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Midterm Review: HS1300 & 2300

Axial Skeleton

• Consists of the skull and mandible, hyoid bone, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum.

Skull

• There are 22 bones, consisting of 8 cranial and 14 facial bones.
• The skull is divided into the cranial vault and base.
• The skull is divided into anterior, middle, and posterior fossae.

Skull Bones

• Paired bones include the temporal and parietal bones.
• Unpaired bones include the frontal, occipital, sphenoid, and ethmoid.

Sutures

• Sutures are the joints where the bones of the skull fuse together.
• The coronal suture connects the parietal and frontal bones.
• The squamous suture connects the parietal and temporal bones.
• The sagittal suture divides the parietal bones.
• The lambdoid suture connects the parietal and occipital bones.

Bones to Know: Skull

• Key bones and structures include the Frontal Bone, Parietal Bone, Occipital Bone, Temporal Bone, Sphenoid Bone, Ethmoid Bone, Maxilla, Mandible, Nasal Bone, and many more.
• External landmarks include: Coronal Suture, Squamous Suture, Lambdoid Suture, External Acoustic Meatus, Mastoid Process, Styloid Process, Condylar Process, Mandibular Notch, and Mandibular Ramus.
• Bones and structures of Ethmoid Bone, Sphenoid Bone, and the Temporal Bone make up the cranial base.

Bones of the Cranial Base

• Temporal Bone: Composed of squamous, tympanic, and petrous sections with the mastoid process. Foramina include jugular, carotid canal, and internal acoustic meatus.
• Sphenoid Bone: Contains body, sella turcica, sphenoidal sinuses, greater/lesser wings, pterygoid processes. Openings consist of optic canal, superior orbital fissure, foramen rotundum/ovale/spinosum.
• Ethmoid Bone: Includes cribiform plate, crista galli, perpendicular plate. Openings consist of ethmoidal labyrinth and nasal conchae.

Q&A: Cranial Bones

• The occipital bone contains the foramen magnum.
• The zygomatic bone does not contain sinus.

Mnemonics for Sphenoid Bone

• Big Sharks Swim Gracefully Like Predators
• Big --> Body
• Sharks--> Sella Turcica
• Swin --> Sphenoidal sinuses
• Gracefully --> greater wings
• Like --> lesser wings
• Predators --> pterygoid processes
• Only Stressful Research Overwhelms Students
• Only --> optic canal
• Stressful --> superior orbital fissure
• Research --> foramen rotundum
• Overwhelms --> foramen ovale
• Students --> foramen spinosum

The Face

• Unpaired facial bones consist of the mandible and vomer.
• Paired facial bones consist of the maxillae, zygomatic bones, nasal bones, lacrimal bones, palatine bones, and inferior nasal conchae.
• The zygomatic, ethmoid, lacrimal, frontal, sphenoid, maxillary, and palatine bones form the orbits.

The Mandible

• Landmarks of the Mandible include the mandibular fossa, mandibular foramen, alveolar process, mental foramen, condylar process, and ramus
• The rami connects the body of the mandible to the condylar and coronoid processes.

Keystone Bones Practice Questions

• Which bones are considered the keystone bones of the face?
• Maxillary bones.
• Which bones form the nasal cavity?
• the ethmoid bone, the vomer, the maxilla, lacrimal bone, inferior nasal conchae, palatine bones, and the sphenoid bones.
• the nasal bone forms the nasal bridge but does not contribute to the nasal cavity itself.

Vertebral Column

• Consists of 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, and 5 lumbar vertebrae.
• There are 4 curvatures of the spine; the thoracic and sacral are present at birth, while the cervical and lumbar develop with walking.
• Two key ligaments: anterior longitudinal (prevents hyperextension) and posterior longitudinal.
• Posterior ligament attaches only to intervertebral discs.

Vertebrae

• Atlas: First cervical vertebra that supports the skull and allows for nodding "yes" via articulation with occipital condyles.
• Axis: Second cervical vertebra that is important for shaking the head "no" (dens).

Sacrum

• Some People Always Say Talking Fast Makes Learning Awesome mnemonic is used to remember key landmarks.
• Some → Sacral Promontory
• People → Ala
• Always → Apex
• Say → Superior Articular Processes
• Talking → Transverse Ridges
• Fast → Facet of Superior Articular Process
• Makes → Median Sacral Crest
• Learning → Lateral Sacral Crest
• Awesome → Auricular Surface

Intervertebral Disc Practice Questions

• What are the components of the intervertebral disc?
• nucleus pulposus and anulus fibrosus
• Which feature is unique to cervical vertebrae?
• Bifid spinous processes

Appendicular Skeleton

• Long Bones: Shaft plus two ends with elongated shape. Tubular shaft, epiphysis ends (spongy bone surrounded by compact bone). Examples: humerus, femur, radius, ulna, tibia, fibula.
• Short Bones: Roughly cube-shaped (compact bone externally, spongy bone internally). Examples: bones of the wrist and ankle.
• Flat Bones: Thin, flat, slightly curved. Examples: ribs, sternum, occipital bone.
• Irregular Bones: Various shapes. Examples: scapula, vertebrae, mandible.
• Sesamoid Bones: Bones formed in tendons; small, round bones. Examples: patella, pisiform.

