Female Reproductive System Anatomy PDF

# Female Reproductive System ## The Reproductive System - Gonads - primary sex organs - Testes in males - Ovaries in females - Gonads produce gametes (sex cells) and secrete hormones - Sperm - male gametes - Ova (eggs) - female gametes ## Female Reproductive System **Image:** A d...

# Female Reproductive System ## The Reproductive System - Gonads - primary sex organs - Testes in males - Ovaries in females - Gonads produce gametes (sex cells) and secrete hormones - Sperm - male gametes - Ova (eggs) - female gametes ## Female Reproductive System **Image:** A diagram of the female reproductive system with labeled parts. The diagram shows the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, vagina, clitoris, labia minora, and labia majora. ## Ovaries - **Primary sex organs** - Ova (eggs) - female gametes - **Secondary or Accessory organs include:** - Uterine tubes - Uterus - Vagina - Vulva - Mammary glands **Image:** A diagram of the female reproductive system with labeled parts. The diagram shows the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, vagina, and other associated structures. ## Ovaries - Found on each side of the uterus below and behind the uterine tubes. - Consist of thousands of Ovarian follicles embedded in cortex of the ovary. - Each follicle contains an immature sex cell called oocyte. **Image:** A diagram of the female reproductive system with labeled parts. The diagram shows the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, vagina, and other associated structures. ## Oogenesis - The process that results in the formation of a mature egg. - The total supply of eggs are present at birth. - Ability to release eggs begins at puberty. - Reproductive ability ends at menopause. - Oocytes are matured in developing ovarian follicles. ## Ovaries - Composed of ovarian follicles (sac-like structures) - Structure of an ovarian folllicle - Oocyte - Surrounded by follicular cells **Image:** A diagram of the ovary with labeled parts showing a primary follicle, growing follicles, a mature vesicular (Graafian) follicle, a secondary oocyte, a ruptured follicle, an antrum, a corpus luteum, and degenerating corpus luteum. ## Ovarian Follicle Stages - Primary follicle - contains an immature oocyte. - Graafian (vesicular) follicle - growing folllicle with a maturing oocyte. - Ovulation - when the egg is mature the follicle ruptures. - Occurs about every 28 days. - Occurs 14 days before the next menstrual cycle begins. - The ruptured follicle is transformed into a corpus luteum. **Image:** A diagram of the ovary with labeled parts showing a primary follicle, growing follicles, a mature vesicular (Graafian) follicle, a secondary oocyte, a ruptured follicle, an antrum, a corpus luteum, and degenerating corpus luteum. **Image:** A diagram of the ovary with labeled parts showing a primary follicle, a primordial follicle, a secondary follicle, a Graafian follicle, an ovum, a developing corpus luteum, a corpus luteum, and a degenerating corpus luteum. **Image:** A diagram of the female reproductive system showing the ovaries, fallopian tubes, and uterus. ## Uterine Tubes (Fallopian) - Receive the ovulated oocyte from ovary. - Provide a site for fertilization. - Attached to the uterus. - Not physically attached to the ovary. - Supported by the broad ligament. ## Uterine Tube Function - Fimbriae - finger-like projections at the distal end that receive the oocyte. - Cilia inside the uterine tube slowly move the oocyte towards the uterus (takes 3-4 days). - Fertilization occurs inside the uterine tube. **Image:** A diagram of the female reproductive system showing the ovaries, fallopian tubes, and uterus. **Image:** A black rectangle. ## What happens if the egg implants into the wall of the Fallopian Tube? - **Normal Pregnancy** - The egg travels down the fallopian tube. - The fertilized egg reaches the uterus. - The egg implants itself in the uterus. - **Ectopic Pregnancy** - The egg implants in the fallopian tube (Ectopic Pregnancy). - The egg travels down the fallopian tube. - The egg is released from the ovary. **Image:** A diagram of the