Ancient Civilizations PDF

ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS In earliest days human being lived in isolation and has no idea to develop groups for survival. As he was facing difficulties, he developed thought to make interaction with other individuals and this idea caused to constitute group, cultures and civilizations...

ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS In earliest days human being lived in isolation and has no idea to develop groups for survival. As he was facing difficulties, he developed thought to make interaction with other individuals and this idea caused to constitute group, cultures and civilizations. Most of the ancient civilizations are now either modernised or transmuted into other shape but their roots are linked with modern age. Here the detail of the oldest civilization will be mentioned:  MESOPOTAMIANS CIVILIZATION: This civilization existed between 3500 to 500 B.C in Mesopotamia which is now exists in Iraq, Syria and Turkey. The civilization was situated between two rivers Tigers and Euphrates. They were civilized in many ways. The People had invented wheel and other essential tools and developed formal written script. Literature also found there. The society consist of several city state such Akkaad and Babylon who contributed to promote sophisticated human culture and art in the region. The first epic story Epic of Gilgamesh is written during this age.  THE EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION: It flourished 3100 BC to 30 BC. By 6000 BC settlers arrived at the bank of Nile and stayed long because of protection, food and water availibility and provision of agriculture resources. The civilization remained under the influence of Pharaons till many years.They were advanced in many fields like arithmetic, astronomy and anatomy.They developed system of hieroglyph and used paper writing. They also build Tombs and artistic buildings, mostly in pyramid shape.  INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION: Era of the civilization stretched 3300 B.C to 1300 BC in South Asian region. They were advanced people knew the art of construction of comfortable houses and also had developed cities with trade, drainage system, organised market etc. They created the system of weight and measurement as well and produced Copper, Bronze, Lead and Tin. Toys, scripts and sculptures are also found here during digging in 1922 shows the people believed in Gods and Goddesses. Politically, the city had a central government to run political affairs.  CHINESE CIVILIZATION: It appeared in 1600 BC to 1040 BC. The civilization emerged near Hawang river situated in China.This civilization is famous for discovery and usage of silk and paper. The people spent here simple life, used clay pots and made simple hut houses. Professionally they were agriculturist and also knew the art of making weapons. The rulers here were cruel and ruthless on their subjects. They believed in Gods and worshipped idols. The people were very innovative that they had invented Canon, paper printing etc. The civilization collapsed near 1000 BC.  GREEK CIVILIZATION: It is rich and famous civilization. Early philosopher Aristotle, Plato, Socrates belongs to the civilization who established theories regarding physical and metaphysical perspectives.  ROMAN CIVILIZATION: It is spread from 600 BC to 480 BC. Initially dictators ruled upon Roman but these people established their own government so the concept of Republic is first time evolved from Rome. The civilization is famous for administration, uses of weapon, superstitious beliefs, devotion towards God and goddess and epics.  MAYA CIVILIZATION: It survived from 2600 to 900 B.C.it is ancient American civilization, mostly evolved in northern part of America. They used to construct huge buildings and very prosperous. Its population was 19 million approx, had established formal writing system. They were good mathematician and knew the value of zero. Professionally they were agriculturists but also knew the art of surgery and had developed trade system. Solar calendar was used to measure time. They were believer of God. Spanish invaders destroyed their distinctive culture and civilization.