Plant and Animal Reproduction
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Questions and Answers

What type of reproduction do male hydra use to fertilize the egg cell of a female hydra?

  • Sexual reproduction (correct)
  • Budding
  • Regeneration
  • Asexual fragmentation

In sponges, how are fertilized eggs released and developed?

  • They remain within the sponge until maturity.
  • They become polyp and attach to a substrate.
  • They transform into medusae immediately.
  • They develop into larvae and swim freely. (correct)

What stage do jellyfish develop into after the zygote becomes planula?

  • Adult medusa
  • Fragment
  • Bud
  • Polyp (correct)

How do starfish primarily reproduce asexually?

<p>Fragmentation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do flatworms reproduce sexually?

<p>By exchanging sperm with another flatworm (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the yolk in an amniotic egg?

<p>To act as a food supply for the embryo (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group of animals uses amniotic eggs for reproduction?

<p>Birds and some mammals (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What body forms do jellyfish have at different stages of their life cycle?

<p>Medusa and polyp (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes marsupial mammals from placental mammals?

<p>Marsupials have a pouch for nurturing young (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What unique reproductive strategy do most annelids, such as earthworms, exhibit?

<p>They are hermaphroditic (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical care provided to young mammals after birth?

<p>They receive varying periods of care depending on the species. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do sponges primarily reproduce asexually?

<p>Budding or fragmentation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is unique about monotremes in the context of mammalian reproduction?

<p>They lay eggs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the polyp as it grows in the jellyfish life cycle?

<p>It forms stacks of medusa (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reproductive method for most flatworms?

<p>Asexual regeneration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of reproduction in living organisms?

<p>To ensure the survival of the species. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between asexual and sexual reproduction?

<p>Asexual produces genetically identical offspring; sexual produces genetically diverse offspring. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of angiosperms?

<p>They rely solely on wind for pollination. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during self-pollination?

<p>Pollen from one flower is transferred to the stigma of another flower on the same plant. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the advantage of cross-pollination over self-pollination?

<p>It guarantees genetic diversity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process called where two sperm cells fertilize a plant's egg?

<p>Double fertilization. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

After fertilization, which part of the flower develops into a seed?

<p>The ovule. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are fruits and seeds dispersed?

<p>By animals, wind, and water. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of fertilization do frogs undergo?

<p>External fertilization (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about mollusks is true?

<p>Most aquatic mollusks have distinct sexes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process through which insects change from larvae to adults called?

<p>Metamorphosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which of the following groups does internal fertilization occur?

<p>Reptiles, birds, and mammals (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of metamorphosis involves a young form that looks similar to adults?

<p>Incomplete metamorphosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What protective feature do reptile eggs possess?

<p>Chorion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do male cephalopods fertilize females?

<p>By using a specialized tentacle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which arthropods are known for undergoing sexual reproduction?

<p>Spiders, insects, centipedes, and crustaceans (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does fertilization occur in vertebrates that practice external fertilization?

<p>In water or moist areas (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical developmental path after fertilization for frogs?

<p>Eggs hatch into tadpoles that develop into frogs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of asexual reproduction in animals?

<p>Ability to produce numerous offspring (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is vegetative propagation in plants?

<p>Production of new plants from non-reproductive parts (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is an example of a plant that reproduces asexually?

<p>Kalanchoe (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the fertilization process in sexual reproduction?

<p>The egg and sperm nuclei unite to form a zygote (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a disadvantage of asexual reproduction in animals?

<p>Reduced chance of survival during environmental changes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What triggers hydras to reproduce sexually?

<p>The onset of cold weather (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which form of reproduction do parent plants produce genetically identical offspring?

<p>Asexual reproduction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do strawberries reproduce asexually?

<p>By sending out horizontal stems that produce new shoots (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes sexual reproduction in animals?

<p>Genetic material is combined from two parents (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main form of reproduction for the hydra during warm weather?

<p>Asexual reproduction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Reproduction

The process by which organisms replicate themselves ensuring the survival of the species.

Asexual Reproduction

A type of reproduction where a single parent produces an exact copy of itself.

Sexual Reproduction

A type of reproduction involving two parents (male and female) where fertilization occurs.

Pollination

The transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of a flower.

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Self-Pollination

Occurs when pollen falls from the anther to the stigma of the same flower.

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Cross-Pollination

The transfer of pollen to another plant of the same species.

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Double Fertilization

The process where two sperm cells fertilize a plant's egg. This is unique to plants.

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Seed

The result of fertilization in plants - a tough coating protecting the developing plant and its food supply.

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Runner

Some plants produce long, horizontal stems known as runners that grow along the ground and develop roots and new shoots at specific points. These new shoots can then develop into independent plants.

