Anatomy Test 2.pdf

Anatomy Test 2 Vessels of the Upper Limb Subclavian: - Right side: originates from brachiocephalic trunk (innominate artery) - Left side: aortic arch (longer) Axillary Artery: - Continuation of subclavian - Supplies axilla, shoulder, thoracic muscles - Origin- deeply sat, termination-superficial...

Anatomy Test 2 Vessels of the Upper Limb Subclavian: - Right side: originates from brachiocephalic trunk (innominate artery) - Left side: aortic arch (longer) Axillary Artery: - Continuation of subclavian - Supplies axilla, shoulder, thoracic muscles - Origin- deeply sat, termination-superficial Thoracoacromial Artery: - Short branch of axillary - Divides into pectoral, acromial, and deltoid arteries Vessels of the Upper Limb Costocervical Trunk Artery: Thyrocervical Trunk Artery: - Branches from upper posterior part - Arises from subclavian of subclavian - Divides into inferior thyroid, - Divides into deep cervical artery & suprascapular and transverse supreme intercostal artery cervical - Branches supply neck and superior - branches supply the neck, cervical vertebrae, scapular muscles and intercostal muscles thyroid gland Anterior Circumflex Humeral Artery: - Branches of axillary - Wraps around neck, humerus, supplies deltoid muscles and shoulder joint Vessels of the Upper Limb Posterior Circumflex Humeral Artery: - Branch of axillary artery - Larger circumflex Brachial Artery: Profunda Brachii artery - Continuation of axillary - AKA deep brachial - Supplies arm, ends below elbow - Large branch of brachial - Divides into radial and ulnar - Superiorly, runs medially to humerus - As it descends, curves anteriorly into cubital fossa - Detectable pulse point Veins of the Upper Limb Subclavian Vein Axillary Vein: - Anastomoses with axillary vein - Joins with basilic vein inferiorly - Joins with cephalic superiorly - Unites with internal jugular which - Ends at outer border of first rib is superior - Drains arm axilla and chest Thoracodorsal Vein: - Continuation of basilic - Drains arm axilla and chest Veins of the Upper Limb Suprascapular Vein - Tributary to subclavian Brachial Vein: - Deep vein of forearm - Drains forearm, elbow joint, and humerus Basilic Vein: - Drains from medial upper limb - Anastomosis with median cubital Veins of the Upper Limb Cephalic Vein Median Cubital Vein: Ulnar Vein: - Drains lateral aspect of upper limb - Joins the cephalic and basilic at elbow - Drains forearm and hand - Ascends in front of elbow - Anastomosis of brachial vein - Larger than radial Veins of the Upper Limb Radial Vein - Drains hand and forearm - Smaller than ulnar Median Antebrachial Vein: - Links superficial palmar veins between the radial and ulnar veins - Also ends or joins or anastomoses with basilic Shoulder Girdle Anterior Surface Anatomy: - Jugular notch: anatomical landmark, found in superior aspect of sternum - Sternoclavicular joint: medial end of clavicle joins onto the manubrium (most superior aspect of sternum) - AC joint: lateral aspect of clavicle - SCM Shoulder Girdle Posterior Surface Anatomy: - Vertebral prominens (C7): bony landmark, most posterior aspect of C7 - Trapezius muscle - Deltoid muscle - Scapula - Triceps - Humerus Shoulder Girdle Functions: 1. Secures appendicular skeleton to axial skeleton (limbs to spine and skull) 2. Adds strength to shoulder joint 3. Has large SA for muscle attachment (scapula) This allows for: - Increases flexibility - Wider ROM (scapula) - Shrugging of shoulders, protraction and retraction, and forward and up arm movement Shoulder Girdle- Scapula Scapula: - Flat bone, triangular shaped - Costal (anterior), and dorsal (posterior) surface - 3 borders: superior, medial (vertebral), lateral (axillary) Anterior surface: - Slightly concave as it conforms to posterior chest wall - Subscapular fossa - Numerous ridges for attachment of subscapularis muscle - Coracoid process- anterolateral surface, pectoralis minor, biceps brachii, coracobrachialis muscles - Subscapular notch- medial to coracoid process allows for passage of suprascapular nerve - Glenoid process forms lateral angle, ends at glenoid fossa Shoulder Girdle-Scapula Posterior surface: - Spine divides posterior surface into supraspinatus and infraspinatus fossas - Spine arises from upper third- extends obliquely and laterally - Ends in acromion process - Spine is attachment for trapezius and deltoid - Palpable in entire length Shoulder Girdle- Borders Superior border: - Shortest border - Suprascapular notch/ scapular notch present - Coracoid process projects outwards Medial or vertebral border: - Parallel to spine