Modern Anatomy PDF

AYURVEDA LIBRARY ONLINE CLASSES VARANASI. Modern Anatomy Total number of bones - 206 Axial - 80 bone Appendicular - 126 bone Vertebrae – 33/26 Ribs -24 Skull Bones - 22 Sternum - I Vertebral column/spine - len...

AYURVEDA LIBRARY ONLINE CLASSES VARANASI. Modern Anatomy Total number of bones - 206 Axial - 80 bone Appendicular - 126 bone Vertebrae – 33/26 Ribs -24 Skull Bones - 22 Sternum - I Vertebral column/spine - length 28 Inch in male and 24 Inch in female 1 www.vivekayurvedabhu.com| +919721978066  AYURVEDA LIBRARY ONLINE CLASSES VARANASI. Vertebrae: Types Number In Adult Cervical 7 7 Thoracic 12 12 Lumbar 5 5 Sacral 5 1 Coccygeal 4 1 5 Sacral and 4 Coccygeal are immovable vertebrae. 1st cervical vertebra (ATLAS) have no body and spine 2nd cervical vertebra (Axis) have odontoid process. Skull Bones : 22 Bones of calvaria OR Brain case – 8 Facial skeleton: 14 Paired - Parietal and Temporal (2 each). Paired --Maxilla, Zygomatic, Nasal, Unpaired - Frontal, occipital, sphenoid Lacrimal, Inf. Nasal concha, Palatine and ethmoid (1 each) Unpaired - Vomer and Mandible (1 each) 2 www.vivekayurvedabhu.com| +919721978066  AYURVEDA LIBRARY ONLINE CLASSES VARANASI. Mandible: Largest and strongest bone of the face. Mandible is second bone to ossify in the body, at 6th week of I.U.L. on Meckel's Cartilage. Common fracture site is Canine socket. Middle point of base of Mandible is called Gnathion or Mental point. Hyoid bone: U shaped, in neck between chin and thyroid cartilage. Fracture of hyoid bone strongly indicates throttling or strangulation. Sutures: Metopic suture - It lies in the median plane and separates the two half of Frontal bone (in 3 to 8% of individuals). Fossa: Ant. cranial fossa = Its injury causes bleeding and discharge of C.S.F. by Nose and it cause a condition called 'Black eye'(Raccon Eye or Panda Eye). Middle cranial fossa = Butterfly shaped its injury causes bleeding and discharge of C.S.F. through Ears. Post. cranial fossa = Largest & deepest and its fracture causes Bruising over mastoid region and is called 'Battle sign' 3 www.vivekayurvedabhu.com| +919721978066  AYURVEDA LIBRARY ONLINE CLASSES VARANASI. Clavicle: Only long bone that lies horizontally It is through out sub cutaneous First bone to start ossifying. Common site of fracture is junction between two curvature and 8-shaped bandage is its treatment. In female its called "Beauty bone" Scapula: - Main parts - Acromian and coracoid process, glenoid cavity. Clinically - Paralysis of serratus Anterior is called "winging of scapula" Sternum: Length - 17 cm. Three parts = Upper -Manubrium-thickest & strongest, between manubrium and body called sternal angle of Louis. Middle - Body or gladiolus Lower - Xiphisternum (Xiphoid process) - smallest part. Bone marrow examination in done by the Manubrial puncture. Ribs- 24 (12 pairs) First seventh ribs are connected through their cartilages to sternum are called true ribs. (Vertebrosternal ribs). Remaining 5 are false ribs, out of which 8th, 9th, 10'h are vertebrochondral ribs. 11th and 12h are floating ribs (vertebral ribs). Typical ribs - 3rd to 9th Atypical ribs - 18, 2nd, 10h, 11th and 12th The length of 2nd rib is twice that of first. Maximum length - 7th rib. Maximum oblique - 9th rib. Paracentesis thoracic is usually done in 6th intercostals space. Floating ribs = 11, 12 Humerus: The line separating head from rest of upper end called anatomical neck. The line separating upper end of humerus and shaft is called surgical neck. Main parts = Trochlea and capitulum, bicipital groove. 