female reproductive system showing the fallopian tubes, uterus, and ovaries and the process of a normal pregnancy versus an ectopic pregnancy. ## Uterus - Located between the urinary bladder and rectum. - Hollow organ pear shaped. - Functions - Receives a fertilized egg. - Retains the fertilized egg. - Nourishes the fertilized egg. **Image:** A diagram of the female reproductive system with labeled parts. The diagram shows the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, vagina, clitoris, labia minora, and labia majora. ## Regions of the Uterus - Body - wide upper portion. - Fundus - area where uterine tube enters. - Cervix - inferior portion of the uterus narrow outlet that protrudes into the vagina. **Image:** A diagram of the uterus showing the body, fundus, cervix, and vagina, and the fallopian tube, endometrium, myometrium, and cervical canal. ## Support for the Uterus - Broad ligament - attached to the pelvis. - Round ligament - anchored interiorly. - Uterosacral ligaments - anchored posteriorly. **Image:** A diagram of the female reproductive system with labeled parts. The diagram shows the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, vagina, and other associated structures. ## Walls of the Uterus - Endometrium (ciliated mucous membrane) - Inner layer. - Allows for implantation of a fertilized egg. - Sloughs off if no pregnancy occurs (menses). **Image:** A diagram of the uterus showing the body, fundus, cervix, and vagina, and the fallopian tube, endometrium, myometrium, and cervical canal. ## Walls of the Uterus - Myometrium - thick middle layer with 3 layers of smooth muscle fibers. **Image:** A diagram of the uterus showing the body, fundus, cervix, and vagina, and the fallopian tube, endometrium, myometrium, and cervical canal. ## Walls of the Uterus - Perimetrium - Serous layer outer visceral peritoneum (but entire uterus is not covered with peritoneum). **Image:** A diagram of the uterus showing the body, fundus, cervix, and vagina, and the fallopian tube, endometrium, myometrium, and cervical canal. ## What is endometriosis? - An often painful disorder where the tissue that normally lines the inside of the uterus (the endometrium) grows outside the uterus. **Image:** A diagram of the female reproductive system showing the fallopian tubes, ovaries, uterus, cervix, and vagina with various parts highlighted. ## Vagina - Extends from cervix to exterior of body. - Posterior to urinary bladder and urethra and in anterior to rectum. - Smooth muscle lined with mucous membrane arranged in rugae (rugged folds) allows stretching during birth. - Receives the penis during sexual intercourse. **Image:** A diagram of the female reproductive system showing internal and external structures such as the fallopian tubes, ovaries, uterus, cervix, vagina, and clitoris. ## External Genitalia (Vulva) - **Mons Pubis** - Fatty area overlying the pubic symphysis. - Covered with pubic hair after puberty. - **Labia** - Skin folds - Labia majora - Labia minora - **Vestibule** - Enclosed by labia majora. - Contains opening of the urethra and the greater vestibular glands (produce mucus). - **Clitoris** - Contains erectile tissue. **Image:** A diagram of the female external genitalia showing the mons pubis, labia majora, prepuce of clitoris, clitoris, vestibule, urethral orifice, vaginal orifice, orifice of greater vestibular gland, labia minora, perineum, and anus. ## Anatomy of Mammary Glands - Areola - central pigmented area. - Nipple - protruding central area of areola. - Alveolar glands - clusters of milk producing glands within lobules. - Lactiferous ducts - connect alveolar glands to nipple - milk leaves the breasts through these ducts. **Image:** Diagrams of the female breast showing internal and external structures such as the skin, pectoralis major muscle, connective tissue, adipose tissue, areola, nipple, opening of lactiferous duct, lactiferous duct, alveolar glands, lung, intercostal muscles, and ribs. ## Breasts Function ### Lactation - The secretion of milk for nourishment of the newborn infant. - Ovarian hormone estrogen and progesterone act on the breasts to make them