when arm is on its side - Can be palpated Lateral (axillary) border - Extends from inferior angle to glenoid cavity - Entire border is covered by muscles Shoulder Girdle Glenoid Process: Coracoid Process: - Slightly concave, pear shaped - Arises from lateral end of superior - Faces laterally, towards humerus border of scapula Acromion Process: - Flattened lateral projection of scapular spine Shoulder Girdle- Muscles of the Rotator Cuff Rotator Cuff: - Provides stability to shoulder joint - Allows for adduction, abduction, and rotation - Supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor all found on posterior aspect of scapula- insert on greater tubercle of humerus - Subscapularis on anterior surface- inserts on lesser tubercle Shoulder Girdle- Clavicle Clavicle: - First bone in body to ossify, last to fuse - Age of completion- 25 years - No medullary canal (unlike other long bones) Sternal (medial) end- SC joint - Articulates with clavicular notch of manubrium - Creates the SC join Acromial (lateral) end- AC joint - Articulates with acromion (AC joint) - AC joint: synovial plane joint (joint is sliding in nature) - Articular surface covered in fibrocartilage - Articular disc sometimes present Shoulder Girdle Shoulder Lymph Nodes: - Drains lymph vessels of arm, breast, and chest wall Brachial: located in upper arm Supraclavicular: located just above clavicle, drain from neck and upper chest Axillary: found in armpit, drain from breast, upper arm, and chest wall Parasternal: located alongside sternum Axillary: consist of four clusters- Apical Central Posterior- subcapsular Anterior- pectoral Foot & Ankle Foot & Ankle Metatarsals: - Long slender bones 5 metatarsal on each foot Each bone has distal head, proximal base, and body or shaft Head articulates with proximal phalanx Base articulates with tarsal Foot & Ankle Tarsals: Phalanges: - Each foot has 14 (3 for each toe) Proximal, middle, and distal for all but 1st Shorter and stouter than in fingers - Seven tarsals: Talus, calcaneus, navicular, cuboid, three cuneiforms Foot & Ankle Talus: - 2nd largest tarsal Transmits entire weight of body to foot with calcaneus Body- wedge shaped, trochlea (wider in front that in back)articulates with tib-fib Head- articulates with navicular Groove or depression on inferior aspect which combines with tarsal canal on calcaneus- forms sinus tarsi Foot & Ankle Talus: - Articulates with tib-fib superiorly Tib/ fib rests on trochlear surface Together they form the mortise joint Inferiorly articulates with calcaneus Anteriorly with navicular Ankle joint: - Joint between talus and tib/fib- aka Talocrural joint Include: tib/fib, talus Mortise joint: left or right side of joint (tibia and talus one side, fibula and talus other side of joint) Distal ends- malleoli Foot & Ankle Calcaneus: - Largest tarsal Inferior to talus Has elongated cuboid shape Posterior surface forms prominence of heel Sustentaculum tali- on medial surface, provides support for talus Calcaneal tuberosity: on plantar surface Insertion of ligament- achilles tendon Foot & Ankle Calcaneus: 1. 2. 3. - Superior Articulation with the Talus: The calcaneus articulates with the talus bone at the superior (top) part of the foot, forming the subtalar joint or talocalcaneal joint. This joint allows for inversion and eversion movements of the foot, which are important for walking and maintaining balance. Articulation with the Navicular: The calcaneus also articulates with the navicular bone. This joint is known as the talocalcaneonavicular joint- It plays a role in allowing the foot to adapt to different surfaces and helps maintain the arch of the foot. Articulation with the Cuboid: The calcaneus articulates with the cuboid bone, forming the calcaneocuboid joint. This joint contributes to the flexibility and stability of the lateral (outer) aspect of the foot. The combination of the talocalcaneonavicular joint and the calcaneocuboid joint is often referred to as the "transverse tarsal joint" or "midtarsal joint."