Plant and Animal Reproduction PDF

Plant and Animal Reproduction Objectives Describe the different ways of how representative animals reproduce Describe the ways on how some plants reproduce. Introduction Why do you think living things reproduce? Reproduction A process by which organisms replicate themselves. This process...

Plant and Animal Reproduction Objectives Describe the different ways of how representative animals reproduce Describe the ways on how some plants reproduce. Introduction Why do you think living things reproduce? Reproduction A process by which organisms replicate themselves. This process ensures the survival of the species. ○ Asexual - single parent; produces an exact copy of the parent. ○ Sexual - two parents, a male and a female; fertilization occurs Sexual Reproduction in Plants Flowering plants (angiosperms) are adapted for sexual reproduction. Angiosperms have separate structures for the male and female gametes. Usually, plants have both the female and male structures together in the same flower. These reproductive parts are also non-permanent. They also develop seasonally, where it corresponds to the time of the year that is great for pollination. Self-Pollination and Cross-Pollination Pollination is the transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of a flower. Self-pollination - occurs when pollen falls from the anther into the stigma of the same flower. Cross-pollination - is the transfer of pollen to another plant of the same species. This ensures genetic recombination, thus providing wider genetic variety. Cross-pollination depends on agents, such as animals to transport their pollen. Fertilization in Plants - Double Fertilization Fertilization in Plants - Double Fertilization As you have seen in the video, two sperm cells are needed to fertilize a plant’s egg. This process is called double fertilization. Fertilization in Plants Fertilization causes rapid changes to the flower. The ovule develops into a seed, which has a tough coating to protect the developing plant and its food supply. The ovary enlarges, which becomes the fruit. Fertilization in Plants Fruits and seeds are dispersed by animals, wind, and water. When animals eat such fruits, the seeds often pass unharmed through their digestive systems. Fruits and seeds of some plants are adapted for wind dispersal. These fruits are small and can be carried away by wind easily. Some fruits and seeds growing near water often contains air chambers which allow them to float. Asexual Reproduction in Plants Some plant species can undergo asexual reproduction. All of the offspring are genetically identical with the parent plant. Asexual reproduction may occur naturally or artificially. Naturally-occurring production of new plants from non-reproductive plant parts is known as vegetative propagation. One example of which is Kalanchoe plant. Asexual Reproduction in Plants Some plants send out long, horizontal stems that produce roots or new shoots. Example of which is the strawberry. Asexual Reproduction in Plants Potatoes produce buds that can break off and become new plants. Asexual Reproduction in Plants Artificial propagation happens when humans manipulate the process of vegetative propagation. Plant growers have learned to use artificial propagation to increase the amount of crops that they can harvest. Animal Reproduction Animals can also reproduce either asexually or sexually. Asexual reproduction in animals occurs when the body of the parent grows buds which eventually falls off and grows. This happens to animals that are stationary and therefore unable to move. Advantage of asexual reproduction is that Disadvantage is that genetic variation the animal can produce numerous does not occur. Therefore, no offspring improvement in the breed of the animal. Any change in the animal’s environment may be fatal for the animal. Animal Reproduction Sexual reproduction produces offspring by combining the genetic material of two parents. Most animals and humans reproduce sexually. Females produce the egg, and the males produce the sperm. When an egg’s nucleus unites with the sperm’s nucleus, a zygote is formed. This process is known as fertilization. The zygote divides and forms the embryo. Methods of Reproduction of Some Animals Hydras The hydra lives in freshwater lakes, ponds, or streams. The hydra develops a bud which is attached to the parent until it is fully formed. Once it is fully formed, it detaches from its parent. The young hydra is now free to swim on its own until it finds a suitable spot and starts to reproduce. Methods of Reproduction of Some Animals Hydras Hydras generally reproduce asexually during warm weather. They sexually reproduce usually in autumn when the cold climate triggers the development of sperm and eggs. Male hydra releases sperm in the water, some of which will reach the ovary of a nearby female hydra and fertilizes its egg cell. The zygote then divides and grows into a ball of cells with a hard cover. This cover protects the embryo until it develops into a new hydra. Methods of Reproduction of Some Animals Sponges Sponges can reproduce asexually by budding or for some, the parent breaks into many fragments and each fragment grows into a new sponge. Methods of Reproduction of Some Animals Sponges Sponges can reproduce sexually. Males release sperm cells in the water. Water currents carry the sperm to female sponges where fertilization occurs. The fertilized eggs develop into larvae which are released and swims through the ocean. When they find a suitable spot, they attach themselves to it and they grow into new sponges. Methods of Reproduction of Some Animals Cnidarians: Jellyfish Jellyfish belongs to phylum Cnidaria. They have two different body forms during their life cycle. The polyp stage and the medusa stage. Methods of Reproduction of Some Animals Cnidarians: Jellyfish Adult medusae release either the sperm or egg in the water where fertilization occurs. The zygote develops into planula where it attaches itself on the seafloor, becoming a polyp. As the polyp