ANATOMY-AND-PHYSIOLOGY (1).pptx

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOG Y PREPARED BY: CARLO R. CARILLO, RPT INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION Chemical level Cellular level Tissue level Organ level System level Organism level CHEMICAL LEVEL This is a very basic level compared to the letters...

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOG Y PREPARED BY: CARLO R. CARILLO, RPT INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION Chemical level Cellular level Tissue level Organ level System level Organism level CHEMICAL LEVEL This is a very basic level compared to the letters of alphabet and includes atoms, the smallest units of matter that participate in chemical reactions. CELLULAR LEVEL The basic structural and functional units of an organism that are composed of chemicals. TISSUE LEVEL Group of cells and the materials surrounding them that work together to perform a particular function, similar to the way words are put together to form sentences. ORGAN LEVEL At the organ level different types of tissues are joined together. Similar to the relationship between sentences and paragraphs. BASIC LIFE PROCESSES  METABOLISM RESPONSIVENESS GROWTH DIFFERENTIATION REPRODUCTION METABOLISM THIS IS THE SUM OF ALL THE CHEMICAL PROCESSES THAT OCCUR IN THE BODY CATABOLISM BREAKDOWN OF COMPLEX CHEMICAL SUBSTANCE. ANABOLISM BUILDING UP OF COMPLEX CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES FROM SMALL AND SIMPLER COMPONENTS. RESPONSIVENESS THIS IS THE BODY’S ABILITY TO DETECT AND RESPOND TO CHANGES MOVEMENT INCLUDES MOTION OF THE WHOLE BODY, INDIVIDUAL ORGANS, SINGLE CELLS AND EVEN TINY STRUCTURES INSIDE CELLS. DIFFERENTIATION THIS IS THE DEVELOPMENT OF A CELL FROM AN UNSPECIALIZED STATE. REPRODUCTION REFERS EITHER TO FORM A NEW CELL FOR TISSUE GROWTH, REPAIR OR REPLACEMENT OR THE PRODUCTION OF NEW INDIVIDUAL. WHAT IS HOMEOSTASIS? THIS IS A CONDITION OF EQUILIBRIUM IN THE BODY’S INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT DUE TO THE CONSTANT INTERACTION OF THE BODY’S MANY REGULATORY PROCESSES. FEEDBACK SYSTEM THIS IS A CYCLE OF EVENTS IN WHICH THE STATUS OF A BODY CONDITION IS MONITORED, EVALUATED, CHANGED, RE- MONITORED AND RE-EVALUATED NEGATIVE FEED BACK REVERSES A CHANGE IN A CONTROLLED CONDITION. POSITIVE FEEDBACK STRENGTHEN OR REINFORCE A CHANGE IN THE ONE OF THE BODY’S CONTROLLED CONDITIONS. BASIC ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY REGIONAL NAMES DIRECTIONAL TERMINOLOGIES PLANES AND SECTIONS BODY CAVITIES MEMBRANES REGIONS AND QUADRANTS THE CHEMICAL LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION CHEMICAL BONDS IONIC BOND COVALENT BOND HYDROGEN BOND INORGANIC COMPOUNDS WATER ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CARBOHYDRATES LIPIDS PROTEIN NUCLEIC ACID (DNA AND RNA) CARBOHYDRATES C,H,O Monosaccharides Glucose Fructose Galactose Deoxyribose Ribose CARBOHYDRATES C,H,O Disaccharides Sucrose glucose + fructose Lactose glucose + galactose Maltose glucose + glucose CARBOHYDRATES C,H,O Polysaccharides Glycogen Starches Cellulose LIPIDS CHO Fatty