4 www.vivekayurvedabhu.com| +919721978066  AYURVEDA LIBRARY ONLINE CLASSES VARANASI. Common site of Fracture = Surgical neck and shaft Radius: Lateral bone of fore arm Main parts = ulnar notch and styloid process Fracture = Smith's and Colle's Fracture. Clinically = Pulse can be feel better at this bone. Dorsal tubercle of the radius called Lister's tubercle. Ulna: Medial bone of fore arm. Main parts = olecranon process It is stabilizing bone of forearm. Styloid process found in Radius and Ulna both. Carpal bones: 8- Carpal bones are arranged in two rows. Proximal row: 1. Scaphoid 2. Lunate 3. Triquetral 4. Pisiform (Lat. To Med.) Distal row: 1. Trapezium 2. Trapezoid 3. Capitale 4. Hamate (Lat. To Med.) Scaphoid - Boat shaped Trapezium - Quadrangular Lunate - Halfmoon shaped Trapezoid - Baby shoe shaped Triquetral - Pyramidal shaped Capitate - Largest carpal bone Pisiform - Pea shaped Hamate - Wedge shaped Fracture of the scaphoid and dislocation of lunate is common. Metacarpal - 5 in number. Phalanges - 14 in number. Fracture of 1st metacarpal is called 'Bennett's fracture. 5 www.vivekayurvedabhu.com| +919721978066  AYURVEDA LIBRARY ONLINE CLASSES VARANASI. Femur: Longest and strongest bone the body. Main Parts - greater and lesser trochanter, Intertrochantric lines, Intertrochantric crest, Lateral and medial epicondyle Pott's fracture = between 40 - 60 years Fracture of the neck = > 60 years Patella: - largest sesamoid bone Tibia :- Largest bone of the leg. Soleal line is found in tibia. The nutrient artery to the tibia is the largest nutrient artery in the body. Tarsal bones: - (7) Calcaneus = largest tarsal bone Talus = second largest tarsal bone Navicular = boat shaped Lateral Cuneiform Medial Cuneiform Intermediate Cuneiform Cuboid Joints: Hip joint & Between Incus and stepies & Shoulder joint = Ball and socket Knee joint = Compound joint o condylar - femur and Tibia o saddle - femur and patella Ankle joint = Hinge joints Knee joint is the most complex and largest joint of the body. Elbow joint=Hinge joint Radio-ulnar joint=Pivot type Wrist joint = ellipsoid type Meta carpo phalangeal= condylar type Joint between malleous and Incus = saddle joint 6 www.vivekayurvedabhu.com| +919721978066  AYURVEDA LIBRARY ONLINE CLASSES VARANASI. Miscellaneous: ❖ Ankylosing spondylitis - Sacroiliac Joint. ❖ Pagets disease - Pelvis. ❖ Charcot's joints - Osteoarthritis in denervated joint. ❖ Commoncst inflammatory arthritis in young - Reiter's syndrome. ❖ Perthe's Disease or pseudo coxalgia - Hip joint. ❖ Anvils test is used for spinal lesions diagnosis. Cranial nerves: 12 pairs. 1. Olfactory 2. Optic 3. Oculomotor 4. Troclear 5. Trigeminal 6. Abducens 7. Facial 7 www.vivekayurvedabhu.com| +919721978066  AYURVEDA LIBRARY ONLINE CLASSES VARANASI. 8. Vestibulocochlear (Auditory) 9. Glossopharyngeal 10. Vagus 11. Accessory 12. Hypoglosal Sensory nerves - 1, 2, 8 Motor nerves = 3, 4, 6, 11, 12 Mixed nerves = 5, 7, 9, 10 Important information about Cranial Nerves: Largest nerve - Trigeminal N Thickest nerve - Trigeminal N Longest nerve - Vagus N Thinnest nerve - Trochlear or Pathic N Pharyngeal reflex – 10TH nerve involvement Palatal reflex – 5TH & 10TH nerve involvement In T.B. and Syphilis – 3RD nerve involvement Herpes Zoster – 5TH & VII" nerve involvement Polio - VI" nerve involvement Meningitis - VIII" nerve involvement Thickest Nerve of the body - Sciatic N Longest Intra cranial course-Abducens Smallest cranial Nerve-Trochlear Plexus formation: Cervical = C3,45 Brachial = C5.6.7.8 +1ST Thoraic Lumbar = L1,2,3,4 + part