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Questions and Answers
What type of reproduction do male hydra use to fertilize the egg cell of a female hydra?
What type of reproduction do male hydra use to fertilize the egg cell of a female hydra?
In sponges, how are fertilized eggs released and developed?
In sponges, how are fertilized eggs released and developed?
What stage do jellyfish develop into after the zygote becomes planula?
What stage do jellyfish develop into after the zygote becomes planula?
How do starfish primarily reproduce asexually?
How do starfish primarily reproduce asexually?
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How do flatworms reproduce sexually?
How do flatworms reproduce sexually?
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What is the primary function of the yolk in an amniotic egg?
What is the primary function of the yolk in an amniotic egg?
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Which group of animals uses amniotic eggs for reproduction?
Which group of animals uses amniotic eggs for reproduction?
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What body forms do jellyfish have at different stages of their life cycle?
What body forms do jellyfish have at different stages of their life cycle?
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What distinguishes marsupial mammals from placental mammals?
What distinguishes marsupial mammals from placental mammals?
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What unique reproductive strategy do most annelids, such as earthworms, exhibit?
What unique reproductive strategy do most annelids, such as earthworms, exhibit?
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What is the typical care provided to young mammals after birth?
What is the typical care provided to young mammals after birth?
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How do sponges primarily reproduce asexually?
How do sponges primarily reproduce asexually?
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What is unique about monotremes in the context of mammalian reproduction?
What is unique about monotremes in the context of mammalian reproduction?
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What happens to the polyp as it grows in the jellyfish life cycle?
What happens to the polyp as it grows in the jellyfish life cycle?
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What is the primary reproductive method for most flatworms?
What is the primary reproductive method for most flatworms?
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What is the primary purpose of reproduction in living organisms?
What is the primary purpose of reproduction in living organisms?
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What is the difference between asexual and sexual reproduction?
What is the difference between asexual and sexual reproduction?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of angiosperms?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of angiosperms?
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What happens during self-pollination?
What happens during self-pollination?
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What is the advantage of cross-pollination over self-pollination?
What is the advantage of cross-pollination over self-pollination?
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What is the process called where two sperm cells fertilize a plant's egg?
What is the process called where two sperm cells fertilize a plant's egg?
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After fertilization, which part of the flower develops into a seed?
After fertilization, which part of the flower develops into a seed?
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How are fruits and seeds dispersed?
How are fruits and seeds dispersed?
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What type of fertilization do frogs undergo?
What type of fertilization do frogs undergo?
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Which of the following statements about mollusks is true?
Which of the following statements about mollusks is true?
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What is the process through which insects change from larvae to adults called?
What is the process through which insects change from larvae to adults called?
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In which of the following groups does internal fertilization occur?
In which of the following groups does internal fertilization occur?
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Which type of metamorphosis involves a young form that looks similar to adults?
Which type of metamorphosis involves a young form that looks similar to adults?
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What protective feature do reptile eggs possess?
What protective feature do reptile eggs possess?
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How do male cephalopods fertilize females?
How do male cephalopods fertilize females?
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Which arthropods are known for undergoing sexual reproduction?
Which arthropods are known for undergoing sexual reproduction?
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Where does fertilization occur in vertebrates that practice external fertilization?
Where does fertilization occur in vertebrates that practice external fertilization?
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What is the typical developmental path after fertilization for frogs?
What is the typical developmental path after fertilization for frogs?
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What is the primary advantage of asexual reproduction in animals?
What is the primary advantage of asexual reproduction in animals?
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What is vegetative propagation in plants?
What is vegetative propagation in plants?
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Which of these is an example of a plant that reproduces asexually?
Which of these is an example of a plant that reproduces asexually?
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What occurs during the fertilization process in sexual reproduction?
What occurs during the fertilization process in sexual reproduction?
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What is a disadvantage of asexual reproduction in animals?
What is a disadvantage of asexual reproduction in animals?
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What triggers hydras to reproduce sexually?
What triggers hydras to reproduce sexually?
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In which form of reproduction do parent plants produce genetically identical offspring?
In which form of reproduction do parent plants produce genetically identical offspring?
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How do strawberries reproduce asexually?
How do strawberries reproduce asexually?
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What characterizes sexual reproduction in animals?
What characterizes sexual reproduction in animals?
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What is the main form of reproduction for the hydra during warm weather?
What is the main form of reproduction for the hydra during warm weather?
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Study Notes
Plant and Animal Reproduction
- Reproduction is a process by which organisms replicate themselves.
- This process ensures the survival of the species.
- There are two main types of reproduction: asexual and sexual.
Asexual Reproduction
- Asexual reproduction involves a single parent.
- It produces offspring that are genetically identical to the parent.
- This type of reproduction can occur naturally or artificially.
Asexual Reproduction in Plants
- Naturally occurring production of new plants from non-reproductive plant parts is called vegetative propagation.
- Examples include:
- Kalanchoe plant
- Strawberries: develop runners
- Potatoes: produce buds
- Artificial propagation happens when humans manipulate the process of vegetative propagation to increase the amount of crops.
- Methods include:
- Cutting
- Budding
- Grafting
- Methods include:
Sexual Reproduction
- Sexual reproduction involves two parents, typically a male and a female.
