Anatomy & Physiology Introduction PDF

Anatomy & Physiology An Introduction  An Overview of Anatomy ▪Anatomy - The study of the structure of the human body ▪Physiology - The study of body function Branches of Anatomy ▪Surface anatomy ▪Gross anatomy ▪Microscopic anatomy (histology) - tissues  Structural Organi...

Anatomy & Physiology An Introduction  An Overview of Anatomy ▪Anatomy - The study of the structure of the human body ▪Physiology - The study of body function Branches of Anatomy ▪Surface anatomy ▪Gross anatomy ▪Microscopic anatomy (histology) - tissues  Structural Organization ▪Chemical level – atoms form molecules ▪Cellular level – cells and their subunits ▪Tissue level – a group of cells performing a common function ▪Organ level – a discrete structure made up of more than one tissue ▪Organ system – organs working together for a common purpose ▪Organism – the result of all simpler levels working together Structural Organization  Systemic v. Regional Anatomy ▪Systemic – study of anatomy by system ▪Regional – study of anatomy by region  The Integumentary System ▪Forms external body covering ▪Protects deeper tissues from injury ▪Synthesizes vitamin D ▪Site of cutaneous receptors (pain, pressure, etc.) and sweat and oil glands  The Skeletal System – Protects and supports body organs – Provides a framework for muscles – Blood cells formed within bones – Stores minerals  The Muscular System ▪Allows manipulation of environment ▪Locomotion ▪Facial expression ▪Maintains posture ▪Produces heat  The Nervous System ▪Fast-acting control system ▪Responds to internal and external changes  The Endocrine System ▪Glands secrete hormones that regulate ▪Growth ▪Reproduction ▪Nutrient use  The Cardiovascular System ▪Blood vessels transport blood ▪Carries oxygen and carbon dioxide ▪Also carries nutrients and wastes ▪Heart pumps blood through blood vessels  The Lymphatic System ▪Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels ▪Disposes of debris in the lymphatic system ▪Houses white blood cells (lymphocytes) ▪Mounts attack against foreign substances in the body  The Respiratory System ▪Keeps blood supplied with oxygen ▪Removes carbon dioxide ▪Gas exchange occurs through walls of air sacs in the lungs  The Digestive System ▪Breaks down food into absorbable units ▪Indigestible foodstuffs eliminated as feces  The Urinary System ▪Eliminates nitrogenous wastes ▪Regulates water, electrolyte, and acid- base balance  Reproductive System ▪Overall function is to produce offspring ▪Testes produce sperm and male sex hormones ▪Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones ▪Mammary glands produce milk  Gross Anatomy – An Introduction ▪Anatomical position – a common visual reference point ▪Person stands erect with feet together and eyes forward ▪Palms face forward with the thumbs pointed away from the body  Gross Anatomy – An Introduction ▪Regional terms – names of specific body areas ▪Axial region – the main axis of the body ▪Appendicular region – the limbs ▪Directional terminology ▪Refers to the body in anatomical position ▪Standardized terms of directions are paired terms Orientation and Directional Terms Orientation and Directional Terms Orientation and Directional Terms Regional Terms Regional Terms  Body Planes and Sections ▪Coronal (frontal) plane - Lies vertically and divides body into anterior and posterior parts ▪Median (midsagittal) plane - Specific sagittal plane that lies vertically in the midline  Body Planes and Sections ▪Transverse plane - runs horizontally and divides body into superior and inferior parts  Body Planes and Sections ▪Oblique section through the trunk  Body Cavities and Membranes ▪Dorsal body cavity ▪Cavity subdivided into the cranial cavity and the vertebral cavity. ▪Cranial cavity houses the brain. ▪Vertebral cavity runs through the vertebral column and encloses the spinal cord  Other Body Cavities ▪Oral cavity ▪Nasal cavity ▪Orbital cavities ▪Middle ear cavities ▪Synovial cavities Abdominal Regions and Quadrants ▪Abdominal regions divide the abdomen into nine regions  Abdominal Quadrants ▪Abdominal quadrants divide the abdomen into four quadrants ▪Right upper and left upper quadrants ▪Right lower and left lower quadrants