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Potato Buds

New plant growth develops from buds on potatoes, which can detach and grow into new potato plants.

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Vegetative Propagation

A type of asexual reproduction in plants where new plants are produced from non-reproductive parts like stems, roots, or leaves.

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Artificial Propagation

The process of humans actively manipulating vegetative propagation techniques to increase crop yields.

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Clones

The process of an offspring being genetically identical to the parent plant, occurring through asexual reproduction.

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Air Chambers in Fruits and Seeds

Some plants have adapted to life near water by developing air chambers in their fruits and seeds, allowing them float and disperse.

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Budding

Asexual reproduction in animals occurs when a part of the parent's body, called a bud, grows and eventually detaches to form a new individual.

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Fertilization

The union of the male gamete (sperm) and the female gamete (egg) to form a zygote, the first cell of a new organism.

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Zygote

A single-celled organism formed after fertilization, which then undergoes cell division to develop into an embryo.

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Hydra Reproduction

The release of sperm into the water where it fertilizes the egg of another nearby hydra.

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Sponge Fragmentation

A form of asexual reproduction where a parent sponge breaks into fragments, each fragment growing into a new sponge.

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Sponge Sexual Reproduction

The process where sponges release sperm into the water and it is carried to a female sponge for fertilization.

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Jellyfish Polyp

The stage in the life cycle of jellyfish where it is a stationary polyp attached to the seafloor.

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Jellyfish Medusa

The stage in the life cycle of jellyfish where it is a free-swimming bell-shaped organism.

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Strobilation

The process by which a jellyfish polyp produces multiple medusae, leading to a new generation.

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Fragmentation

A form of asexual reproduction where an organism splits into two or more parts, each capable of growing into a new individual.

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Planarian Regeneration

A form of asexual reproduction where a cut part of a planarian worm can regenerate into a new individual.

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Hermaphrodite

A type of organism that has both male and female reproductive organs.

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Earthworm Mating

The joining of two earthworms head to tail for the exchange of sperm to fertilize each other's eggs.

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Internal Fertilization

A type of reproduction where sperm is released inside the female's body, allowing eggs to be fertilized internally.

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External Fertilization

A type of reproduction where sperm and egg join outside of the female's body.

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Incomplete Metamorphosis

A developmental stage in insects where the young resemble smaller versions of adults.

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Complete Metamorphosis

A developmental stage in insects where the young are drastically different from adults.

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Chorion

A protective membrane around the embryo inside a reptile egg, allowing gas exchange and keeping it safe.

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Hermaphroditism

A type of reproduction where an organism has male and female reproductive parts.

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Nymph

A type of development in insects where the young are called nymphs and grow gradually into adults.

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Larva

The young form of insects after hatching from an egg, often looking very different from the adult.

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Pupa

A resting stage in complete metamorphosis where an insect undergoes major transformation.

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Specialized Tentacle in Cephalopods

A specialized tentacle used by male cephalopods to transfer sperm to females.

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Amniotic Egg

A type of egg that contains a fluid-filled sac called the amnion, which protects the developing embryo.

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Monotremes

Mammals that lay eggs, such as the echidna and platypus.

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Marsupials

Mammals that give birth to live young, but lack a placenta, like kangaroos. They have a pouch to carry their young.

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Placental Mammals

Mammals that give birth to live young and have a placenta that connects the mother and fetus.

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Parental Care

The period after birth where mothers care for their young, providing food, protection, and teaching.

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Study Notes

Plant and Animal Reproduction

  • Reproduction is a process by which organisms replicate themselves.
  • This process ensures the survival of the species.
  • There are two main types of reproduction: asexual and sexual.

Asexual Reproduction

  • Asexual reproduction involves a single parent.
  • It produces offspring that are genetically identical to the parent.
  • This type of reproduction can occur naturally or artificially.

Asexual Reproduction in Plants

  • Naturally occurring production of new plants from non-reproductive plant parts is called vegetative propagation.
  • Examples include:
    • Kalanchoe plant
    • Strawberries: develop runners
    • Potatoes: produce buds
  • Artificial propagation happens when humans manipulate the process of vegetative propagation to increase the amount of crops.
    • Methods include:
      • Cutting
      • Budding
      • Grafting

Sexual Reproduction

  • Sexual reproduction involves two parents, typically a male and a female.
  • It combines the genetic material of the parents to produce genetically diverse offspring.

