Anatomy Review PDF

Anatomy Review Terminology  Anatomical Position Standing upright, facing forward, arms at the sides, and palms facing forward.  Body Planes: Divide or separate the body in half Sagittal Frontal (Coronal) Transverse Left and Right...

Anatomy Review Terminology  Anatomical Position Standing upright, facing forward, arms at the sides, and palms facing forward.  Body Planes: Divide or separate the body in half Sagittal Frontal (Coronal) Transverse Left and Right Anterior (front) and Superior (upper) and Inferior Movements that happen on Posterior (back) (lower) the sagittal plane involve Movements that happen on Movements that happen on forward and backward the frontal (coronal) plane the transverse plane involve movements are lateral or side-to-side rotation or horizontal movement  Positional Terms Medial: movement toward Proximal: in proximity or Anterior: front of the body Superior: upper or above the midline of the body closer to the center of the body or a specific extremity Posterior: back of the body Inferior: lower or below Lateral: movement away Distal: distant or further from the midline of the body away from the center of the body or a specific extremity Movement Terms Bending a joint to decrease the angle Flexion between body parts (e.g., elbow curl) Straightening a joint to increase the Extension angle between body parts (e.g., lowering the weight in a curl) Moving a body part closer to the Adduction midline (e.g., lowering arms to sides) Moving a body part away from the Abduction midline (e.g., lifting arms to the side) The top of the foot moving towards Dorsiflexion your shin/shin moves towards the top of your foot The top of your foot moves away Plantarflexion from your shin and toes point towards the floor Conation of a limb where the Circumduction proximal end is staying still, and the distal end is moving. Body Movements: Other Skeletal System The Skeletal System 23 Bones Joint Types  Major Joint Types Cartilaginous Fibrous Joints Joints Synovial Joints (Fixed) (Semi-movable) Joints connected Joints connected Joints filled with by dense by cartilage; synovial fluid; connective tissue; slightly movable. highly mobile. least mobile. Allow most numerous, for growth in versatile, infancy and then and freely moving become joints  Major Joint Types Cartilaginous Fibrous Joints Joints Synovial Joints (Fixed) (Semi-movable) Joints connected Joints connected Joints filled with by dense by cartilage; synovial fluid; connective tissue; slightly movable. highly mobile. least mobile. Allow most numerous, for growth in versatile, infancy and then and freely moving become joints  Synovial Joints Hinge Joint Ball-and-Socket Joint Pivot Joint The convex surface of one bone fits into the concave The ball-shaped head of one bone fits into the cup-like A peg-like projection from one bone turns in a ring- surface of another bone to allow to-and-fro movement, cavity of another bone. Of all joint structures, a shaped socket of another bone; or, conversely, the ring mainly in one plane. The elbow is a modified hinge joint ball-and-socket joint gives the widest range of turns around the peg. The pivot joint between the top that permits limited rotation of the arm bones. movement – the shoulder and hip are examples. two neck (cervical) vertebrae enables the skull to rotate on the spinal axis, and to move from side to side.  Synovial Joints Condyloid/Ellipsoidal Joint Saddle Joint Plane (Gliding) Joint An ovoid (egg-shaped) bone end nestles in an ellipsoidal Each bone’s joint surface has both concave and convex The bone surfaces that meet in a gliding joint are cavity, such as where the forearm’s radius bone meets areas, like a horse saddle, so the bones can slide back almost flat and slide over one another. Movement is the wrist’s scaphoid bone. This type of joint can be and forth and from side to side, but with limited limited by ligaments. Some joints between the tarsals flexed and moved from side to side, but rotation is rotation. There is a saddle joint at the base of the of the ankle and between the carpals in the wrist move limited. thumb. in this way. Muscular System The Muscular System 37 Muscles  Muscle Types Skeletal Muscle This is what we usually think of as “muscles” Also called voluntary muscles, skeletal muscles are attached to bones and help produce bodily movements with conscious control. Smooth Muscle Also called involuntary muscle as they are not under conscious control but rather the autonomic nervous system. Occurs in the walls of the body parts such as airways and blood vessels. Cardiac Muscle Forms the walls of the heart and contracts to control the pumping action. These muscles are involuntary as it is not under conscious control.  Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) ATP is the direct energy currency of the body. Think of it as a rechargeable battery that powers all the tasks inside your body. All muscle contractions, whether slow or explosive, rely on it. The way ATP is produced (aerobic or = anaerobic) determines how long and how effectively a muscle fiber can sustain activity. Glucose has to transfer into ATP to be useful  Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) 1. Energy Release / Use ○ ATP has three phosphates (Tri = three). ○ When energy is needed, ATP splits off one phosphate, becoming ADP (Adenosine Di-Phosphate) + phosphate. ○ This split releases energy that the cell can use to do work, like moving muscles or building proteins. 2. Energy Recharge: ○ After ATP loses a phosphate (which gets USED to perform a task), it becomes ADP. ○ When the cell gains extra energy (from food you eat), it recharges ADP by adding a phosphate back to make it ATP again. Fully Charged: ATP (with three phosphates) = Ready to provide energy. Run Down: ADP (with two phosphates) = Needs recharging. Rechargeable: ADP gets energy from food and reattaches the third phosphate to become ATP again. Muscle Fibre Types  Muscle Fibre Types Purpose: Designed for endurance and low-intensity activities. They enable the body to perform activities over long periods without fatigue. Energy System: Uses aerobic metabolism (oxygen-based energy production), where oxygen helps break down glucose and fat to produce ATP efficiently. ATP Use: ATP is generated slowly but steadily. These fibers rely on oxygen-rich processes, making them ideal for activities like jogging or cycling. Type I Fibers (Slow-Twitch Fibers) Contraction Speed: These fibers contract slowly but are consistent, reducing fatigue. Fatigue Resistance: Very resistant to fatigue due to constant ATP production from aerobic metabolism. Mitochondria: High density of mitochondria (the "power plants" of cells) ensures a steady supply of ATP. Appearance: Known as "red fibers" because of the high myoglobin content, which binds oxygen. Examples of Use: Activities like marathon running, yoga, or hiking.  Muscle Fibre Types Purpose: Combines some endurance with bursts of power. These fibers are adaptable and support both strength and moderate endurance tasks. Energy System: Can use both aerobic and anaerobic metabolism, allowing ATP to be produced from oxygen or by breaking down stored energy without oxygen. ATP Use: Moderate ATP generation speed; versatile in energy use, shifting between aerobic and anaerobic depending on the activity. Type IIa Fibers (Fast-Twitch Contraction Speed: Faster contractions than Type I fibers but slower than Type IIx, providing a balance of Oxidative Fibers) speed and endurance. Fatigue Resistance: Moderate resistance to fatigue; longer-lasting than Type IIx but less so than Type I. Force Production: Produces more force than Type I fibers but less than Type IIx. Appearance: "Pinkish" due to moderate myoglobin levels. Examples of Use: Activities like middle-distance running, team sports, or circuit training.  Muscle Fibre Types Purpose: Built for short, explosive movements. These fibers prioritize power over endurance. Energy System: Uses anaerobic metabolism, which generates ATP quickly without oxygen, typically through the breakdown of stored glycogen (sugar). ATP Use: ATP is produced rapidly but in limited quantities, leading to quick exhaustion. Contraction Speed: The fastest contracting fibers, ideal for quick, explosive actions. Type IIb/IIx Fibers (Fast-Twitch Fatigue Resistance: Low resistance to fatigue because anaerobic metabolism depletes energy stores Glycolytic Fibers) quickly. Force Production: Produces the highest force but only for short durations. Appearance: "White fibers" due to low myoglobin content and limited blood supply. Examples of Use: Sprinting, powerlifting, high jumps, or short bursts of intense activity.