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Questions and Answers
What are the six levels of organization in anatomy and physiology?
Metabolism is the sum of all the chemical processes that occur in the body.
True
What is homeostasis?
A condition of equilibrium in the body's internal environment.
What components are included in the chemical level of organization?
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Catabolism is the breakdown of complex chemical substances, while ________ is the building up of these substances.
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Which of the following are types of feedback systems?
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What role do integral proteins play in the plasma membrane?
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Active transport does not require energy.
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What are the components of lipids?
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The _______ is responsible for protein synthesis in the cell.
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Match the following terms with their definitions:
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What is the primary function of nucleic acids?
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Study Notes
Levels of Organization
- Six hierarchical levels of organization: Chemical, Cellular, Tissue, Organ, System, and Organism.
Chemical Level
- Comprises atoms, the smallest units of matter involved in chemical reactions.
Cellular Level
- Cells are the basic structural and functional units, formed from chemical compounds.
Tissue Level
- Collection of similar cells and surrounding materials functioning together.
Organ Level
- Various tissue types combine to form organs, akin to how sentences form paragraphs.
Basic Life Processes
- Metabolism encompasses all chemical processes in the body.
- Catabolism involves breaking down complex substances, while anabolism builds them up.
- Responsiveness signifies the body's capability to detect and adapt to changes.
- Movement covers motion at different biological scales, from whole bodies to cell structures.
- Differentiation refers to the process where unspecialized cells develop into specialized types.
- Reproduction involves forming new cells for growth or producing new individuals.
Homeostasis
- Represents an equilibrium in the body’s internal environment, maintained through regulatory processes.
Feedback Systems
- Negative feedback reverses changes in controlled conditions.
- Positive feedback enhances or reinforces changes.
Basic Anatomical Terminology
- Includes regional names, directional terms, planes and sections, body cavities, membranes, and anatomical regions and quadrants.
Chemical Bonds
- Types include Ionic bonds, Covalent bonds, and Hydrogen bonds.
Inorganic Compounds
- Water is a primary inorganic compound essential for life.
Organic Compounds
- Carbohydrates (C, H, O): Includes monosaccharides (glucose, fructose), disaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose), and polysaccharides (glycogen, starches, cellulose).
- Lipids (C, H, O): Comprised of fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids (cholesterol, bile salts), and eicosanoids.
- Proteins (C, H, O, N): Serve various functions: structural (collagen), regulatory (neurotransmitters), contractile (myosin, actin), immunological (antibodies), transport (hemoglobin), and catalytic (ATPase).
- Nucleic acids (C, H, O, N, P): DNA contains genes; RNA relays instructions for protein synthesis.
Cellular Organization
- Key components of a cell include the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus.
Plasma Membrane
- Composed of a lipid bilayer with integral and peripheral proteins that facilitate selective permeability.
Transport Processes Across the Plasma Membrane
- Passive Transport includes diffusion (simple and facilitated) and osmosis.
- Active Transport consists of primary active transport (e.g., Na-K pump), secondary active transport, and vesicular transport (e.g., endocytosis, exocytosis).
Cytoplasm
- Major components include cytosol (75-90% water), cytoskeleton (microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules), and organelles.
Organelles
- Centrosome: Contains pericentriolar materials that aid in mitotic spindle growth.
- Cilia and Flagella: Cilia move fluids; flagella enable cell mobility.
- Ribosomes: Essential for protein synthesis.
- Endoplasmic Reticulum: Rough ER synthesizes glycoproteins and phospholipids.
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Description
This quiz covers the fundamental concepts of anatomy and physiology, including the various levels of organization from chemical to organism. It is designed to test your understanding of how these levels interact and contribute to the overall function of living systems.
