ANAT7002 Anatomy & Neuroanatomy Fundamentals for Speech Pathologists Lectures 1-3 PDF

# ANAT7002 Anatomy & Neuroanatomy Fundamentals for Speech Pathologists ## Lectures 1 ### Introduction to the course. Cells and tissues Dr. Ray Lang ## Acknowledgement of Country I acknowledge the Traditional Owners of the lands on which we meet, their Ancestors and descendants. For millennia,...

# ANAT7002 Anatomy & Neuroanatomy Fundamentals for Speech Pathologists ## Lectures 1 ### Introduction to the course. Cells and tissues Dr. Ray Lang ## Acknowledgement of Country I acknowledge the Traditional Owners of the lands on which we meet, their Ancestors and descendants. For millennia, they have continued cultural and spiritual connections centred around language. I highlight their valuable and ongoing contributions to Australian and global society. ## Lecture Objectives 1. Overview of Course Learning Objectives 2. Course Module/Topic Overview 3. Learning Activities / Semester Timetable 4. Assessment & Communication 5. Foundational Anatomical Terminologies 6. Main Tissue Types ## Course Staff Dr. Ray Lang ## Contributors * Dr. Rodrigo Suarez * Prof. Michael Piper * Chris Glen * Dr. Dylan Black * Dr. Laura Fenlon ## Learning Objectives After successfully completing this course, you should be able to: 1. Describe the main anatomical structures of the head, neck and thorax involved in human communication and swallowing 2. Associate anatomical structures and their function to typical communication and swallowing processes 3. Explain the role of key sensory and motor systems in typical communication and swallowing processes 4. Integrate various anatomical structures and their function of the head, neck, and thorax to predict functional deficits resulting from altered anatomy ## Course Structure: * **Module 1:** Introduction to regional and functional anatomy relevant for speech and swallowing * **Module 2:** Functional anatomy of mastication, deglutition and phonation apparatuses * **Module 3:** Sensory systems involved in speech and swallowing * **Module 4:** Motor control relevant for speech and swallowing. **Learning Activities (not recorded)** * Weekly lectures – Tuesday PM, 4hr block (3 lectures + 1 revision) * 6 Workshop sessions (Friday AM) ## Reflection: Language is arguably the main defining feature of humans. How can knowledge about human anatomy be relevant for your future professional practice? ## In-Workshop Quizzes * 10 multiple choice questions on material covered on previous weeks * Each worth 10% of final course mark (total 50%) * You will have 15 minutes to complete the Quiz within the designated time in class * You can only attempt each Quiz once * This is an in-class, identity-verified, and closed book assessment. * Deferral quiz will be run in week 5 and week 8 ## End of Semester Exam * Weighting: 50% of final mark * Material covered during the whole course. * Duration: 60 minutes + 10 min reading time * Total marks: 50 * 25 marks: 25 multiple choice questions (1 mark/question) * 25 marks: 5 short answer questions (5 marks/question) ## Recommended Textbooks * **Anatomy & Physiology for Speech, Language and Hearing** by J. Anthony Seikel et al. * Available via the UQ library * On-line version freely available via the UQ library * Lectures can be complemented (but are not based upon) chapters from these books * Revise lecture material prior to each lecture. * Read relevant chapters from these and other scholarly sources. * Prepare before tutorials * **Neuroanatomy Test and Atlas** by John D. Martin. * Available via the UQ library * **Nolte's The Human Brain** by Todd Vanderah Douglas Gould * On-line version freely available via the UQ library ## Course Comments * Course related questions * Student Administration: [email protected] * Content Questions: Blackboard > Discussion Board * Workshop Information: Blackboard * Imminent Queries: [email protected] * Subject line: [ANAT7002] * Assessment related queries * Contact Student Central for SAP * Email Student Administration (email above) and cc me in. ## Lecture 1: ### Cells, tissue types and broad terminology. **Learning objectives:** * Describe the different levels of organisation