of 5th Sacral = Lumbosacral trunk +S1.2.3 Coccygeal = S4,5 + Coccygeal Nerves. Injury of upper trunk of brachial plexus causes Erb's Paralysis. There are 6 Nerves meet at Erb's point. Injury of lower trunk of brachial plexus causes Klumpke's paralysis. Important Muscles and their nerve supply: Deltoid = Axillary N. 8 www.vivekayurvedabhu.com| +919721978066  AYURVEDA LIBRARY ONLINE CLASSES VARANASI. Biceps brachii = Musculocutaneous N. Triceps = Radial N. Trapezius = Accessory N. Teris Minor = Axillary N. Teris Major = Lower subscapular N. Pectoralis Major and Minor = Medial & lateral Pectoral N. Letissimus dorsi = Thoracodorsal N. Stapedius, stylohyoid, platysma and post. belly of gastric = Facial N. Quadriceps femoris & Sartorius = Femoral N. Gluteus maximus = Inf. Gluteal N. Gluteus medius and minimus = Sup. Gluteal N. Semi tendinous, Semi membranous and Biceps femoris = Tibial part of Sciatic N. Popliteus, Plantaris, Soleus and Gastrocnemius = Tibial N. All muscle of ant. compartment of leg = Deep peroneal N. Eye Ball Muscles: 6 Lateral rectus = Abducent N. Superior oblique = Trochlear N. Sup., Inf. & Medial rectus and Inf. Oblique = Oculomotor N. Controlling areas in Cerebrum : Total 47 Areas (a) Frontal lobe: ❖ Primary motor area - Area 4 ❖ Motor eye field - Area 8 ❖ For extra pyramidal system-Area 6 ❖ Broca's area (Motor speech area)b- area 44 (b) Parietal lobe: ❖ Sensory speech area - Area 39, 40 ❖ Taste area - Area 4 ❖ Sensory area Area 3, 1, 2 (Post central) (c) Occipital lobe: ❖ Primary visual area or - Area 17 ❖ Visual association area - Area 18, 19 (d) Temporal lobe: ❖ Auditory area - Area 42.41 ❖ Wernicke's area -21, 22, 37 (Sensory Spooch) Important Nucleus In Hypothalamus: Sympathetic Centre - Posterior nucleus Parasympathetic Centre - Lateral nucleus. 9 www.vivekayurvedabhu.com| +919721978066  AYURVEDA LIBRARY ONLINE CLASSES VARANASI. Drinking Centre - Supra optic nucleus (Control A.D.H.). Feeding Centre - Ventro medial nucleus Important receptor: Tactile (touch) - Messiner's Corpuscles Cold - End bulbs of Krause Warm - Organ of Rullini Heat - Golgi Mazzoni body Pressure - Pacinian corpuscles Pain - Free nerve ending Important Nerves: Vidian Nerves - N. of Pterygoid canal. Labourer's Nerves - Median N Musician Nerves - Ulnar N Jacobson's Nerves - Glossopharyngeal N. (Tympanic branch) Arnold's Nerve - Auricular branch of vagus Important Deformities related with Paralysis of Nerve: Ape Hand/Simian Hand - Median N. Palsy Claw Hand - Ulnar N. Palsy Wrist Drop-Radial N. Palsy Saturday Night Palsy - Radial N. Palsy Foot Drop - Common Peroneal N. Palsy Frog Hand - Deep Palmer abscess Gardeners Hand - Callosity Obstetrician Hand - In tetany Policeman's tips or Portel's Hand- In Erb's paralysis Carpal tunnel syndrome-Medial nervepalsy Spinal Cord: Length= 45 cm. Weight=30 gm. Disc prolapse is common in C5-C7, and Lower Lumbar-region Parietal pleura is pain sensitive while pulmonary Pleura is not sensitive to pain Lungs- Right lungs weight = 625 gm. Left lungs weight = 575 gm. Lobes – 10 www.vivekayurvedabhu.com| +919721978066  AYURVEDA LIBRARY ONLINE CLASSES VARANASI. Right lung = 3 lobes = 10 broncho-pulmonary segment. Left lung = 2 lobes = 8 broncho-pulmonary segment Linguia of left lobe is corresponds to the middle lobe of the right lung. Trachea bifurcate at the level of T4 -Trachea → Primary (Principal) Bronchi → secondary (lobar) bronchi → tertiary or segmental bronchi terminal→ bronchioles →respiratory bronchioles. Respiratory bronchioles are called pulmonary unit. Independent respiratory unit = Broncho pulmonary segment. Perital pericardium is supplied by Phrenic N and is Pain sensitive Epicardium is supplied by Autonomic nerves and is not pain sensitive. Pericardial effusion is done by puncturing at the 5th and 6th Intercostal space just below the Apex beat. Heart - Lies 1/3 In the right and 2/3 In the left side of the median planes Weight – Male = 300 gm. Female = 250 gm. Length and width = 12x9 c. m. S. A. node = pace maker of heart. Impulse generation rate = 70/min. A. V node = 60/min Length of trachea = 4-6 inches Length of oesophagus = 25 cm. (10") Length of Small Intestine = 6 meters Length of Large Intestine = 1.5 meters Length of vas deferens = 18 inches Length of larynx ▪ Males = 44 mm. Long ▪ Females = 36 mm Length of ureter = 25 cm. (10") Esophagus pierces the diaphragm at the level of T10 Trachea bifurcate at = T4 11 www.vivekayurvedabhu.com| +919721978066  AYURVEDA LIBRARY ONLINE CLASSES VARANASI. Inferior vena cave pierce the diaphragm at = T8 Xiphoid Process is find at the level of = T9 Aortic opening is at the level of = T12. Largest lymphatic vessels in the body = Thoracic duct Length = 18 Inches. Hip bone - Innominate bone. Ilium - Highest point of the iliac crest = at the level of L3 and LA obturator foramen and acetabulam is found in Hip bone In Hydrocele fluid accumulation is takes place in processes vaginalis. Reservoir of spermatozoa = Epidydimis Deep Artery of Penis - Helicine Artery Bruners glands are found in = duodenum Crypt's of Liberkuhn are found in = lleum and jejunum Payer's patches are found in = Intestine Small intestine is the commonest side of worms Goodsall's rule = for localization of internal opening in case of complete fistula Angle of lovis is also called Sternal Angle Erb's Paralysis = due to upper trunk of brachial plexus Klumpke's Paralysis = due to lower trunk of brachial plexus Testis – oval shaped Weight = 10-15 gm each one Stomach- Situation epigasric, umbilical and hypogastric region Shape – empty = J shaped distended = Piriform shaped Cardiac end at = T11 level. Pyloric end at = L1 level Stomach capacity - 12 www.vivekayurvedabhu.com| +919721978066  AYURVEDA LIBRARY ONLINE CLASSES VARANASI. at birth- 30 ml In adult- 1000 ml Length of stomach - 10 inches Stomach bed is made by (7) Contents Main cells of stomach - Parietal / oxyntic cells = Secretes Hydrochloric Acid G cells = Secretes Gastrin Chief cells = Secretes pepsinogen Fundus is also called the gastric pacemaker Distal to pylorus part is called duodenal pacemaker Commonest position of the appendix = 12 O'clock (Retrocaecal) Length = 2 - 20 cm. (average 9 cm.) Diameter = 5 m.m. Portal vein = length = 8 cm. Form by union of two veins (superior mesenteric and splenicvein) at the level of L2. Gall bladder: - Pear shaped Situation - on the inferior surface of the right lobe of liver Length = 7 - 10 cm. Width = 3 cm Bile reservoir capacity = 30 -50 ml. Bile duct is formed by the union of cystic duct and common hepatic duct Length of bile duct = 8 cm. Diameter = 6 mm. Spleen: Wedge shaped organ. Situation - mainly in left Hypocondrium and partly in epigastrium. 