Latin Names

• Fossa: Depression or hollow.
• Foramen: Opening.
• Epicondyle: Projection near a condyle (epi = over, near, at, upon).
• Condyle: Rounded prominence at END of bone.
• Tuberosity/tubercle: Projection or bump with roughed surface (tub-bump).
• Process: Relatively large projection or prominent bump, Pro-Pro.
• Ramus: Extension of bone (rams have horns, extension of the bone).
• Facet: Small, flattened articular surface (rhymes with flat).
• Fovea: Small pit, usually on the head of a bone (fovea = ditch, pit).

Pelvic vs Pectoral Girdle

Pectoral Girdle

• CLAVICLE – ANTERIORLY, SCAPULA - POSTERIORLY Key landmarks:
• Acromion: highest point of scapula (A =1st letter of alphabet, highest point)
• Supraspinous fossa: super- Supra, fossa = depression
• Scapular notch: small notch
• Coracoid process: hook/C shaped ( Attachment point for biceps brachii)
• Glenoid cavity: where the head of the humerus goes
• Medial and Lateral borders

Clavicle

• A part of the pectoral girdle
• Has a medial end connected to the manubrium of sternum.
• Has an acromial end connecting to the acromion process.
• Considered a long bone with epiphyses, spongy bone and compact bone.

Humerus

• Head lies underneath the anatomical neck
• Surgical Neck: fractures typically occur here
• Greater tubercle is proximal and larger than the Lesser tubercle which is proximal and smaller.
• Deltoid tuberosity: a lateral part of the humerus that allow the deltoid to attach
• Distal features include the medial and Lateral epicondyle
• Another landmark area includes the lateral supracondylar ridge Coronoid fossa lies small, medial
• Olecranon Fossa: a large posterior depression
• Radial fossa: a small lateral depression
• Capitulum: lies on lateral side
• Trochlea: spool shaped
• Radial Groove: a posterior side for radial nerve
• Intertubercular groove: lies in between tubercles

Radius

• Landmarks include: Head for articulation, Neck, Radial Tuberosity and Radial Styloid Process

Ulna

• Landmarks include: Olecranon, Trochlear Notch, Coronoid Process, Radial Notch

Hand Bones

• Includes 14 phalanges (long bones) Remember pollex is thumb
• Include 5 metacarpals (long bones)
• Includes 8 carpals

Carpal Bones

• Some Lovers Try Positions That They Can't Handle Mnemonic to remember Bones of wrist
• Scaphoid: Scaffold
• Lunate: Lunar-moon
• Triquetrum: Triangle queen
• Pisiform: Pizza-form
• Trapezium: Trapeze
• Trapezoid: Trapezoid-trap
• Capitate: Captain
• Hamate: Ham-mate

Femur

• Longest and strongest bone in the body
• Fovea capitis, Neck, and Shaft
• Lesser trochanter and Greater trochanter landmark areas
• Intertrochanteric line: Intertrochanteric
• Patellar surface
• Adductor tubercle: (medial protuberance)
• Lateral epicondyle
• Medical epicondyle
• Medical Condyle
• Lateral Condyle

Tibia

• Landmarks to note: Lateral condyle
• Tibial tuberosity
• Medial condyle
• Intercondylar eminence
• Anterior border
• Tibial shaft
• Medial malleolus: inner ankle
• Articular facet: hugs talus
• Infereior articular surface
• Lateral condyle
• Fibular Notch
• Line for soleus muscle
• Forms ankle joint with talus

FIBULA

• Fibula stabilizes ankle joint
• Landmarks to know: Head of fibula, Shaft, Fibular notch, Lateral malleolus: outer ankle

Hip/Coxal Bone

• 3 parts which make up: Ilium, Ischium, pubis
• Ischium is referred to as here in the purple
• Acetabulum: deep socket
• Ischial: body, ramus, spine
• Lesser sciatic notch
• Iliac crest: think mountain crest
• Iliac spine Landmark areas
  • Gluteal line also to note -Iliac fossa
  • Greater sciatic notch

Male and Female Pelvis Structure

Tarsal Bones

• Talus and calcaneus are the bones to bare weight
• Tiger (talus) = medial longitudinal arch
• Cub (calcaneus)
• Need (navicular)
• I ( intermediate)
• L ( Lateral)
• C (cuneiforms)
• C - Cuboid
• 5 tarsals
• 14 phalanges except hallux

Muscles of the Limbs

Muscles That Move Scapula

Muscles That Move Scapula (Subclavis)

• Ribs, costal cartilage Origin, Clavicle Insertion, Stabilization, DEPR Action.
• Pectoralis minor Origin Ribs, Insertion Coracoid process (scapula). PROTR, DEPR Action
• Serratus Anterior Origin- Scapula,Action PROTR+ROT

Muscles That Move Humerus Action

Anterior Compartment

• Iliopsoas:
  • Psoas Major
  • Iliacus
• Rectus Femoris
• Vastus Lateralis
• Vastus Medialis
• Vastus Intermedius
• Insertion can be found at Lesser trochanter

Medial Compartment

• Pectineus
• Adductor Longus (in front)
• Adductor Brevis
• Adductor Magnus (posterior head)
• Insertion found on Linea aspera

Posterior Compartment

• Semimembranosus
• Biceps Femoris (2 heads)
• Adductor Magnus (anterior head)

Superficial Muscle

• Sartorius (anterior)
• Gracillis (medial)
• Semitendinosus (posterior)