ready to secrete milk. - Shedding of the placenta after delivery stimulates the anterior pituitary gland secrete prolactin. - Prolactin stimulates alveoli of the mammary glands to secrete milk. - Oxytocin stimulates the cells of the alveoli to eject milk into the ducts. # The Male Reproductive System **Image:** A diagram of the male reproductive system showing the urinary bladder, prostate gland, bulbourethral gland, erectile tissue of penis, ductus deferens, epididymis, testis, seminal vesicles, urethra, scrotum, and glans penis. ## Male Reproductive System - 2 Testicles. - 2 Seminal tubules. - 2 Seminal vesicle. - Prostate gland. - Penis. **Image:** A diagram of the male reproductive system showing the urinary bladder, prostate gland, bulbourethral gland, erectile tissue of penis, ductus deferens, epididymis, testis, seminal vesicles, urethra, scrotum, and glans penis. ## Male Reproductive Organs - Primary organs - testes. - Accessory organs and supportive structures in male - support gamete formation and viability. **Image:** A diagram of the male reproductive system showing the urinary bladder, prostate gland, bulbourethral gland, erectile tissue of penis, ductus deferens, epididymis, testis, seminal vesicles, urethra, scrotum, and glans penis. ## Male External Genitalia ### Scrotum - Divided sac of skin outside the abdomen. - Maintains testes at 3°C lower than normal body temperature to protect sperm viability. **Image:** A diagram showing an external view and internal structures of the scrotum, including the scrotal septum, muscle layer, deep tissues, plexus of testicular veins, ductus deferens, spermatic cord, testicular artery, autonomic nerve, lymphatic vessel, raphe, cremaster muscles, dartos muscles, epididymis, and testis. ## External Genitalia ### Penis #### Urethra - Delivers sperm into the female reproductive tract. - Urination. #### Regions of the penis - Shaft. - Glans penis (enlarged tip). - Prepuce (foreskin) - Folded cuff of skin around proximal end. - Often removed by circumcision. **Image:** A diagram showing a side view of the penis, urethra, prostate urethra, prostate gland, bulbourethral gland, membranous urethra, corpora cavernosa, corpus spongiosum, spongy urethra, scrotum, and glans penis. ## Testes - Descends out of the abdominal cavity. - Several months before birth and usually by several weeks after birth. - Testosterone stimulates the descent of the testes. **Image:** A diagram showing the testis, rete testis, ductus deferens, epididymis, spermatic cord, blood vessels and nerves, and seminiferous tubule with labeled structures. ## Testes Each lobule contains seminiferous tubules: - Tightly coiled structures. - Function as sperm-forming factories. - Empty sperm into the testis. **Image:** A diagram showing the testis, rete testis, ductus deferens, epididymis, spermatic cord, blod vessels and nerves, and seminiferous tubule with labeled structures. ## Epididymis - Highly coiled tube caps the superior portion of the testis (lies along the top) then runs down the posterolateral side (behind the testes). - First part of the male duct system. **Image:** A diagram showing the testis, rete testis, ductus deferens, epididymis, and seminiferous tubule with labeled structures. ## Sperm travels through the testis to the epididymis **Image:** A diagram of the male reproductive system showing the urinary bladder, prostate gland, bulbourethral gland, erectile tissue of penis, ductus deferens, epididymis, testis, seminal vesicles, urethra, scrotum, and glans penis. ## Ductus Deferens (Vas Deferens) - Carries sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct. - Moves sperm by peristalsis. **Image:** A diagram showing the urinary bladder, ureter, prostate gland, bulbourethral gland, epididymis, testis, penis, urethra, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, and seminal vesicle with labeled structures. ## Ejaculatory Duct - Formed by union of vasdeferens with the duct of seminal vesicle. - They pass through the prostate and open into the urethra. **Image:** A diagram showing the urinary bladder, ureter, prostate gland, bulbourethral