acids Triglycerides Phospholipids LIPIDS CHO Steroids Cholesterol Bile salts Vit. D Adrenocortical hormones Sex hormones LIPIDS CHO Eicosanoids Prostaglandins leukotrienes LIPIDS CHO Other lipids Carotenes Vit. E Vit. K lipoproteins PROTEIN CHON Functions of Protein 1.Structural (collagen) 2.Regulatory (neurotransmitter) 3.Contractile (myosin and actin) 4.Immunological (antibodies and interleukins) 5.Transport (hemoglobin) 6.Catalytic (ATPase) NUCLEIC ACID CHONP DNA Gene is a segment of a DNA molecule. RNA Relays instructions from the genes to guide cell’s synthesis of proteins from amino acids. THE CELLULAR ORGANIZATION PARTS OF THE CELL Plasma membrane Cytoplasm Nucleus PLASMA MEMBRANE PARTS OF PLASMA MEMBRAN LIPID BILAYER MEMBRANE PROTEINS INTEGRAL PROTEINS PERIPHERAL PROTEINS INTEGRAL AND PERIPHERAL PROTEIN SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY Permits some substances to pass more readily than others. CONCENTRATION GRADIENT is a difference in the concentration of a chemical from one place to another ELECTRICAL GRADIENT is a difference in electrical charges between two regions.  TRANSPORT PROCESS ACROSS THE PLASMA MEMBRANE PASSIVE TRANSPORT Diffusion Simple diffusion Facilitated diffusion Channel-mediated Carrier-mediated Osmosis ACTIVE TRANSPORT Primary active transport (Na-K Pump) Secondary active transport Antiportes Symporters Vesicular Endocytosis Receptor mediated Phagocytosis Pinocytosis Exocytosis Transcytosis (blood plasma and placenta) CYTOPLASM PARTS OF CYTOPLASM CYTOSOL 75-90% water CYTOSKELETON MICROFILAMENT INTERMEDIATE FILAMENT MICROTUBULES ORGANELLES ORGANELLES  CENTROSOME THE PERICENTRIOLAR MATERIAL CONTAINS TUBULINS, WHICH ARE USED FOR GROWTH OF THE MITOTIC SPINDLE AND MICROTUBULE FORMATION  CILIA AND FLAGELLA CILIA MOVES FLUIDS OVER THE CELL’S SURFACE FLAGELLA MOVES THE WHOLE CELL  RIBOSOMES RESPONSIBLE FOR PROTEIN SYNTHESIS  ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM ROUGH ER SYNTHESIZES GLYCOPROTEINS AND PHOSPHOLIPIDS THAT ARE TRANSFERRED TO CELLULAR ORGANELLES. SMOOTH ER SYNTHESIZES FATTY ACIDS AND STEROIDS  GOLGI COMPLEX ACCEPTS PROTEINS FROM ROUGH ER MODIFIES MOLECULES FURTHER, THEN SORTS AND PACKAGES THEM FOR TRANSPORT TO THEIR MATERIALS.  LYSOSOMES FUSES WITH AND DIGESTS CONTENT OF ENDOSOMES, PINOCYTIC VESICLES AND PHAGOSOMES AND TRANSPORT FINAL PRODUCTS OF DIGESTION INTO CYTOSOL  PEROXISOMES OXIDIZES AMINO ACIDS AND FATTY ACIDS; DETOXIFIES HARMFUL SUBSTANCE, SUCH AS HYDROGEN PEROXIDE AND ASSOCIATED FREE RADICALS  PROTEASOMES DEGRADES UNNEEDED, DAMAGED, OR FAULTY PROTEINS BY CUTTING THEM INTO SMALL PIECES  MITOCHONDRIA SITE OF AEROBIC CELLULAR RESPIRATION REACTIONS THAT PRODUCES MOST OF A CELL’S ATP. PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN APOPTOSIS ATP IS THE ENERGY CURRENCY OF THE CELL NUCLEUS  PROTEIN SYNTHESIS  PROTEIN SYNTHESIS TRANSCRIPTION TRANSLATION mRNA P – SITE (PEPTIDYL) rRNA A – SITE (AMINOACYL) tRNA E – SITE (EXIT) CELL DIVISION CELL DIVISION MITOSIS = all cells MEIOSIS = gamete cells Stages of cell division INTERPHASE MITOTIC PHASE CYTOKINESIS INTERPHASE PERIOD BETWEEN