Animal and Marine Drugs PDF, Presented by Sahar Abdelaziz, Zagazig National University, 2024

Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Animal and Marine Drugs Presented by Sahar Abdelaziz Level 2 Pharm D Students Pharmacognosy 2 PG303 Pharmacognosy Department,...

Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Animal and Marine Drugs Presented by Sahar Abdelaziz Level 2 Pharm D Students Pharmacognosy 2 PG303 Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Animal Drugs Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Animal and Marine Drugs 2  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Animal drugs Def. : are medicinally valuable drugs obtained from the animal kingdom. ◼ These drugs are of diverse natures and can be classified into: Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Animal and Marine Drugs 3  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University 1-Entire small animal organisms: i- Insects: Cochineal and cantharides. ii- Worms: Leech. 2- Secretions of certain insects or mammalians: 3-Animal oils: Cod liver oil, Halibut oil. Animal fats, lard, lanolin. waxes: spermaceti, beeswax; ambergris, hairs: wool and silk, used in surgical dressings. 4-Secretions of certain animal organs: Liver bile and stomach extracts. 5-Animal proteins: Gelatin and its products. 6-Secretion of endocrine glands: Hormones and insulin. 7-Animal derbies: prepared chalk. 8-Genetically engineered animal products: Insulin, interferons, and other pharmaceutical proteins. Honey Shellac Musk Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 gelatinAnimal and Marine Drugs 4  Cochineal Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University ❑ Dactylopius coccus is a scale insects of family Dactylopiidae known commonly as cochineals. ❑ The adult females turn bright red when crushed, due to their carminic acid content. Uses: ❑ Has long been used as a red food coloring and a natural dye for textiles ❑ Cochineal is one of the few water-soluble colorants to resist degradation with time. ❑ It is light- and heat-stable and oxidation- resistant of all the natural organic colorants Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Animal and Marine Drugs 5  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Cantharides Cantharidin is a naturally occurring terpenoid compound derived from the alimentary tract of the male blister beetle ‫(خنفساء المنقطة‬family meloidae) In dermatology, topical cantharidin has been used as a vesicant (a blistering agent that creates a blister on the wart this process lifts the wart away from the skin, and after a few days when the blister dries, the wart will come off) ) for the treatment of warts Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Animal and Marine Drugs 6  leech Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Hirudo medicinalis, an aquatic segmented worm with bloodsucking capabilities. Uses: To restore blood flow to areas of damaged veins after an appendage has been reattached or a tissue grafted.  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Honey Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Animal and Marine Drugs 8  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Origin: Is a saccharine substance deposited by the hive bee Apis mellifera, family Apidae, in the cell of the honeycomb. Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Animal and Marine Drugs 9  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Collection and preparation The worker bee take nectar from the flowers and pass it through the esophagus into the honey- sac. Sucrose + invertase (present in the nectar (present in saliva of the from the flowers) worker bee) Hydrolysis invert sugar (is a mixture of glucose and fructose) On arrival at the hive the bee deposited the honey-sac contents in a previously prepared cell. Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Animal and Marine Drugs 10  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Characters Clear Syrupy liquid. Pale yellow or reddish-brown color. Odour and taste depend on the flower used Constituents Mainly of invert sugar(is an edible mixture of two simple sugars—glucose and fructose) , water. Small quantities of Sucrose, dextrin, volatile oil, pollen grains. Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Animal and Marine Drugs 11  Uses Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Demulcent, Sweetening agent, nutritive. It has antiseptic and antibacterial properties. So, it is used in chronic wound and burn management and combating infection. Reducing the duration of diarrhea Preventing acid reflux Relieving cold and cough symptoms N.B. Do not give honey to children under 12 months old as it can cause botulism (rare and potentially fatal illness caused by a toxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum, The disease begins with weakness, blurred vision, feeling tired, and trouble speaking) Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Animal and Marine Drugs 12  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Gelatin Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Animal and Marine Drugs 13  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Gelatin