Sexual Reproduction in Plants

  • Flowering plants (angiosperms) reproduce sexually.
  • Angiosperms have separate structures for male and female gametes.
  • These reproductive parts are often located together in the same flower.
  • These structures are typically non-permanent.
  • They develop seasonally.
  • The timing corresponds to the period that is great for pollination.
    • Pollination is the transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of the flower.
      • Two types include: self-pollination and cross-pollination.
        • Self-pollination is when pollen falls from the anther to the stigma of the same flower.
        • Cross-pollination is when pollen is transferred to another plant of the same species. This ensures genetic recombination.
  • Fertilization in plants involves double fertilization.
    • The pollen tube discharges male cells into the embryo sac.
      • One sperm fertilizes the egg to form a zygote.
      • The other sperm fertilizes two polar nuclei to form endosperm.
  • Fertilization causes rapid changes to the flower.
    • The ovule develops into a seed.
    • The seed has a tough coating to protect the developing plant and its food supply.
    • The ovary enlarges, becoming the fruit.
  • Fruits and seeds are dispersed by animals, wind, and water.
    • When animals eat fruits, seeds often pass unharmed through the digestive system.
    • Some fruits and seeds growing near water often contain air chambers that allow them to float.

Animal Reproduction

  • Animals can reproduce asexually or sexually.
    • Asexual reproduction in animals occurs when the parent grows buds that fall off and grow into new individuals. This happens to stationary animals.
      • Advantages: producing numerous offspring
      • Disadvantages: little genetic variation, so any change in environment could be fatal.
    • Sexual reproduction combines the genetic material of two parents to produce genetically diverse offspring.
      • Females produce eggs.
      • Males produce sperm.
      • When an egg's nucleus unites with the sperm's nucleus, the zygote is formed, signifying fertilization.
      • The zygote divides and forms the embryo.

Sexual Reproduction in Hydra

  • Hydras reproduce asexually in warm weather and sexually in autumn, when the cold climate triggers the development of sperm and eggs.
  • Male hydra releases sperm into the water; some reach a nearby female, fertilizing its egg.
  • The zygote develops into a ball of cells covered by a protective, hard cover.
  • This develops into a new hydra.

Sexual Reproduction in Sponges

  • Sponges can reproduce sexually.
  • Males release sperm, and water currents carry them to a female sponge.
  • Fertilization occurs.
  • The fertilized eggs develop into larvae.
  • Larvae swim and attach to a suitable surface, developing into new sponges.

Cnidarians (Jellyfish)

  • They have two body forms in their life cycle: polyp and medusa.
  • Adult medusae release sperm or egg in water for fertilization.
  • The zygote develops into a planula which becomes polyp on the seafloor.
  • The polyp grows stacks of medusa which bud off to develop into a jellyfish.

Starfish

  • Starfish reproduce asexually via fragmentation.
  • In fragmentation, the starfish break into pieces; each part grows into a new starfish.
  • Starfish can also reproduce sexually.

Flatworms

  • Flatworms such as planaria reproduce asexually by regeneration.
  • When cut in half, each part regenerates into a new individual.
  • Flatworms can also reproduce sexually, exchanging sperm during mating.

Annelids

  • Annelids such as earthworms reproduce sexually as they are hermaphroditic but cannot self-fertilize.
  • Two worms join and their joined region creates a mucus coat where sperm is exchanged.
  • A tube of mucus encloses the eggs, slipping off the worm's body, and hatching later into young earthworms.

Mollusks

  • Some mollusks, like snails, are hermaphroditic.
  • But most aquatic mollusks have separate sexes.
  • Cephalopods, like squid, have separate sexes with the male transferring sperm to the females, leading to internal fertilization.

Arthropods (Spiders, Insects, Centipedes, etc.)

  • Arthropods reproduce sexually.
  • Insects undergo metamorphosis, a process of changing shape and form.
    • Incomplete metamorphosis: young is similar to adult (e.g., nymphs, gradually gaining adult structures like wings).
    • Complete metamorphosis: young (larva) looks different from adult; it changes into a pupa before becoming an adult (e.g., butterfly).

Vertebrates (Frogs, Fish, Reptiles, Birds, Mammals)

  • Vertebrates reproduce sexually through internal or external fertilization.
  • Frogs undergo external fertilization where females lay eggs and males release sperm over them.
  • Some fishes and amphibians also reproduce through external fertilization in water or moist areas.
  • Reptiles lay eggs on land with embryos protected by a chorion, which is a watertight membrane allowing gas exchange.
  • Birds and some mammals employ amniotic eggs, keeping the embryo moist and protected until hatching.
    • Monotremes: mammals that lay eggs.

    • Marsupials: young develop in a pouch of the mother.

    • Placental mammals: carry young internally until birth.

    • Young mammals at birth are dependent on their parents for care, nourishment, and protection until they can survive independently.

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This quiz explores the various types of reproduction in plants and animals, including asexual and sexual reproduction. Learn about methods of vegetative propagation and the significance of each type in sustaining species. Test your knowledge on key concepts and examples in this essential topic.

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