1" thick x 3" broad x 5" long Weight = 7 ounce Related to 9th to 11th ribs 13 www.vivekayurvedabhu.com| +919721978066  AYURVEDA LIBRARY ONLINE CLASSES VARANASI. Pancreas: - Length = 15-20 cm. Broad = 3 cm, thick = 2 cm. Weight- 90 gm. Location = L & L2 vertebrae level Liver: - Weight Male = 1600 gm Female = 1300 gm. Situation: - Right hypocondrium , epigastrium, left hypocondrium Largest gland in the body. Lobes Right lobe = larger and present caudate and quadrate lobe. Left lobe Blood supply 20 % through hepatic Artery 80% through portal vein, Kidney: - Bean shaped Kidneys are retroperitoneal organs Occupy epigastric, hypocondrium lumbar and umbilical region Location - T12 to L3 Right kidney is slightly lower than left 11 cm. long x 6 cm. broad x 3 cm. thick Left kidney is little narrower and longer than right Weight Male = 150gm. Female = 135gm. Hilus of kidney contains Renal vein, Artery and Pelvis Anterior to posterior. Supra renal gland Height = 50 mm. X breadth 30 mm. X thickness 10 mm. Weight = 5 gm. 14 www.vivekayurvedabhu.com| +919721978066  AYURVEDA LIBRARY ONLINE CLASSES VARANASI. ❖ Abdominal Aorta is lies between T 12 to L 4 ❖ Interior vein cava is formed by the union of right and left common Iliac vein at the level of L5 ❖ Capacity of urinary bladder. = 220 ml. ❖ Urge to micturation > 220 ml ❖ Tolerated upto 500 ml. ❖ Length of male urethra = 18-20 cm. ❖ Length of female urethra = 4 cm. Ovaries ❖ Ovaries - 3 x 1.5 x 1 cm., almond shape ❖ Situation in Pelvic Wall ❖ Vertical in nullipara and horizontal in multipara ❖ Ovary is smooth before puberty and puckered after puberty Uterine tube | fallopian tube. ❖ Length = 10 cm. ❖ Parts (4) infandibulum, ampulla, isthmus, Interstitial part ❖ Fertilization takes place in ampulla ❖ lleocaecal valve is also called Fallopian valve Uterus/womb ❖ 3" length x 2" broad x 1" thick ❖ weight = 30 - 40 gm. ❖ Angle of Antiversion = 90° Antiflexion = 120° ❖ Length of cervix of uterus = 2.5 cm. Blood supply ❖ Chiefly by uterine Artery and partially by Ovarian Artery In fetal life cervix is larger than the body During pregnancy growth of uterus occurs due to hypertrophy and hyperplasia Vagina ❖ In erect position vagina makes angle with uterus = 45° 15 www.vivekayurvedabhu.com| +919721978066  AYURVEDA LIBRARY ONLINE CLASSES VARANASI. ❖ In supine position vagina makes angle with horizontal plane = 75° ❖ Length Anterior Vaginal Wall = 3" Posterior Vaginal Wall = 4" ❖ Upper 2/3 of vagina (from uterus) is pain insensitive and lower 1/3 is pain sensitive ❖ Medium of Vagina (Acidic) due to doderlein bacteria Prostate ❖ lies in the lesser pelvis below the neck of the urinary bladder ❖ length 4 cm. (Transversely) ❖ 3 cm = vertically ❖ 2 cm. = Anteroposteriorly ❖ Weight = 8 gm. ❖ Lobes=5 Anterior, Posterior, Median and right and left lateral. Anterior lobe = no possibility of adenoma Posterior lobe = adenoma never occur, but sight of primary carcinoma Median lobe = common site of an adenoma Lateral lobe = site of adenoma in old age ❖ Outer larger zone of prostate is sight of carcinoma ❖ Inner smaller zone in sight of benign hypertrophy Anal canal ❖ Length = 3.8 cm ❖ Inferior part of Anal canal divide in three parts Upper = 15 mm. Middle = 15 mm Lower = 8 mm ❖ Pectinate Line is find between upper and middle part and white line is find between middle and lower part. ❖ Common site of the piles = 3, 7 and 11 o'clock Arterial supply = above Pectinate line = by Sup. Rectal Artery Below Pectinate line = by inf. Rectal Artery Nerve supply = Above Pectinate line = autonomic N. supply Below Pectinate line = Somatic N. supply146 Internal Piles - above Pectinate line = Pain less External Piles - Below Pectinate line = Pain full. 16 www.vivekayurvedabhu.com| +919721978066  AYURVEDA LIBRARY ONLINE CLASSES VARANASI. Pituitary gland Two lobes – (1) Adenohypophysis (2) Neurohypophysis Papillae of Tongue i. Fungiform = On margin and tip ii. Filliform = smallest and most numerous iii. Vallate = Larger in size Salivary glands- Parotid, sub