Gelatin is a protein obtained by boiling skin, tendons, ligaments, and/or bones with water. It is usually obtained from cows or pigs. Uses: Cosmetics (shampoos, face masks,..) as a thickener Food as fruit gelatins and puddings (such as Jell-O); in candies, marshmallows, cakes, ice cream, and yogurts. Pharmaceutical preparations as a coating and as capsules, Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Animal and Marine Drugs 14 Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Absorbable gelatin sponge  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Is a sterile, absorbable, water-insoluble, gelatin-base sponge. It consists of light, nearly white, porous, elastic nonantigenic matrix (prepared from purified, especially treated gelatin) Sterilized by heat It is a medical device intended for application to bleeding surfaces It is indicated in surgical procedures as a hemostatic device, when control of capillary, venous, and arteriolar bleeding by pressure, ligature, and other conventional procedures is either ineffective Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Animal and Marine Drugs 16  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University It absorbs about: ❑ 50 times its weight of water ❑ About 45 times of its weight of blood. ❑ The sponge (dry or saturated with sterile, isotonic NaCl soln. or sterile thrombin soln.) is applied to the bleeding area and held for 10-15 sec. Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Animal and Marine Drugs 17  Pharmacognosy Department, Uses Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University It is applied topically in operative wounds. Absorbable gelatin sponge is a local hemostatic. Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Animal and Marine Drugs 18  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Sodium Heparin Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Animal and Marine Drugs 20  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Origin It is a heterogeneous group of straight-chain anionic mucopolysaccharides, called glycosaminoglycans that have anticoagulant properties i.e., prolonging the clotting time of blood. Derived from mucosal tissues of slaughtered meat animals such as porcine (pig) intestines or bovine (cattle) lungs. Uses Its chief use is for patients in whom a slower coagulation of blood is desired. Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Animal and Marine Drugs 21  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Lanoline Lanolin (from Latin lāna 'wool), also called wool yolk, wool wax, or wool grease. It is a wax secreted by the sebaceous glands of wool-bearing animals. Lanolin's role in nature is to protect wool and skin from climate and the environment; it also plays a role in skin. Lanolin is not a true fat as it lacks glycerides (glycerol esters). Lanolin consists of sterol esters Uses: In human cosmetics, skin care, and hair products as lip balms, lotions, and creams Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Animal and Marine Drugs 26  Lard Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Lard is a semi-solid white fat product obtained by rendering the fatty tissue of the pig (‫(شحم الخنزير‬ It is distinguished from tallow )‫ (شحـــــم‬, a similar product derived from fat of cattle or sheep. Lard can be rendered by steaming, boiling, or dry heat. 27 Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Animal and Marine Drugs  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Marine drugs Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Animal and Marine Drugs 28  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Objectives Definition and importance of Marine drugs. Understand the different steps of drug discovery from Marine Natural Products (MNPS). Describe the whole process of extraction and isolation of new marine derived compounds. Describe the different spectroscopic methods for the characterization of natural products. Some examples of marine organisms (Sea weeds (brown, red and green algae), Sea grasses, Sea cucumbers, Marine sponge, Sea snakes). Biologically Active Compounds from Marine Organisms Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Animal and Marine Drugs 29  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Marine drugs ❑ They are drugs obtained from marine organisms. ❑ Importance of Marine drugs ✓ Marine organisms are potential source for drug discovery. ✓ Marine environment contain more than 80% of world plants and animals (Over 70% of earth`s surface is covered by oceans) ✓ When compared with land plants and animals the use of marine organisms is very restricted. ❑ Scientists have explored various novel pharmaceutical compounds from marine resources starting from micro- organisms to vertebrates. Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Animal and Marine Drugs 30  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Understand the different steps of drug discovery from Marine Natural Products (MNPS). 