Anatomy Review: Skull, Bones, Muscles - PDF

MIDTERM REVIEW HS1300 & 2300 AXIAL SKELETON Skull and mandible Hyoid bone Vertebral column Ribs Sternum SKULL The skull has a total of 22 bones --> 8 cranial and 14 facial. o Divided into cranial vault and base. Skull is divided into anterior, middle, and posterior fossae SK...

MIDTERM REVIEW HS1300 & 2300 AXIAL SKELETON Skull and mandible Hyoid bone Vertebral column Ribs Sternum SKULL The skull has a total of 22 bones --> 8 cranial and 14 facial. o Divided into cranial vault and base. Skull is divided into anterior, middle, and posterior fossae SKULL BONES Paired bones: temporal and parietal bones Unpaired bones: frontal, occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid. SUTURES Sutures are the joints where the bones of the skull fuse together. Coronal --> parietal and frontal bones Squamous --> parietal and temporal Sagittal --> divides parietal bones Lambdoid --> parietal and occipital bones BONES TO KNOW: SKULL Frontal Bone Occipital Bone Temporal Bone Sphenoid Bone Ethmoid Bone Supraorbital margin Occipital condyles Made up of Body, sella turcica, Cribiform plate, squamous, sphenoidal sinuses, crista galli, tympanic, and greater wings, lesser perpendicular plate petrous bones. wings, and pterygoid processes. Supraorbital Hypoglossal Mastoid process Openings: optic Openings: foramen foramen canal, superior ethmoidal orbital fissure, labyrinth, nasal foramen rotundum, conchae. foramen ovale, foramen spinosum Glabella External occipital Foramina: jugular, protuberance carotid canal, internal acoustic meatus. Frontal sinuses Nuchal lines Q: Which cranial bone contains the foramen magnum? a) Parietal b) Temporal c) Occipital d) Frontal Which of the following is the odd one out? a) Frontal bone b) Maxillary bone c) Ethmoid bone d) Zygomatic bone Q: In which cranial bones contains the foramen magnum? a) Parietal b) Temporal c) Occipital d) Frontal Which of the following is the odd one out? a) Frontal bone b) Maxillary bone c) Ethmoid bone d) Zygomatic bone Does not contain a sinus! MNEMONICS TO HELP! Big Sharks Swin Gracefully Like Predators Only Stressful Research Overwhelms Big --> Body Students Sharks--> Sella Turcica Only --> optic canal Swin --> Sphenoidal sinuses Stressful --> superior orbital fissure Research --> foramen rotundum Gracefully --> greater wings Like --> lesser wings Overwhelms --> foramen ovale Students --> foramen spinosum Predators --> pterygoid processes THE FACE Unpaired bones: mandible and vomer. Paired bones: maxillae, zygomatic bones, nasal bones, lacrimal bones, palatine bones, inferior nasal conchae. Bones that form the orbits: Zygomatic, ethmoid, lacrimal, frontal, sphenoid, maxillary, and palatine bones. THE MANDIBLE Mandible --> mandibular fossa, mandibular foramen, alveolar process, mental foramen, condylar process, ramus. Q: What connects the body of the mandible to the condylar and coronoid processes? a) Rami b) Alveolar process c) Mandibular foramen d) Mandibular fossa THE MANDIBLE a)Mandible --> mandibular fossa, mandibular foramen, alveolar process, mental foramen, condylar process, ramus. Q: What connects the body of the mandible to the condylar and coronoid processes? a) Rami b) Alveolar process c) Mandibular foramen d) Mandibular fossa SOME PRACTICE QUESTIONS TO HELP YOUR STUDYING Which bones are considered the keystone bones of the face? o Ans: Maxillary bones. Which bones form the nasal cavity? o ANS: the ethmoid bone, the vomer, the maxilla, lacrimal bone, inferior nasal conchae, palatine bones, sphenoid bones. o The nasal bone forms the nasal bridge but does not contribute to the nasal cavity itself. VERTEBRAL COLUMN 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar. 4 curvatures of the spine with the thoracic and sacral present at birth and cervical and lumbar developing with walking. 2 ligaments to know: anterior longitudinal (prevents hyperextension) and posterior longitudinal. o Which of the above attaches only to intervertebral discs? ▪ Posterior ligament. VERTEBRAE Atlas Supports skull. Important for nodding "yes" (via articulation with occipital condyles) Axis Important for shaking head "no" (dens) SACRUM Landmark mnemonic: "Some People Always Say Talking Fast Makes Learning Awesome." Some → Sacral Promontory People → Ala Always → Apex Say → Superior Articular Processes Talking → Transverse Ridges Fast → Facet of Superior Articular Process Makes → Median Sacral Crest Learning → Lateral Sacral Crest Awesome → Auricular Surface SOME PRACTICE QUESTIONS TO HELP YOUR STUDYING What are the components of the intervertebral disc? Ans: nucleus pulposus and anulus fibrosus Which feature is unique to cervical vertebrae? a) Costal facets b) Bifid spinous processes ***This means