ANG2 Résumé (CF) - Module

– Résumé – English – CF – Module – ANG2 – 2CP – S1  Lesson (1) : The Internet Communication  Internet address : A 32-bit number identifying a node on an IP network.  Resolution protocol : Standard used for software that resolves an Internet addre...

– Résumé – English – CF – Module – ANG2 – 2CP – S1  Lesson (1) : The Internet Communication  Internet address : A 32-bit number identifying a node on an IP network.  Resolution protocol : Standard used for software that resolves an Internet address to its corresponding physical machine address.  Look-up table : Stored information used to route data through a gateway.  Gateway : A device for connecting dissimilar networks.  User Datagram Protocol (UDP) : Standard used by software that moves information to the correct application on the receiving system of a network.  Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) : Standard used by software that manages communication exchanges between computers on the Internet. Lesson (2) : The World Wide Web (WWW)  The World Wide Web (Web for short), is an information space where documents and resources are identified by Uniform Resource Locators (URLs), interlinked by hypertext links, and accessible via the Internet.  A web address (URLs) address is a reference to a web resource that specifies its location on a computer network and a mechanism for retrieving it. A typical URL could have the form : https://www.example.org/elt/meow/document.html/ (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (1) Protocol prefix (2) Web service (3) domain name (4) domain name extension (5) directory path (6) document name (file name) N.B (1) : as for number (4), you may find a country code (uk, ca, us, …) instead of a domain extension (org, com, net, co, io, …) N.B (2) : when you combine (2), (3) and (4), you get the hostname (in this example, it’s : www.example.org).  The four generations of Web are : Web 1.0 : It is associated with the static Web. It allows us to search for information and read it (gives the visitors to websites the option to only passively view and consume content. Web 2.0 : Referred to as the “social web”, it facilitates interaction between web users and sites. It introduced collaborative and interactive aspects to information consumption for web users in the form of video sharing websites, blogs (the emergence of social media). Web 3.0 : Known as the “data web” or “read-write-execute web”, it is regarded as the emergence of the semantic Web. Web 4.0 : Named the “web of intelligence connections”, it is a new evolution of the web paradigm based on the Internet of things (IOT). Web 1.0 Web 2.0 Web 3.0 Web 4.0 Company focus Community focus Individual focus Human and machines Mostly Read-Only Blogs/Wikis Smart applications interact in symbiosis Mostly publishing Social Web Data Web Intelligent Web Static information Social Media Highly mobile IOT Static Web pages Keyword search OpenID Brochure ware Rich user experience Semantic search No communities Tagging Micro Blogging  Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) : A simple mail transfer protocol that is used to send messages between servers  'Push' operation : An email transfer process in which the connection is initiated by the sending computer rather than the receiving computer  Post Office Protocol (POP) : A message-retrieval protocol that downloads all email messages at the same time  'Pull' operation : An email transfer process in which the receiving computer initiates the connection  Internet Mail Access Protocol (IMAP) : A mail transfer protocol that initially only retrieves the message headers Lesson (3) : Website  Metadata : Data about data.  Metalanguage : A language from which you can create other languages. For example : the Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML), which spawned both HTML and XML.  HyperText Markup Language (HTML) : An example of a page presentation language.  XML : Extensible Markup Language.  Markup language : A coding system used for structuring and formatting documents (like HTML and XML). Moving on to grammar now  Structure of a sentence Types of sentences Simple Complex Compound Compound- sentence sentence sentence complex sentence Only one clause Independant Independant 3 clauses clause clause Dependant Independant clause clause 1. Simple sentence : A simple sentence contains only one clause. It can be as short as a single word. Examples : – Stop ! a single word – The ice is melting. one clause – The computer still works. It was infected by the “Trojan Horse” Virus. two simple sentences (not linked)  2. Compound sentence : A compound sentence includes two independent clauses joined by one of the following coordinators : {but , and , or , nor , yet , for , so , ; } Examples : – Ottawa is the capital of Canada, but Toronto is the capital of Ontario. – I enjoy playing the guitar, and my sister likes to paint in her free time. – I love murder documentaries ; my brother prefers to watch cartoons. 