grows, it forms stacks of medusa in the process called strobilation. Each of these stacks then buds off and develops into a jellyfish. Methods of Reproduction of Some Animals Starfish Starfishes can reproduce asexually via fragmentation. In fragmentation, an organism breaks into two or more parts, each of which may grow into a separate individual. They may also reproduce sexually. Methods of Reproduction of Some Animals Flatworms Most living flatworms, such as planaria are aquatic. They reproduce asexually by regeneration. When a planaria regenerates, it is cut into two and each part regrows into a new individual. Methods of Reproduction of Some Animals Flatworms Sexual reproduction is also possible for flatworms. They are hermaphroditic. During mating, two flatworms exchange sperm so the eggs of both flatworms get fertilized. A flatworm usually does not fertilize itself. Methods of Reproduction of Some Animals Annelids Annelids include earthworms and leeches. Most annelids reproduce sexually. Earthworms are hermaphrodites, but an individual worm cannot fertilize its own egg. For mating to occur, two earthworms join head to tail. Together they form a mucus coat around the joined part of their bodies where sperm is released in each other worm’s body. Methods of Reproduction of Some Animals Mollusks Some mollusks, like the land snails, are hermaphroditic. But in most aquatic species, sexes are distinct. The eggs are fertilized internally to some species. Cephalopods, like squids, have separate sexes. The male uses a specialized tentacle to transfer sperms to the females where fertilization occurs. The female then lays eggs and guards them until they hatch. Methods of Reproduction of Some Animals Arthropods Spiders, insects, centipedes, scorpions, shrimps, crabs, and lobsters are arthropods. They undergo sexual reproduction. The most numerous of these are the insects. The growth and development of insects usually involve metamorphosis which is a process of changing shape and form. Incomplete metamorphosis - the Complete metamorphosis - From young looks like the adults, called eggs, they hatch into larvae that nymphs. Nymphs gradually acquire look different from the adults. The adult structures, such as wings and larva changes into a pupa where functional sex organs. development into adult takes place. Methods of Reproduction of Some Animals Methods of Reproduction of Some Animals Vertebrates Vertebrates undergo sexual reproduction which starts from fertilization. Depending on the animal, fertilization may occur internally or externally. Frogs undergo external fertilization where the female lays its eggs first and the male releases its sperm over the eggs to fertilize them. The frogs leave the fertilized eggs on their own for development. In about two weeks, the eggs hatch to become tadpoles. Methods of Reproduction of Some Animals Vertebrates Some fishes and amphibians reproduce by external fertilization where the male’s sperm fertilizes the female’s egg outside of its body. They usually do this in water or in very moist areas so the delicate systems won’t dry out. Methods of Reproduction of Some Animals Vertebrates In internal fertilization, egg and sperm join inside the female’s body. Reptiles, birds, mammals, and some fishes reproduce by internal fertilization. Reptiles lay their eggs on land. The embryos inside the egg are within the chorion, a watertight protective membrane. This membrane also allows gas exchange. Methods of Reproduction of Some Animals Vertebrates The within the chorion is another membrane called amnion, which encloses the embryo within a watery environment. This kind of watertight, fluid-filled egg is called amniotic egg. The food supply of the embryo is the yolk. The zygote develops within the egg, eventually achieving the form of a miniature adult before it completely uses up the yolk. The egg then hatches and the young develops into an adult. Methods of Reproduction of Some Animals Vertebrates Amniotic eggs are also employed by birds and some mammals. Birds warm their eggs until they hatched. Newly-hatched birds cannot survive unaided, since their development is incomplete. The young birds are fed and nurtured by their parents, and they grow to maturity gradually. Methods of Reproduction of Some Animals Vertebrates Monotremes are mammals that lay eggs. Examples of which is the echidna and the platypus. Methods of Reproduction of Some Animals Vertebrates Other mammals bear their young alive. These are the marsupial mammals and the placental mammals. One example of a marsupial is the kangaroo. The female carry their young until they are matured enough to do its activities on its own. Methods of Reproduction of Some Animals Vertebrates Placental mammals give birth to their young alive. After birth, most mammals give their young with a period of care. The duration of this care varies among different species. Young mammals such as humans are helpless at birth and depend on their mother/parents for food and protection, until they grow and do activities on their own, and after several years more, live and support themselves independently. THANK YOU! SOURCES Google Image for pictures Fertilization in Plants - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3cmB7bnymnk https://www.britannica.com/science/reproduction-biology Vengco, L.G., & Religioso, T.F. (2016). You and the natural world: earth and life science. Quezon City: Phoenix Publishing House.  I. Matching Type Match Column A to Column B  A B 1. Union of ovum and sperm A. Stamen cell B. Cross-Pollination 2. Collective Term for Male Reproductive organs of flower C. Pollen 3. This is where the sperm D. Artificial Propagation nuclei are stored. E. Fruit 4. Other term for embryo of plant F. Fertilization 5. Grafting G. Seed  A B 1. Strawberry plant grows runner. A. Asexual Reproduction 2. Sperm Nuclei of gumamela plant 1 fertilize the egg in another gumamela plant. B. Sexual Reproduction 3. Potatoes grow buds to create new plant. 4. Katakataka plant uses leaves to reproduce 5. New coconut plant from a