- It combines the genetic material of the parents to produce genetically diverse offspring.
Sexual Reproduction in Plants
- Flowering plants (angiosperms) reproduce sexually.
- Angiosperms have separate structures for male and female gametes.
- These reproductive parts are often located together in the same flower.
- These structures are typically non-permanent.
- They develop seasonally.
- The timing corresponds to the period that is great for pollination.
- Pollination is the transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of the flower.
- Two types include: self-pollination and cross-pollination.
- Self-pollination is when pollen falls from the anther to the stigma of the same flower.
- Cross-pollination is when pollen is transferred to another plant of the same species. This ensures genetic recombination.
- Two types include: self-pollination and cross-pollination.
- Pollination is the transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of the flower.
- Fertilization in plants involves double fertilization.
- The pollen tube discharges male cells into the embryo sac.
- One sperm fertilizes the egg to form a zygote.
- The other sperm fertilizes two polar nuclei to form endosperm.
- The pollen tube discharges male cells into the embryo sac.
- Fertilization causes rapid changes to the flower.
- The ovule develops into a seed.
- The seed has a tough coating to protect the developing plant and its food supply.
- The ovary enlarges, becoming the fruit.
- Fruits and seeds are dispersed by animals, wind, and water.
- When animals eat fruits, seeds often pass unharmed through the digestive system.
- Some fruits and seeds growing near water often contain air chambers that allow them to float.
Animal Reproduction
- Animals can reproduce asexually or sexually.
- Asexual reproduction in animals occurs when the parent grows buds that fall off and grow into new individuals. This happens to stationary animals.
- Advantages: producing numerous offspring
- Disadvantages: little genetic variation, so any change in environment could be fatal.
- Sexual reproduction combines the genetic material of two parents to produce genetically diverse offspring.
- Females produce eggs.
- Males produce sperm.
- When an egg's nucleus unites with the sperm's nucleus, the zygote is formed, signifying fertilization.
- The zygote divides and forms the embryo.
- Asexual reproduction in animals occurs when the parent grows buds that fall off and grow into new individuals. This happens to stationary animals.
Sexual Reproduction in Hydra
- Hydras reproduce asexually in warm weather and sexually in autumn, when the cold climate triggers the development of sperm and eggs.
- Male hydra releases sperm into the water; some reach a nearby female, fertilizing its egg.
- The zygote develops into a ball of cells covered by a protective, hard cover.
- This develops into a new hydra.
Sexual Reproduction in Sponges
- Sponges can reproduce sexually.
- Males release sperm, and water currents carry them to a female sponge.
- Fertilization occurs.
- The fertilized eggs develop into larvae.
- Larvae swim and attach to a suitable surface, developing into new sponges.
Cnidarians (Jellyfish)
- They have two body forms in their life cycle: polyp and medusa.
- Adult medusae release sperm or egg in water for fertilization.
- The zygote develops into a planula which becomes polyp on the seafloor.
- The polyp grows stacks of medusa which bud off to develop into a jellyfish.
Starfish
- Starfish reproduce asexually via fragmentation.
- In fragmentation, the starfish break into pieces; each part grows into a new starfish.
- Starfish can also reproduce sexually.
Flatworms
- Flatworms such as planaria reproduce asexually by regeneration.
- When cut in half, each part regenerates into a new individual.
- Flatworms can also reproduce sexually, exchanging sperm during mating.
Annelids
- Annelids such as earthworms reproduce sexually as they are hermaphroditic but cannot self-fertilize.
- Two worms join and their joined region creates a mucus coat where sperm is exchanged.
- A tube of mucus encloses the eggs, slipping off the worm's body, and hatching later into young earthworms.
Mollusks
- Some mollusks, like snails, are hermaphroditic.
- But most aquatic mollusks have separate sexes.
- Cephalopods, like squid, have separate sexes with the male transferring sperm to the females, leading to internal fertilization.
Arthropods (Spiders, Insects, Centipedes, etc.)
- Arthropods reproduce sexually.
- Insects undergo metamorphosis, a process of changing shape and form.
- Incomplete metamorphosis: young is similar to adult (e.g., nymphs, gradually gaining adult structures like wings).
- Complete metamorphosis: young (larva) looks different from adult; it changes into a pupa before becoming an adult (e.g., butterfly).
Vertebrates (Frogs, Fish, Reptiles, Birds, Mammals)
- Vertebrates reproduce sexually through internal or external fertilization.
- Frogs undergo external fertilization where females lay eggs and males release sperm over them.
- Some fishes and amphibians also reproduce through external fertilization in water or moist areas.
- Reptiles lay eggs on land with embryos protected by a chorion, which is a watertight membrane allowing gas exchange.
- Birds and some mammals employ amniotic eggs, keeping the embryo moist and protected until hatching.
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Monotremes: mammals that lay eggs.
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Marsupials: young develop in a pouch of the mother.
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Placental mammals: carry young internally until birth.
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Young mammals at birth are dependent on their parents for care, nourishment, and protection until they can survive independently.
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Description
This quiz explores the various types of reproduction in plants and animals, including asexual and sexual reproduction. Learn about methods of vegetative propagation and the significance of each type in sustaining species. Test your knowledge on key concepts and examples in this essential topic.