1- Sample collection 2- Sample preparation, Extraction and isolation 3- Characterization of the isolated compounds 4- Clinical trials https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sd0INvM_LMI&list=P LQJvlu7k7Ut1zQ49XIhilhLXXc-_5k6r4&index=2 Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Animal and Marine Drugs 31  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sd0INvM_LMI&list=PLQJvlu7k7Ut1zQ49XIhilhLXXc-_5k6r4&index=2 Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Animal and Marine Drugs 32  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Animal and Marine Drugs 33  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sd0INvM_LMI&list=PLQJvlu7k7Ut1zQ49XIhilhLXXc-_5k6r4&index=2 Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Animal and Marine Drugs 34  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Animal and Marine Drugs 35  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sd0INvM_LMI&list=PLQJvlu7k7Ut1zQ49XIhilhLXXc-_5k6r4&index=2 Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Animal and Marine Drugs 36  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sd0INvM_LMI&list=PLQJvlu7k7Ut1zQ49XIhilhLXXc-_5k6r4&index=2 Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Animal and Marine Drugs 37  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sd0INvM_LMI&list=PLQJvlu7k7Ut1zQ49XIhilhLXXc-_5k6r4&index=2 Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Animal and Marine Drugs 38  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Animal and Marine Drugs 39  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Clinical Trials 30-40 years, some designations can speed up the process Preclinical Phase I Phase II Phase III FDA Review Exploring if and Exploring safety Exploring the Exploring the safety and To confirm safety and how a new drug and dosing of effectiveness effectiveness of the effectiveness of the may work the drug. of the drug. drug compared to the drug currently available drugs Drug approved for Drug Submitted human testing for FDA approval Phase IV Phase V Evaluating the drug Post marketing, over time in a large collecting data number of patients about the drug Drug Approved Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Animal and Marine Drugs 40  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Some examples of marine organisms: ❑ Sea weeds (brown, red and green algae) ❑ Sea grasses ❑ Sea cucumbers ❑ Marine sponge ❑ Sea snakes Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Animal and Marine Drugs 41  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Seaweeds They have been used as a crude drug in treatment of Iodine deficiency state as in goiter. Some of them have also been used as a source of vitamins and in treatment of anemia Brown seaweeds multicellular algae contain brown pigment (fucoxanthin) e.g., Kelps and Fucus, Used in commercial production of soap, glass - as fertilizers Green seaweeds a tubular seaweed, dark green to yellow in color The green color results from chlorophyll Red seaweeds Large, branched plants grow on rocks and shellfish. The red color results from the pigments phycoerythrin and phycocyanin. Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Animal and Marine Drugs 42  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Active constituents of seaweeds 1. Polyphenolic compounds (phlorotannin's) 2. Carotenoids (fucoxanthin) 3. Polysaccharides (alginates and fucoidans) 4. Polyunsaturated fatty acids Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Animal and Marine Drugs 43  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Agar Agar is the dried mucilaginous substance prepared from Gelidium corneum, G. cartilagineum, Fam. Gelidiaceae, and other closely allied red algae. Japan is the main source of supply and prepare agar from Gelidium species. While Ceylon, Southern California, Australia and United kingdom prepare agar from Gracilaria species. Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Animal and Marine Drugs 44  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Characters Insoluble in cold water. boiling water a colloidal cooling a jelly Agar slowly soluble solution Slight odour of marine algae. A faintly salty mucilaginous taste Tough and difficult to break when damp Brittle when dry. Greyish-white granulated powder or in bundles of membranous strips, 4 to 10 mm wide Translucent and almost colorless. Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Animal and Marine Drugs 45  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Constituents Agar is heterogeneous polysaccharide contains two principles which are: Agarose Agaropectin ▪ Is a galactose Is a sulphonated polymer polysaccharide in which: (free of SO4-2) galactose and uronic ▪ Is responsible for the acid units are partly esterified with H2SO4. gel strength of agar. Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Animal and Marine Drugs 46  Tests for Identity Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University cooling Agar + water Boil for solution a jelly 10 min. Agar + Iodine deep crimson particles Agar powder + ruthenium red deep red particles Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Animal and Marine Drugs 47  Uses Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University 1- As a bulk laxative, particularly in chronic constipation. 2- In the manufacture of: ▪ Emulsions ▪ Suspensions ▪ Gels ▪ Hydrophilic suppositories. 