mendibular and sub. Lingual Largest salivary gland = Parotid = weight = 15 gm. Thyroid gland - ❖ 5 cm. X 2.5 x 2.5 ❖ Weight = 25 gm. ❖ Cells – Follicular cells = T3 and. T4 secrets Parafollicular cells or C cells = Calcitonin secrets ❖ Parotid duct opens on Inner surface of cheek opposite upper 2nd molar teeth Milk teeth = 20 = 2102/2102 Permanent Teeth = 32 = 2123/ 2123 Littles Area/Kiesselbach's Area common site of nasal bleeding supplied by antethmoidal nerve. Organ of balance in ear- Static balance = utricle and saccules Kineticbalance = semicircular canal Cerebrospinal fluid Formed by - Choroid Plexus Absorbed by - arachnoid villi Total quantity - 150 ml Formation per day = 5000 ml 17 www.vivekayurvedabhu.com| +919721978066  AYURVEDA LIBRARY ONLINE CLASSES VARANASI. S.g. of CSF = 1002 - 1006 Main Pressures Superior vena cava = 0-6 mm of Hg Jugular venous Pressure (J.V.P.) = 2-3 cm. CSF Pressure = 50 - 150 mm Portal venous pressure = 8-12 mm Hg Intra ocular pressure = 10 - 20 mm Hg Main Ligaments ✓ Lacunar Liga' = Femoral Ring (Pactineal part of the inguinal ligament.) ✓ Liga. Of Cooper = Breast ✓ Thomson's Liga. = Lower part of Transversalis Fascia ✓ Ligamentum flavum = connect the vertebra ✓ Liga. Arteriosum =Obliterated ductus arteriosus ✓ Liga Venosum of liver = Obliterated ductus venosus ✓ Deltoid Liga.= On the medial side of ankle ✓ Spring Liga = Plantar calcaneo navicular Liga. ✓ llio femoral Liga./ = Strongest Ligament in the body (Also called inverted Y shaped liga. of Bigelow) Main Fascias F. Colles = Superficial fascia of perineum F. Colli = Deep fascia of Neck F. Camper = Between umbilicus and Pubis (Superficial) F. Cribrosa= In femoral canal F. Scarpa = Between umbilicus and Pubis (deep) Fascia Lata= Deep fascia of thigh Buck's fascia- Deep Fascia of Penis (does not extend in glans) Denon villier Fascia = Prostato Peritoneal Fascia (recto vesical fascia) Cribriform fascia = over the saphenous opening Main Foramina ❖ Epiploic F. or foramen of winslow = Betweengreater & lesser sacks of Peritonum ❖ F. of Monro-= Opening of Lateral ventricles into 34 ventrical ❖ F. of Magendie = Median aperture in the roof of Ith ventricle ❖ F. Caecum = In the base of the skull ❖ F. of Luschka - Opening of the Lateral Recesses of 4th Ventricle ❖ F. of ovale -Transmits Mandibular N. and Accessory Meningeal Artery 18 www.vivekayurvedabhu.com| +919721978066  AYURVEDA LIBRARY ONLINE CLASSES VARANASI. ❖ F. Rotundum = Transmits maxillary N. ❖ F. Spinosum = Transmits middle meningeal Artery ❖ Stylomastoid F.= Transmits Facial N. Main Glands ❖ Moll's gland = In eyelids ❖ Meibomian gland = Tarsal plate ❖ Zeis's gland = On eye lashes ❖ Cowper glands = Bulbous part of urethra ❖ Bartholin gland = In Labia majora ❖ Montgomery glands = Areola the breast ❖ Bruner's gland = In duodenum Main Pouches ❖ Rathke's Pouch = Pituitary gland ❖ Douglas Pouch =recto uterine Pouch ❖ Hartmann's Pouch = dilated part of the neck of Gall bladder ❖ Morrison's Pouch = Hepato renal Pouch (common site of subphrenic abscess) Main ducts ❖ Gartners duct = Duct of epoophoron ❖ Wirsung's duct = Pancreatic duct ❖ Duct of Stensen's = Parotid gland ❖ Wharton's duct = sub mandibular gland ❖ Duct of Bivinus = Sub lingual gland ❖ Duct of Santorini =Accessory Pancreatic duct ❖ Duct of Ballini = Kidney ❖ Cystic duct = Between Porta hepasis and neck of Gall bladder Main Muscles ❖ Muscle of smiling, laughter = Zygomaticus major ❖ Muscle of grief =depressor anguilaris ❖ Longest Muscle = Sartorious ❖ Smallest Muscle = Stapedius ❖ Climbing Muscle = Lattisimus dorsi ❖ Locking