the c) Large, kidney-shaped body spinous process splits into 2 parts! d) Prominent transverse ridges APPENDICULAR SKELETON Long bone: shaft plus two ends with elongated shape. Tubular shaft, epiphysis ends (spongy bone surrounded by compact bone) o EX: humerus, femur, radius, ulna, tibia, fibula Short bone: roughly cube shaped (compact bone externally, spongy bone internally) o EX: bones of the wrist and ankle Flat bone: thin, flat, slightly curved o EX: ribs, sternum, occipital bone Irregular bone: various shapes o EX: scapula, vertebrae, mandible Sesamoid bone: bones formed in tendons. (small, round bones) o EX: patella, pisiform LATIN NAMES Fossa: depression or hollow Foramen: opening Epicondyle: projection near a condyle (likely above) epi = over, near, at, upon. Condyle: rounded prominence at END of bone Tuberosity/tubercle: projection or bump with roughed surface (tub-bump) Process: relatively large projection or prominent bump. Pro-Pro Ramus: extension of bone (rams have horns, extending- extension of the bone) Facet: small, flattened articular surface (facet kinda rhymes with flat) Fovea: small pit, usually on head of a bone. In latin (fovea= ditch, pit) PELVIC VS PECTORAL GIRDLE Characteristic Pectoral Pelvic Bones Clavicle, Scapula Paired hip bones Function Provides attachment for muscles Attaches lower limbs to spine that move upper limbs Supports visceral organs Light, limbs are mobile Connects to axial skeleton w/ strong ligaments Mobility Only clavicle articulates w/ axial Less limb mobility, more stability skeleton than the arm Scapula moves freely Cavity Glenoid cavity, shallow, flexible, Acetabulum less stable PECTORAL GIRDLE: CLAVICLE – ANTERIORLY, SCAPULA - POSTERIORLY Key Landmarks: Acromion: highest point of scapula (A =1st letter of alphabet, highest point) Supraspinous fossa: super- Supra, fossa = depression Scapular notch: small notch Coracoid process: hook/C shaped. o Attachment point for biceps brachii Glenoid cavity: where the head of the humerus goes Medial and Lateral borders CLAVICLE: PART OF PECTORAL GIRDLE Medial end – manubrium of sternum Acromial end – acromion process Considered long bone (has epiphyses, spongy bone surrounded by compact bone)  HUMERUS Key Landmarks: Head: underneath is the anatomical neck (head, neck) Surgical Neck: common site of fracture Greater tubercle: proximal, larger Lesser tubercle: proximal, smaller Deltoid tuberosity: lateral (where deltoid attaches) Medical epicondyle: Lateral epicondyle: Lateral supracondylar ridge: Coronoid fossa: small, medial Olecranon Foss: large posterior depression Radial fossa: small lateral depression Capitulum: lateral side Trochlea: spool shaped Radial Groove: posterior side for radial nerve Intertubercular groove: (in between tubercles) RADIUS Head: rounded Neck: Radial tuberosity: Radial styloid process: (pointy like a stiletto) ULNA Olecranon: Trochlear Notch: Coronoid Process: Radial Notch: HAND BONES 5 phalanges (long bones) Remember pollex = thumb 5 metacarpals (long bones) 8 carpals CARPAL BONES Some: Scaphoid: Scaffold Lovers: Lunate: Lunar-moon Try: Triquetrum: Triangle queen Positions: Pisiform: Pizza-form That: Trapezium: Trapeze They: Trapezoid: Trapezoid-trap Cant: Capitate: Captain Handle: Hamate: Ham-mate PALMER view. (palmer, pinky, pisiform)  FEMUR Longest and strongest bone in the body Fovea capitis: little depression on head Head: Neck: Shaft: Lesser trochanter: Greater trochanter: Intertrochanteric line: connects trochanters Patellar surface: Adductor tubercle: (medial protuberance) Lateral epicondyle: Medical epicondyle: Medical condyle: Lateral condyle: TIBIA Lateral condyle: Tibial tuberosity: Medial condyle: Intercondylar eminence: (eminence = position of power) = superior landmark Anterior border: Tibial shaft: Medial malleolus: inner ankle Articular facet: hugs talus Inferior articular surface: connects to tarsals Lateral condyle: Fibular notch: hugs fibula Line for soleus muscle: (soleus muscle attachment) Tibia forms ankle joint with talus  FIBULA Fibula stabilizes ankle joint Head of fibula Shaft Fibular notch Lateral malleulus: outer ankle  HIP / COXAL BONE- ISCHE 3 parts: Ilium, Ischium, pubis make up the hip/coxal bone Ischium is here in the purple Acetabulum: deep socket (means little vinegar cup) (acetic acid=vinegar) Ischial body, ramus, spine Lesser sciatic notch For ilium: o Iliac crest (think mountain crest) o Iliac spine (anterior superior and posterior superior) o Gluteal line o Iliac fossa o Greater sciatic notch DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MALE & FEMALE PELVIS STRUCTURE Characteristic Female Male Size Wider, shallower, lighter Taller, narrower, heavier V shaped pubic arch (inferior pubic Wider; >80 degrees (80-90) Narrower;