3- In culture media for microorganisms. It is one of the most widely used media for biotechnology purposes. Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Animal and Marine Drugs 48  Seagrasses Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University ❑ Seagrasses have long green, grass-like leaves. ❑ They are often confused with seaweeds but are more closely related to the flowering plants. Seagrasses have roots, stems and leaves, and produce flowers and seeds. ❑ They are one of the most productive ecosystems in the world which provide shelter and food to an incredibly diverse community of animals  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Active constituents of sea grasses Phenolic compounds, flavonoid, tannin, proteins, vitamins, sugar, steroid, alkolids, saponin, amino acids. Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Animal and Marine Drugs 50  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Sea Cucumbers They are part of a larger animal group called echinoderms (‫)شوكيات الجلد‬, which also contains starfish and sea urchins (‫)قنفذ لبحر‬ Their body shape is similar to a cucumber, but they have small tentacle-like tube feet that are used for locomotion and feeding. Active constituents: 1. Sulfated polysaccharides (sulfated fucans, fucosylated chondroitin and neutral glucan). 2. Triterpene saponins 3. Cerebrosides Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Animal and Marine Drugs 51  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Marine sponge ❑ They are sessile animals that look like plants. ❑ They attached themselves to a rock, shell or seafloor. ❑ They filter water through their porous body for the food they eat. ❑ They protect themselves from enemies by building partnership with bacteria and fungi. Active constituents: 1- sesterterpenoids (manoalide) 2- triterpenoid hydroquinones 3- polyoxygenated sterols 4- cyclotheonarnide A, 5- callyspongynic acid 6- keramidine Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Animal and Marine Drugs 52  Sea snakes Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Sea snakes are the most abundant venomous reptiles,( ‫الزواحف‬ ‫ )السامة األكثر وفرة‬found throughout the Indian and pacific oceans. Most are extensively adapted to a fully aquatic life and are unable to move on land. Unlike fish, they do not have gills and must surface regularly to breathe. ‫ليس لديهم خياشيم ويجب أن يظهروا بشكل منتظم للتنفس‬ All sea snakes are poisonous. Toxic compounds include presynaptic and postsynaptic neurotoxins. The clinical syndrome following a bite is largely neurotoxic and myotoxic, with rare hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity. Proper emergency field therapy and timely administration of antivenin can be lifesaving. Hemodialysis may be useful when antivenin is not available. Tu AT. Biotoxicology of sea snake venoms. Ann Emerg Med. 1987 Sep;16(9):1023-8. doi: 10.1016/s0196-0644(87)80752-7. PMID: 3307552. Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Animal and Marine Drugs 53  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Cod liver oil ❑ Cod liver oil is a dietary supplement derived from liver of cod fish. ❑ It contains the omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A and vitamin D Uses: ❑ Lower inflammation, reduce pain associated with arthritis ❑ Reduce anxiety and depression ❑ Promote healthy fetal brain function and eyesight ❑ Maintain bone density ❑ Lower risks of type 1 diabetes when used in pregnancy and in newborns ❑ Support a healthy immune system, lower triglycerides in blood ❑ Lower blood pressure Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Animal and Marine Drugs 54  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Biologically Active Compounds from Marine Organisms Medicinal uses of Marine Metabolites ▪Antitumor and Cytotoxic agents ▪Anti diabetic ▪Antiviral ▪Anti parasitic ▪Anti-coagulants ▪Anti microbial ▪Neuroprotective Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Animal and Marine Drugs 55  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Cytotoxic Marine compounds ❑ Research aimed at the discovery of novel antitumor agents. ❑ Consequently, new compounds that belong to diverse structural classes have been found. ❑ The organisms yielding these bioactive compounds comprised a taxonomically diverse group of marine invertebrate animals, algae, fungi and bacteria. Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Animal and Marine Drugs 56  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University 1- Antitumor and Cytotoxic Agents 1- Didemnins ⚫ Group of cyclic depsipeptides isolated from Trididemnum species (Tunicates). ⚫ This tunicate present as a grey-green coating on rocks or coral at depths of 120 feet. ⚫ It is a source of several didemnins like A, B, C, D, E, G, X and Y. ⚫ These compounds are cytotoxic, antiviral and immunosuppressive. ⚫ The most potent one is didemnin B, which is in phase II clinical trial as anticancer agent. ⚫ It inhibits protein synthesis. Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Animal and Marine Drugs 57  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University OH O O O O NH O OH O O HN O CH3CH C N C N O O O N O H N N OCH3 Didemnin B cyclic depsipeptides Trididemnum cereum Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Animal and Marine Drugs 58  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University 2- Dolastatins Group of cyclic and linear peptides and depsipeptides which display a remarkable cell growth inhibitory action in vitro in very low doses (dolastatine 10 10-4 ug/ml). Isolated from the sea hare( ‫ )ارنب البحر‬Dollabella sp. (1 mg per 100 kg). Dolastatine 10 is the most active one of this series. The dolastatins are mitotic inhibitors. They interfere with tubulin formation and thereby disrupt cell division by mitosis. Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Animal and Marine Drugs 59  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University 2- Dolastatins cont. Phase II clinical trials of dolastatin 10 in patients with several types of tumors have been completed. Later dolastatins 11 and 12 were found to differ very slightly in structure from majusculamide C isolated from blue –green algae Lyngbya majuscula. This finding strengthens the supposition of an algal source of all dolastatins Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Animal and Marine Drugs 60  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Dolastatin Dolabella sp. Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Animal and Marine Drugs 61  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Bryostatins Bryostatin 1 is a macrocyclic natural lactone (complex Polyketides) isolated from the bryozoan Bugula neritina. (a sedentary aquatic invertebrate of the phylum Bryozoa, which comprises the moss animals..‫ التي تضم الحيوانات الطحلبية‬، ‫)الالفقاريات المائية المستقرة من عائلة بريوزوا‬ The bryozoan Bugula neritina Bryostatin 1 has shown antitumor activity in phase I trials in patients with malignant melanoma, lymphoma, and ovarian carcinoma and is undergoing broad phase II evaluation. Schwartsmann, G., da Rocha, A.B., Berlinck, R.G. and Jimeno, J., 2001. Marine organisms as a source of new anticancer agents. The Lancet Oncology, 2(4), pp.221-225. Manaviazar, S. and Hale, K.J., 2011. Total synthesis of bryostatin 1: A short Bryostatin 1 route. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 50(38), pp.8786-8789. Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Animal and Marine Drugs 62  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Anti diabetic Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Animal and Marine Drugs 63  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Eckol and Dieckol EcKol ❑ Ecklonia cava fam. Lessoniaceae: ❑ It is a brown algae contain many polyphenolics as eckol and dieckol. ❑Dieckol exhibited strong inhibitory activity against both α amylase and DiecKol α glucosidase which may delay the absorption of dietary carbohydrates resulting in suppression of high blood glucose level Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Animal and Marine Drugs 64  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Chitin and Chitosan It is obtained from the hard skeleton of shellfish including crab and shrimp Chemical structure of cellulose polymer Chitosan is used for treating obesity and high cholesterol level beside treating diabetes. The chemical structure of chitin and chitosan is very similar to that of cellulose which consists of several hundreds to more than thousand β-(1-4) linked D-glucose units. In chitin and chitosan structure, hydroxyl at position C-2 of cellulose has Structural relationships between replaced by an acetamide group. chitin (a) and chitosan (b) Chitosan, β-(1-4) linked 2-amino-2- deoxy-β-D-glucopyranose, is an N- Aranaz I, Mengíbar M, Harris R, Paños I, Miralles B, Acosta N, Gemma G, Heras Á (2009) Curr Chem Biol deacetylated derivative of chitin 3(2):203–230 Bhuiyan MR, Shaid A, Khan MA (2014) Chem Mater obtained by transforming the acetamide Eng 2(4):96–100 groups Sahar into primary amino groups Abdelaziz_2024 Animal and Marine Drugs 65  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Antiviral Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Animal and Marine Drugs 66  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Antiviral Marine compounds ❑ The marine environment provides a rich source of chemical diversity for the screening and identification of new compounds with desirable antiviral properties. ❑ Structurally distinct metabolites in marine algae, invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. ❑ Classes: terpenoids, steroids, fatty acid derivatives, alkaloids, and peptides. ❑ Potently inhibit both RNA and DNA viruses. ❑ Recent antiviral research has focused HIV and the enzymes specific to this virus Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Animal and Marine Drugs 67  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University 1- Didemnins ❑See antitumor and cytotoxic compounds. 2- Avarol and avarone ❑Sesquiterpenes attached to quinone or hydroquinone unit ❑Isolated from a sponge, Disidea avara. ❑These compounds inhibit the human immunodeficiency virus, (inhibit viral reverse transcriptase activity). ❑Have high therapeutic indices and the ability to cross the blood–brain barrier. Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Animal and Marine Drugs 68  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Avarol Avarone Disidea avara Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Animal and Marine Drugs 69  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Anti parasitic Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Animal and Marine Drugs 70  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University α- kainic acid The red algae Digenia simplex has been used as vermifuge for hundreds of years. Digenia simplex the active substance is α kainic acid. Effective against round worms , whip worms and tap worms (dicarboxylic acid) Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Animal and Marine Drugs 71  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Domoic acid Has been isolated from red algae Chondria armata and Alsidum corallinum Has anthelmintic properties Domoic acid  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Anti coagulants Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Animal and Marine Drugs 73  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Anti coagulants Anti coagulant activity associated with polysaccharides from marine algae has been known for many years The earliest report is an anticoagulant effect of galactan sulphuric acid ester from Iridaea laminarioides (red algae) Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Animal and Marine Drugs 74  Carageenans Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Carrageenans or carrageenins are a family of linear sulfated polysaccharides that are extracted from red edible seaweeds. From Chondrus crispus and Polydis rotundus. All carrageenans are high-molecular-weight polysaccharides made up of repeating galactose units and 3,6 anhydrogalactose (3,6-AG), both sulfated and nonsulfated. The units are joined by alternating α-1,3 and β-1,4 glycosidic linkages. Have an inactivation of thrombosis polydis rotundus Chondrus crispus Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Animal and Marine Drugs 75  Fucoidan Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Fucoidan refers to a type of polysaccharide which contains substantial percentages of L-fucose and sulfate ester groups. Derived from brown algae Fucus vesiculosus Showed similar anti coagulant to heparin Fucus vesiculosus Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Animal and Marine Drugs 76  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Horseshoe crab Horseshoe crabs )‫(سرطان حدوة الحصان‬are not actually crabs at all, they are much more closely related to spiders It has blood clotting mechanism to protect itself from infection. it is used as anticoagulant drug Horseshoe crab Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Animal and Marine Drugs 77  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Anti microbial Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Animal and Marine Drugs 78  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Antibacterial active compounds 1- Squalamine ⚫ is the first aminosterol isolated from the dogfish shark Squalus acanthias (squalidae). ⚫ It has potent antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and antitumor properties. ⚫ in clinical trials for the treatment of advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. 2- Cribrostatins Quinone-containing natural product Isolated from a blue sponge Cribrochalina sp. and showed potent antineoplastic and antimicrobial activities. Cribrostatin 3 has potent inhibitory activity against penicillin- resistant Neisseria gonorrheae Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Animal and Marine Drugs 79  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University 1- Squalamine Dogfish shark Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Animal and Marine Drugs 80  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University 2- Cribrostatins Cribrostatin 6 O H 3C O N C2H5O CH3 O Cribrochalina sp. Cribrostatine 2 Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Animal and Marine Drugs 81  3- Cephalosporin C Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Isolated from fungus Cephalosporium acremonium. Semisynthetic derivative of which , cephalothin sodium is widely used as antibiotic drug. Cephalosporin C was a lead compound for the discovery and production of many other cephalosporins. Cephalosporins are drugs used for some people who are allergic to penicillin. Cephalosporin C Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Animal and Marine Drugs 82  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Neuroprotective Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Animal and Marine Drugs 83  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Neuroprotective Fish oils especially cod liver oil from Gadus morrhua are the main source of omega 3 fatty acids which play an important role in neurotransmission, signal transduction, receptor binding and eicosanoid synthesis It aids in synaptic plasticity and neuroprotection Lack of omega 3 fatty acids lead to dementia and an increased risk of cerebral ischemia Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University