Muscle = Popliteus ❖ Boxer's muscle = Seratus Anterior ❖ Muscle of Anger = dilator naris and depressor septil ❖ Muscle of Horror, terror = Platysma ❖ Muscle of Surprise = Frontalis 19 www.vivekayurvedabhu.com| +919721978066  AYURVEDA LIBRARY ONLINE CLASSES VARANASI. ❖ Muscle of Doubt = Mentalis ❖ Muscle of Grinning = Risorius ❖ Löcking muscle = Quadraters femons ❖ Unlocking muscle = Popliteus ❖ Longest muscle in body = Sartorius ❖ Strongest muscle in body = Quadriceps Femoris Main Spots ❖ Bitot's Spots = In Vit. A deficiency ❖ De-Morgan's Spots = In Senile Hemngiomas ❖ Rose Spots = Typhoid ❖ Roth's Spot = Infective Endocarditis ❖ Koplik's Spot = Measles (In buccal mucosa) ❖ Schuffner's dots = IN P. Vivax ❖ Maurer's dots = P. Falcifarum ❖ Ziemann's dot's = P. Malariae Main Triangles Auscultation triangle = "Lower border of Trapezius and "latissimus dorsi Femoral triangle - Şartorius, adductor longus, inguinal Ligament Hesselbach's triangle = below by inguinal ligament (or inguinal triangle) medially rectus abdominis (site of direct inguinal Hernia) Lateral Inf. Epigastric A. Trigone of bladder = Between opening of ureter and urethra Sherron's triangle = Lines joining umbilicus Right Anterior Superior Iliac Spine and Pubic Symphysis Main Lines Burton's blue line = On Gum's (Seen in poisoning) Arcuate Line= on Rectus sheath Hampton's line=made by barium meal in benign peptic ulceration Milk line =On nipples Mee's line = on the nails in Arsenic poisoning Nelaton's line = Ant. Sup. Iliac spine to Ischial Tuberosity Pectinate Line = In the upper part of Anal canal Hilton's line/white line = In the Anal canal (at the junction of Internal and external Anal sphincter) Shoemaker's line = greater trochanter to Ant. Sup. Iliac spine 20 www.vivekayurvedabhu.com| +919721978066  AYURVEDA LIBRARY ONLINE CLASSES VARANASI. Main branches of the Arteries Brachial A (1) Profunda brachi (2) Sup. ulnar collateral (3) Ulnar A. (4) Nutrient Artery to humerus (5) Inf. ulnar collateral (6) Radial A. Axillary A is the continuation of subclavian A Brachial A is the continuation of Axillary A Brachial A terminates into Ulnar and Radial A Coeliac Artery (1) Left gastric (2) Splenic A (3) Common hepatic – (a) Gastro duodenal (b) Right gastric ✓ Aorta terminates by bifurcating into two common iliac Arteries ✓ External Iliac the continuation mmon Iliac A. ✓ Femoral A. is the continuation of Ext. Iliac A. ✓ Saphenous vein is used for coronary Bypass surgery ✓ I.V. Fusion in Infant is done by Femoral vein ✓ For dead body preservation preservative fluid is inserted through Femoral vein ✓ Compression of sciatic N. against Femur causes sleeping of foot Main Valves Valve of kerkring = In duodenum and Jejunum Valves of Houston -= In Rectum Valves of Ball =In Anal Canal Valves of Heister/ =In Cystic duct Valves of Gerlach =on appendicular orifice Situation of main nucleus Dentate nucleus, nucleus embiliformis, nucleus globosus. Nucleus fastigi= Cerebellum 21 www.vivekayurvedabhu.com| +919721978066  AYURVEDA LIBRARY ONLINE CLASSES VARANASI. Red nucleus= in mid brain Nucleus ambigus, nucleus cuneatus=Medulla Nucleus graciis= In dorsal column Spiral ganglion= Cochlea ❖ Lingula, colmen, Alae, Declive, Tonsil, Pyramid, uvula etc. are the parts of cerebellam ❖ Cranial Nerves = 12 Pairs ❖ Spinal Nerves =31 Pairs. ❖ Largest Artery=Abdominal Aorta ❖ Largest Vein =Inferior Vena Cava ❖ Longest Cells of the body = Neurone ❖ Largest Cells of the body = Ovum ❖ Thinnest Membrane= Conjunctiva Dr. Vivek Tiwari (M.S.) IMS-BHU 22 www.vivekayurvedabhu.com| +919721978066