gland, epididymis, testis, penis, urethra, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, and seminal vesicle with labeled structures. ## Seminal Vesicles - Located at the posterior surface of the bladder. - Produces a thick, creamy yellow secretion - 60% of semen that contains - Fructose (sugar). - Vitamin C. - Prostaglandins. - Other substances that nourish and activate sperm. **Image:** A diagram of the male reproductive system showing the urinary bladder, prostate gland, bulbourethral gland, erectile tissue of penis, ductus deferens, epididymis, testis, seminal vesicles, urethra, scrotum, and glans penis. ## Prostate Gland - Encircles the upper part of the urethra. - Secretes a milky fluid - Helps to activate sperm. - Enters the urethra through several small ducts. **Image:** A diagram of the male reproductive system showing the urinary bladder, prostate gland, bulbourethral gland, erectile tissue of penis, ductus deferens, epididymis, testis, seminal vesicles, urethra, scrotum, and glans penis. ## Urethra - Extends from the base of the urinary bladder to the tip of the penis - Carries both urine and sperm. - The urinary sphincter prevents urine from being expelled with the semen during ejaculation - Sperm enters from the ejaculatory duct. **Image:** A diagram showing the urinary bladder, vas deferens, urethra, penis, epididymis, testis, scrotum, prostate, seminal vesicle, and rectum with labeled structures. **Image:** A diagram showing the urinary bladder, superior pubic ramus, ductus deferens, urethra, corpus cavernosum, corpus spoungisum, penis, glans penis, prepuce, ureter, large intestine, seminal vesicle, ejaculatory duct, prostate gland, bulbourethral gland, anus, epididymis, testis, and scrotum with labeled structures. ## Bulbourethral Glands - Pea-sized gland inferior to the prostate. - Produces a thick, clear mucus - cleanses the urethra of acidic urine. - Serves as a lubricant during sexual intercourse. - Secreted into the penile urethra. **Image:** A diagram of the male reproductive system showing the urinary bladder, prostate gland, bulbourethral gland, erectile tissue of penis, ductus deferens, epididymis, testis, seminal vesicles, urethra, scrotum, and glans penis. **Image:** A diagram showing the urinary bladder, superior pubic ramus, ductus deferens, urethra, corpus cavernosum, corpus spoungisum, penis, glans penis, prepuce, ureter, large intestine, seminal vesicle, ejaculatory duct, prostate gland, bulbourethral gland, anus, epididymis, testis, and scrotum with labeled structures. ## Spermatogenesis - Process which forms mature sperm with only 23 single chromosomes. - Begins at puberty and continues throughout life. - Occurs in the seminiferous tubules. **Image:** A diagram showing the testis, rete testis, ductus deferens, epididymis, spermatic cord, blod vessels and nerves, and seminiferous tubule with labeled structures. ## Semen - Mixture of sperm and accessory gland secretions. - Advantages of accessory gland secretions - Fructose provides energy for sperm cells. - Alkalinity of semen helps neutralize the acidic environment of vagina. - Semen inhibits bacterial multiplication. - Motility - Elements of semen enhance sperm movement. ## Semen ### With each Ejaculation: - 2-5 mls semen. - 50-150 million sperm per milliliter! - Below 25 million/ml of semen may be considered functional sterility. **Image:** A diagram showing sperm cells. ## Testosterone Production - Primary male sex hormone. - Primarily secreted by the testicles. **Image:** A man showing his biceps and chest muscles ## Testosterone Production ### Functions of testosterone - Stimulates reproductive organ development. - Underlies sex drive. - Causes secondary sex characteristics - Deepening of voice - Increased hair growth - Enlargement of skeletal muscles - Enlargement of the testes - Thickening of bones ## Hormonal Regulation - Anterior pituitary controls the testes by the gonadotropin releasing hormone from the hypothalamus. - 2 hormones involved: - FSH - stimulates the seminiferous tubules to produce sperm more rapidly. - LH - in males stimulates interstitial cells to increase their secretion of testosterone.