CELL DIVISION. G1 PHASE – duplication of organelles S PHASE- replication of DNA and centrosomes G2 PHASE- cell growth, protein synthesis Phases of mitotic cell division Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase PROPHASE CHROMATIN FIBERS CONDENSED INTO PAIRED CHROMATIDS METAPHASE CENTROMERES OF CHROMATID PAIRS IN LINE UP IN THE METAPHASE PLATE ANAPHASE CENTROMERE SPLIT, IDENTICAL SETS OF CHROMOSOMES MVOE TO OPPOSITE POLES OF THE CELL TELOPHASE NUCLEAR ENVELOPES AND NUCLEOILI REAPPEAR, CHROMOSOMES RESUME CHROMATIN FORM; MITOTIC SPINDLE DISAPPEARS CYTOKINESIS CYTOPLASMIC DIVISIONS; CONTRACTILE RING FORMS CLEAVAGE FURROW AROUD CENTER OF THE CELL, DIVIDING CYTOPLASM INTO SEPARATE AND EQUAL PORTION. TELOMERES SPECIFIC DNA SEQUENCE FOUND ONLY AT THE TIPS OF EACH CHROMOSOMES. PROTECTS THE TIPS OF CHROMOSOMES FROM EROSION AND FROM STICKING TO ONE ANOTHER.  TISSUE LEVEL ORGANIZATION FUNDAMENTAL TYPES OF TISSUE EPITHELIAL TISSUE EPITHELIAL TISSUE Found in the coverings and lining of the body. Functions: Transport of substance Secretions Protection GLANDULAR EPITHELIUM Endocrine Exocrine Merocrine (salivary gland) Apocrine (mammary gland) Holocrine (sebaceous gland) CONNECTIVE TISSUE  CONNECTIVE TISSUE one of the most abundant and widely distributed tissues in the body. Functions: Binds together, support and strengthens other body tissue. Protects and insulates internal organs Compartmentalize structures Major transport system Primary location of store energy (fat) Main source of immune response GENERAL FEATURES CONNECTIVE TISSUE CELLS EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX  CONNECTIVE TISSUE CELLS Fibroblast secretes fibers and ground substance. Macrophages from monocyte = phagocytosis Plasma cells from B-lymphocyte = fights infection Mast cells produces histamine = vasodilator Adipocytes stores triglycerides (fats) = energy source Leukocytes fights infection  EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX Fibronectin- binds ground substance and fibers Ground substance Glycosaminoglycans Chondroitin sulfate Dermatan sulfate Keratin sulfate Hyaluronic acid (non-sulfated) Proteoglycans Fibers Collagen -STRENGTH Elastic -EXTENSIBILITY Reticular -SUPPORT / FRAMEWORK CLASSIFICATION Embryonic connective tissue Mesenchyme Mucous connective tissue Mature connective tissue Loose connective tissue Areolar connective tissue Adipose tissue Reticular connective tissue Dense connective tissue Dense regular connective tissue Dense irregular connective tissue Elastic connective tissue Cartilage Hyaline cartilage Fibrocartilage Elastic cartilage Bone Liquid connective tissue Blood Lymph MUSCLE TISSUE MUSCLE TISSUE Consist of elongated cells called muscle fibers or myocytes that can use ATP to generate force. Functions: Movement Maintains posture Generates heat Types: Skeletal muscle tissue Smooth muscle tissue Cardiac muscle tissue NERVOUS TISSUE NERVOUS TISSUE Types Neuron Neuroglia Microglia- macrophages Astrocytes- support Oligodendrocytes- produces myelin sheath END OF INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY THANK YOU!!!