesses a cartilaginous cranium and vertebral column.
- Closed circulatory system.
- Marine, but migrate to freshwater for spawning.
- Die within few days after spawning.
Phylum Chordata - Class Chondrichthyes
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Characteristics:
- Marine.
- Streamlined body.
- Cartilaginous endoskeleton.
- Ventral mouth.
- Notochord present throughout life.
- Separate gill slits with no operculum.
- Spiracles provide oxygenated blood directly to the eye and brain.
- Tough skin with minute placoid scales.
- Teeth are modified placoid scales directed backwards.
- Powerful jaws.
- Predaceous.
- Lack an air bladder, requiring them to swim constantly.
- Two-chambered heart.
- Some have electric organs (e.g., Torpedo).
- Some possess poison stings (e.g., Trygon).
- Poikilotherms (cold-blooded).
- Sexes are separate.
- Males have claspers on pelvic fins for sperm transfer.
Phylum Chordata - Class Reptilia
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Characteristics:
- Mostly terrestrial.
- Dry skin with epidermal scales or scutes.
- No external ear opening; Tympanum is the hearing organ.
- Two pairs of limbs if present.
- Three-chambered heart (four-chambered in crocodiles).
- Poikilotherms (cold-blooded).
- Snakes and lizards shed their scales as skin casts.
- Sexes are separate.
- Internal fertilization.
- Oviparous.
- Direct development.
Differences between tortoises and turtles
- Habitat: Tortoises spend most of their time on land while turtles are adapted for aquatic environments.
- Legs: Tortoises have club-like forelegs and hind legs, while turtles have flipper-like or webbed feet.
- Shell: Tortoises have rounded and domed shells, while turtles have thinner, streamlined shells.
Differences between alligators and crocodiles
- Snout Shape: Alligators have a broader, rounded, and U-shaped snout, while crocodiles have a longer, narrower, pointed, and V-shaped snout.
- Size: Alligators grow 3-4.5 meters long and weigh around 230 kg. Crocodiles can reach 5.5 meters long and weigh close to 1 ton.
- Color: Crocodiles tend to be lighter tan or olive, while alligators are dark blackish-grey.
- Temperament: Alligators usually retreat to water unless provoked, while crocodiles are more aggressive and likely to attack humans.
Phylum Chordata - Class Aves
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Characteristics:
- Presence of feathers (except flightless birds).
- Possess a beak.
- Forelimbs modified into wings.
- Hind limbs have scales and are modified for walking, swimming, or clasping.
- Dry skin, except for an oil gland at the base of the tail.
- Fully ossified (bone) endoskeleton.
- Hollow long bones with air cavities for flight.
- Digestive tract includes crop and gizzard chambers.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the classification of animals based on body structure and embryological development. Dive into the specifics of diploblastic and triploblastic animals, coelomate and pseudocoelomate characteristics, and understand the role of metamerism in animal anatomy.