3. Complex sentence : A complex sentence includes one main (independent) clause and one dependent clause, joined by one of the subordinates : {when, while, which, because, since, although, since, so, if, as, …} Depending on the subordinate used in the sentence, we can determine the type of the dependent (subordinate) clause : 1) Noun clause : a dependent clause that functions as a noun. It has three types : – “That” clause : it’s introduced by “that”. – “Wh” question clause : introduced by an interrogative word (why, who, what, when, …), this clause is formed from a wh question and changed into a statement. For example : What made him murder his wife ? I can’t imagine what made him murder his wife. – “Yes-No” question clause : it’s formed from a yes-no question and changed into a statement by using the connectors : {whether, whether or not, if, if or not}. For example : Did she see you ? I don’t know if she saw you or not.  2) Adverb clause : a dependent clause used as an adverb within a sentence to indicate : time, concession (opposition), reason (cause), purpose, result (consequence), place, condition or contrast. The different kinds of adverb clauses are : – Time clause : when, whenever, as long as, while, since, as soon as, after, before, … – Place clause : after, before, where, wherever, … – Cause clause : because, since, as, … (“because of” isn’t included) – Consequence clause : therefore, so, consequently, … – Opposition clause : although, even though, though, in spite of, despite, … (“despite of” isn’t included) – Purpose clause : in order to, so that, so as to, … – Conditional clause : if (to quickly revise the types of “if”, go back to the CI summary) 3) Adjective clause : also known as a “relative clause”, it is a dependent clause that functions as an adjective. It provides additional information about a noun in the main clause. Adjective clauses usually begin with relative pronouns such as who, whom, whose, which, or that. Example : The girl who won the singing competition is very talented. 4. Compound-complex sentence : It’s a mixture of one subordinate clause and one coordinate clause. Example : Suzanne wanted to be here but she can’t because she was very busy. (Main clause + coordinate clause + subordinate clause)  Restrictive VS non-restrictive clauses What is a relative clause ? (in depth)  A relative clause is a subordinate clause that modifies a noun or a noun phrase. It gives essential information to define or identify the person or thing we are talking about (that’s why it’s also called “defining clause”). Example : The man who is smoking is the murderer (the noun “the man” is modified by the relative clause “who is smoking”).  Relative clauses can be introduced by : 1. A relative pronoun : { who, whom, which, that, whose }. Example : The man who is standing there is a famous writer. I am ‫بطة‬ 2. A relative adverb : { where, why, when }. Aka. AGAL Imene Example : The restaurant where I have dinner is nice. 3. None of the two : this means that the relative pronoun is omitted. Example : The man I met is extremely wealthy. (the man who I met) I put this duck here because I don’t have space for it in the next (and last) page btw  What are the types of relative clauses ?  Relative clauses can be broken down into two types : restrictive & non-restrictive. These clauses both provide additional information about a noun (usually a person, place, or thing). A restrictive clause provides information essential to the meaning of the sentence (if omitted, the sentence won’t make sense). Because a restrictive clause contributes to the meaning of the sentence, it isn’t separated from the rest of it with any punctuation. A non-restrictive clause (also called parenthetical or an appositive), contains information that is extra (if you remove it from the sentence, the overall meaning won’t change). Because this information isn’t crucial to the meaning of the sentence, it’s set apart with commas, dashes or parentheses. Restrictive clause Non-restrictive clause a. Begins with “wh words” (which, when, where, who), or with “that” a. May begin with “wh words” (which, when, where, b. Presents highly relevant (important) information who) c. Is not separated from the sentence b. Gives extra information c. Is separated by commas, dashes or parentheses Examples :  Charles Dickens, who was a great writer in the late 19th century, is the author of “Little Dorrit”. Non-restrictive clause (extra information about Charles Dickens)  The woman whom I met at the baseball game was wearing my same shirt. Restrictive clause (the information is needed to know who “the woman” is)  Batta, who is the kindest 2CP student this year, makes great summaries. Non-restrictive clause (extra info about “Batta”)  The girl whose summaries I used to study from this year is called “Batta”. Restrictive clause (essential info about “the girl”)