- allows for various foot movements, including flexibility during walking, running, and jumping It helps the foot adapt to uneven terrain and absorb shock. Calcaneus itself features three facets in the subtalar joint: - Anterior Facet: The smallest facet located at the front of the subtalar joint. Middle Facet: Found on the medial (inner) surface of the calcaneus, it provides weight-bearing support for the medial (inner) aspect of the ankle. Posterior Facet: The largest facet, which supports the body of the talus bone. The calcaneus and its interactions with other bones and joints in the foot are essential for proper foot function, stability, and mobility. Foot & Ankle Cuboid: - - The cuboid is a tarsal bone located on the lateral side of the foot, positioned anterior to the calcaneus (heel bone) It articulates with the calcaneus proximally, contributing to the stability and flexibility of the lateral aspect of the foot It articulates medially with the lateral cuneiform, which helps support the midfoot On its anterior aspect, the cuboid articulates with the bases of the fourth and fifth metatarsals, further contributing to foot structure The cuboid's role is vital in weight-bearing and lateral movements of the foot, such as side-to-side motion and stability during walking and running. Foot & Ankle Navicular: - - - - Tarsal bone located on the medial aspect of the foot Crucial role in the arch and structure of the foot. Articulation with Talus: The navicular bone articulates posteriorly (toward the back) with the talus bone, one of the tarsal bones Articulation with Cuneiform Bones: Anteriorly (toward the front), the navicular bone articulates with the cuneiform bones, which are other tarsal bones Flattened Oval Shape: The navicular bone has a flattened, oval shape, and its position between the talus and cuneiform bones contributes to the foot's arch and flexibility Maintains the arch and supporting the weight and movements of the body Foot & Ankle Cuneiforms: - There are three cuneiform bones, named the medial, intermediate, and lateral cuneiforms Articulation with Metatarsals: The cuneiform bones articulate anteriorly (toward the front) with the first three metatarsal bones Posterior Articulation: They articulate posteriorly (toward the back) with the navicular bone, contributing to the foot's arch and support Wedge-Shaped: The cuneiform bones have a wedge-shaped appearance, helping to distribute and support weight across the foot. Medial Cuneiform: The medial cuneiform is the largest cuneiform bones and plays a significant role in the structure of the medial (inner) aspect of the midfoot Lateral Articulation: The third cuneiform bone articulates laterally with the cuboid bone, which is another tarsal bone, contributing to the stability and mobility of the lateral (outer) foot. Foot & Ankle Medial/ longitudinal arch: - - This arch runs along the inner or medial aspect of the foot, extending from the head of the first metatarsal to the calcaneal tuberosity Has a greater curve compared to the lateral arch and plays a vital role in maintaining balance. Ligaments attach from the sustentaculum tali (a part of the calcaneus) to the navicular bone, contributing to the integrity of this arch Lateral/ external arch: - - - The lateral arch extends from the head of the fifth metatarsal to the calcaneal tuberosity It is flatter than the medial arch but still provides a firm base for supporting the body in an upright position. This arch helps with stability. Transverse/ anterior arch: - - The transverse arch is formed by the distal row of tarsal bones (including the cuboid and cuneiforms) and the bases of the metatarsals (the long bones that connect to the toes) It is the major weight-bearing arch of the foot and helps distribute body weight over the base of the foot. This arch is particularly important for stability and weight distribution. Foot & Ankle Achilles Tendon: - - - Size and Strength: The Achilles tendon is the largest and most powerful tendon in the human body Muscular Origins: It arises from the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles. These muscles are located in the calf and are responsible for plantar flexion of the ankle (pointing the foot downward) Attachment to Calcaneal Tuberosity: The Achilles tendon attaches to the calcaneal tuberosity, which is a prominent bony bump on the back of the heel bone (calcaneus). Alternative Name: The Achilles tendon is also commonly referred to as the calcaneal tendon because of its attachment to the calcaneus. Foot & Ankle Achilles Tendon: - - - Size and Strength: The Achilles tendon is the largest and most powerful tendon in the human body Muscular Origins: It arises from the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles. These muscles are located in the calf and are responsible for plantar flexion of the ankle (pointing the foot downward) Attachment to Calcaneal Tuberosity: The Achilles tendon attaches to the calcaneal tuberosity, which is a prominent bony bump on the back of the heel bone (calcaneus). Alternative Name: The Achilles tendon is also commonly referred to as the calcaneal tendon because of its attachment to the calcaneus.