World History Past Paper PDF

Bedouin tribes noematic tribes that traveled across the Arabian peninsula - Pre-Islamic Arabia - used caravan routes Sheiks Tribal leaders ruling over bedouin tribes Majlis Bedouin tribal councils, nominate sheiks Mecca wealthy trading center in the arabian peninsula, holiest Arabian city, E...

Bedouin tribes noematic tribes that traveled across the Arabian peninsula - Pre-Islamic Arabia - used caravan routes Sheiks Tribal leaders ruling over bedouin tribes Majlis Bedouin tribal councils, nominate sheiks Mecca wealthy trading center in the arabian peninsula, holiest Arabian city, Early mecca was a polytheistic religious center Kaaba Major religious monument, holiest spot in islam, house of god muhammad born into the Ouraysh tribe, Raised by his uncle: Abu Talib, islamic prophet Khadija Wife of Muhammad, wealthy widow and business woman Cave of Hira Where Mohammad first received revelations from the angel Gabriel islam "submission to god" Quran Islamic holy text hadith word of man, islamic rule book 5 Pillars Faith, prayer, fasting, almsgiving, pilgrimage hijrah self imposed exile medina Predominantly Jewish city, muhammud sought refuge in Medina, Medina became the political capital for muhammad umma islamic commuity quba first mosque, built in medina, originally a religous center for all religions Constitution of Medina first islamic constitution, bringing all the people together, religious toleration in the city, Caliph A supreme political and religious leader in a Muslim government, "successor of the message of the god" successor to muhammad, abu bakr was the first ___________ caliphate the land a caliph rules over jihad a holy war / holy struggle jizya lower taxes why islam succeeded lower taxes, toleration of religion, economic benifits, rejected slavery fitnah religious civil war among muslims hussein muhammuds grandson battle of karbala was a rise up against umayyads, Hussein (muhammad grandson) was killed + beheaded What is the belief of Shia Muslims regarding the caliph? The caliph should be a direct blood connection to Muhammad. What is the belief of Sunni Muslims regarding the caliph? The caliph should be the best qualified person. ashura muslim holiday, the day belived that moses parted the red seas, noah got off the arc, muhammad reached the city of medina, and the day hussein died at kabala battle of tours city below paris, muslim forces were defeated ma'mum caliph, patron of learning, ibn sina created canon of medicine, advances medicine sultan holder of power battle of manzikert take Anatolia, turks control middle east until WW1 aztlan the legendary ancestral home of the Aztec peoples. huitzilopochtli protector god of the aztecs tenochtitlan Aztec capital, modern day Mexico City, on lake texcoco, population 80k - 250k chinampas floating farming islands made by the Aztec Quetzalcoatl Aztec nature god, feathered serpent, his disappearance and promised return coincided with the arrival of Cortes tonatiuh Sun god of the Aztecs tlaloc rain god shaman ancient docters, spiritual healers nahuatl Aztec language hernan cortes Spanish explorer and conquistador who led the conquest of Aztec Mexico in 1519-1521 for Spain. Montezuma Powerful Aztec monarch who fell to Spanish conquerors reasons why the spanish able to defeat the aztecs idea that hey were gods, disease, superior weapons, guns, use of animals; dogs of wars, aided by aztec enemies, columbian exchange The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages. why is it more deadly to the natives? fast killer diseases, animals also carry diseases, no immunity good long term for mankind?(columbian exchange) developed immunity to diseases, food diversity mitma forced migration tahuantin suyu land of four quarters, incan empire cuzco capital of inca chasqui Incan runner and message carrier quechua incan oral language quipu An arrangement of knotted strings on a cord, used by the Inca to record numerical information. machu picchu high city "city in the sky", incan francisco pizarro Spanish explorer who conquered the Incas in what is now Peru and founded the city of Lima (1475-1541). atahualpa Last ruling Inca emperor of Peru. He was executed by the Spanish. battle of cajamarca Battle between the spaniards and the Incas; Atahualpa, the Inca's ruler, was captured and killed by Pizarro and the Spaniards marco polo First European to travel the length of Asia book on the marvels of the world stories of marcos travels written by Rustichello da Pisa who was imprisoned with marco portolani charts, maps of the known world motives of the spanish god, gold and glory reconquista The effort by Christian leaders to drive the Muslims and Jews out of Spain, lasting from the 1100s until 1492. prince henry the navigator prince of portugual, explored west africa bartolomeu dias attempted to sail around southern tip of africa vasco da gama first european to sail to india Alfonso de Albuquerque portugual explorer set to make a base in india, gained control of spice trade goa indian headquarters pedro cabral claims Brazil for Portugal ferdinard and isabella marriage that unifies spain Christopher Columbus hits modern day country of cuba americo vespucci the first person to realize that Columbus had discovered a new continent and America was named after him. 1451 to 1512 waldseemuller map Warped depiction of the world as presented by a German cartographer in 1507. vasco nunez balboa spanish explorer that explored panama, sees pacific ocean Ferdinand Magellan spanish explorer, goal to circumnavigate the world, claimed the philippines for spain, killed by local tirbes philipinnes el cano Finished the circumnavigation of the world after Magellan's death in the Philippines viceroys vice kings new spain california to panama, mexico city capital peru panama through south america, cuzco is the capital encomienda slavery of the ingigenous, forced transfer of religion, "civilizing them"(being taught spanish and christianity) bartolome de las cas created 'destruction of the indies' called for the protection of the natives from the spanish Repartimiento system required a tax to be payed to acheive citizenship, if you cannot pay (alot of them couldnt) they would be forced to, this system was exploited by spaniards 2 weeks of average work pope alexander the 6th wanted to put the treaty of tordesillas, divides world into two hemispheres, spanish got south of brazil to middle of austrailia, portugese gets netherlands dutch east india company, make inroads into caribbean and brazil colonies new amsterdam banking, trading, shipping center, located in new york, done by the dutch france gained control of haiti, claimed canada england made east india tea company, john cabot Claimed Newfoundland for England jamestown 1st successful england new world colony, tabacco becomes their money maker slave trade european gained control of slave trade, slaves were immune diseases that natives were not triangular trade a three way system of trade between africa,europe and new world middle passage second stage if the triangular trade, slaves journey to the new world, horrible conditions, 1 in 5 people perished long term effects of slave trade depopulation of entire areas, deconstruction of local african economy and middle class, describe the most desired slave (16-20s) young people, most fertile, at their peak Abu Kabr first caliph, muhammad's close friend, muhammad married one of his daughters fatima married to ali (muhammad's cousin) started the shia bloodline, why was lake texococo important important for fishing, agriculture, defense strategy - water on all sides and surrounded by mountains