ANFS 345 Lectures 8 and 9 - Endocrine System PDF

ANFS 345 Lectures 8 and 9 Endocrine System  Organ Systems – Endocrine System Human Dog Cat Horse Poultry Chemical signals and distance Chemical signals and distance Chemical signals and distance Chemical signals and distance Chemical signals and distanc...

ANFS 345 Lectures 8 and 9 Endocrine System  Organ Systems – Endocrine System Human Dog Cat Horse Poultry Chemical signals and distance Chemical signals and distance Chemical signals and distance Chemical signals and distance Chemical signals and distance Chemical signals and distance Steroid hormones are derived from cholesterol Amine hormones are derived from amino acids Peptide/protein hormones consist of amino acids  Insulin synthesis and processing Rough The proinsulin moves endoplasmic through the ER, via Cytoplasm of cell reticulum shuttle vesicles, and ER mRNA Ribosome membrane into the Golgi apparatus. A signal sequence (the P Golgi segment) directs the apparatus preprohormone molecule into the lumen of the rough ER. Lumen of ER Extracellular Enzymes in the ER cleave space the P segment to Depolarization of produce proinsulin. Secretory the cell membrane vesicle triggers release by exocytosis. The proinsulin molecule consists of three regions, A, B, and C. In the Golgi Blood vessel apparatus, three disulfide bonds fold the proinsulin molecule and Insulin molecules and link the A and B regions. C-peptides are stored 1:1 in vesicles awaiting release. The Golgi apparatus buds off vesicles that The enzymes cleave the C- contain proinsulin and peptide from proinsulin to enzymes. form mature insulin. Vertebrate hormones Hypothalamus and (posterior) pituitary Hypothalamus and (anterior) pituitary (Anterior) pituitary Adrenal gland HPA axis Mammalian stress response  Mammalian stress response Hypothalamus CRH stimulates the HPA axis and also Locus coeruleus the sympathetic nervous system. CRH The locus coeruleus is a nucleus of noradrenergic neurons that are important in maintaining attention and responding to novel stimuli. ACTH Cytokines Adrenal gland Cytokines secreted by cells of the immune system stimulate the Glucocorticoids release of CRH. ACTH Low levels of glucocorticoids, along with catecholamines, Glucocorticoids in high Immune cells stimulate the immune system concentrations modulate in the early stress response. the immune response by muting the actions that Immune cells can secrete cause inammation. ACTH independently of CRH. Interactions between insulin, glucagon, and epinephrine Hormonal levels before and after meals Mammalian nutrition hormones  Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) / Vasopressin controls water Extracellular Arginine Lumen of vasopressin Collecting fluid Peritubular collecting duct (AVP) duct cell capillary A second messenger system acts to shuttle storage vesicles to the membrane. Storage vesicles Protein kinase A cAMP AVP binds to fuse with the its receptor. apical membrane to incorporate Storage vesicles Vasopressin AQP-2 channels. receptor H2O AQP-2 channel H2O AQP-3 channel H2O Water moves from the extracellular Water follows its osmotic fluid into the blood …and into the gradient through AQP-2 through spaces extracellular fluid channels into the between capillary through permanent epithelial cell… endothelial cells. AQP-3 channels. Regulation of blood volume Regulation of blood volume and pressure Regulation of blood volume and pressure Regulation of blood volume and pressure Parathyroid hormone (PTH), vitamin D, and calcitonin regulate calcium Parathyroid hormone (PTH), vitamin D, and calcitonin regulate calcium Parathyroid hormone (PTH), vitamin D, and calcitonin regulate calcium Summary  Important Deadline Metmap 1 posted today – due date on syllabus Next Class Lecture 10 – Respiratory system