in the human body. * Understand the cellular composition of tissues and organs. * Compare the structure and function of the main types of cells. * Recognise how different types of tissue interact in the healthy individuals. * Identify the main differences between peripheral and nervous systems. * Identify the major components of the autonomic nervous system. ## Levels of biological organisation | Size | Description | Microscope Type | | ----------- | ----------- | ----------- | | 10 m | Human height | Unaided eye | | 1 m | Length of some muscle and nerve cells | Unaided eye | | 0.1 m | Ostrich egg | Unaided eye | | 1 cm | | Unaided eye | | 1 mm | | Unaided eye | | 100 μm | Human oocyte, Most plant and animal cells | Light Microscope | | 10 μm | Red blood cell, Mitochondrion | Light Microscope | | 1 μm | Most bacteria | Light Microscope | | 100 nm | Viruses, Ribosomes | Electron Microscope | | 10 nm | Large macromolecules (proteins) | Electron Microscope | | 1 nm | Small molecules (amino acids) | Electron Microscope | | 0.1 nm | Atom | Electron Microscope | ## Stem cells Stem cells can differentiate into (i.e. become) any cell in the body. Different cells play different roles, but share similar genetic, metabolic, and structural principles (e.g. DNA-RNA, nucleus, mitochondria and organelles; enzymes and other proteins, etc.). ## Sub-organismal systems work together in an integrative manner  ## Some useful anatomical terminology * **anatomy**: Gr., anatome, dissection * **dissection**: L., dissecare, the process of cutting up * **physiology**: Gr., physis, nature; and logos, study; function of an organism * **applied anatomy or clinical anatomy**: application of anatomical study for the diagnosis and treatment of disease, particularly as it relates to surgical procedures * **descriptive anatomy or systemic anatomy**: anatomical specialty involving the description of individual parts of the body without reference to disease conditions * **gross anatomy**: study of the body and its parts as visible without the aid of microscopy * **microscopic anatomy**: study of the structure of the body by means of microscopy * **surface anatomy or superficial anatomy**: study of the body and its surface markings as related to underlying structures * **developmental anatomy**: study of anatomy with reference to growth and development from conception to adulthood * **pathological anatomy**: study of parts of the body with respect to the pathological entity * **comparative anatomy**: study of homologous structures of different animals * **baseplate or basement membrane**: the tissue that underlies the epithelium, which is made predominantly of collagen * **matrix**: an intercellular material that holds or constrains another material * **interstitial**: L, interstitium, space or gap in tissue * **afferent**: L, ad, to; ferre, carry * **efferent**: L, ex, from; ferre, carry * **electrophysiological techniques**: those techniques that measure the electrical activity of single cells or groups of cells, including muscle and nervous system tissues * **cytology**: Gr., kytos, cell; logos, study * **histology**: Gr., histos, web, tissue; logos, study * **osteology**: Gr., osteon, bone; logos, study * **myology**: Gr., mys, muscle; logos, study * **arthrology**: Gr., arthron, joint; logos, study * **angiology**: Gr., angio, blood vessels; logos, study * **neurology**: Gr., neuron, sinew, nerve; logos, study * **peripheral**: relative to the periphery or away from * **superficial**: on or near the surface * **deep**: further from the surface * **external**: L., externus, outside * **internal**: within the body * **distal**: away from the midline * **proximal**: L., proximus, next to * **prone**: body in horizontal position with face down * **supine**: body in horizontal position with face up * **lateral**: toward the side * **rostral**: L., rostralis, beak-like * **flexion**: L., flexio, bending * **extension**: Gr., ex, out; L, tendere, to stretch * **hyperextension**: extreme extension * **dorsiflexion**: flexion that brings dorsal surfaces into closer proximity (syn., hyperextension) * **plantar**: pertaining to the sole of the foot * **plantar flexion**: flexion of toes of the foot * **inversion**: L, in, in; versio, to turn * **eversion**: L., ex, from, out; versio, to turn * **palmar**: pertaining to the palm of the hand * **striated**: L, stria, striped; streaked * **smooth muscle**: muscle that is found in the viscera, including digestive tract and blood vessels * **viscera**: L., body organs * **cardiac muscle**: muscle of the heart, composed of cells that interconnect in a net-like fashion * **autonomic**: Gr., autos, self; nomos, law; self-regulating * **innervation**: stimulation of a muscle, gland, or structure by means of a nerve | Body Plane | Description | | ----------- | ----------- | | Coronal | Divides the body into anterior and posterior | | Transverse | Divides the body into superior and inferior | | Sagittal | Divides the body into right and left. A midsagittal plane is in the middle | ## Main Tissue Types: | Type | General Characteristics | General Functions | Primary Germ Layer Derivative | Examples of Subtypes and Their Locations | | ----------- | ----------- | ----------- | ----------- | ----------- | | Epithelial | Cellular, polar, attached to a basement membrane, avascular. innervated, high regeneration capacity | Covers surfaces, lines insides of organs and body cavities | Ectoderm, mesoderm, or endoderm | *Simple columnar epithelium: Lining of digestive tract <br> *Stratified squamous epithelium: Epidermis of skin <br> *Transitional epithelium: Lining of urinary bladder | | Connective | Diverse types, all contain cells, protein fibers, and ground substance | Protects, binds together, and supports organs | Mesoderm | *Adipose connective tissue: Fat <br> *Dense regular connective tissue: Ligaments and tendons <br> *Dense irregular connective tissue: Dermis of skin <br> *Hyaline cartilage: Articular cartilage in some joints <br> *Fluid connective tissue: Blood and lymph | | Muscle | Contractile, can be voluntary or involuntary, and receives input from the nervous or endocrine systems. | Facilitates movement of skeleton or organ walls | Mesoderm | *Skeletal muscle: Muscles attached to bones <br> *Cardiac muscle: Muscle layer in heart <br> *Smooth muscle: Muscle layer in digestive tract | | Nervous | Neurons: Excitable, high metabolic rate, extreme longevity, nonmitotic. Glial cells: Nonexcitable, mitotic | *Neurons: Control activities, process information <br> *Glial cells: Support and protect neurons | Ectoderm | *Neurons: Brain, spinal cord, and nerves <br> *Glial cells: Brain, spinal cord, and nerves | ## Types of Epithelial Tissues | Cell Shape | Description | Location | | ----------- | ----------- | ----------- | | Squamous | flat, irregular round shape | Simple: lung alveoli, capillaries; Stratified: skin, mouth, vagina | | Cuboidal | cube shaped, central nucleus | glands, renal tubules | | Columnar | tall, narrow, nucleus toward base; tall, narrow, nucleus along cell | Simple: digestive tract; Pseudostratified: respiratory tract | | Transitional | round, simple but appear stratified | urinary bladder |  ## Types of Connective Tissues | Tissue Type | Cells | Fibers | Location | | ----------- | ----------- | ----------- | ----------- | | Loose/Areolar | fibroblasts, macrophages, some lymphocytes, some neutrophils | few: collagen, elastic reticular | Around blood vessels; anchors epithelia | | Dense, fibrous | fibroblasts, macrophages | mostly collagen | Irregular: skin; regular: tendons, ligaments | | Connective tissue | | hyaline: few: collagen, fibrocartilage: large amount of collagen | Shark skeleton, fetal bones, human ears, intervertebral discs | | Cartilage | chondrocytes, chondroblasts | some: collagen, elastic | Vertebrate skeletons | | Bone | osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts | few | Adipose (fat) | | Adipose | adipocytes | none | Around blood vessels; anchors epithelia | | Blood | red blood cells, white blood cells | none | |  ## Types of Muscle Tissues | Type of Muscle | Striations | Nuclei | Control | Location | | ----------- | ----------- | ----------- | ----------- | ----------- | | Smooth | no | single, center | involuntary | Visceral organs | | Skeletal | yes | many, periphery | voluntary | Skeletal muscles | | Cardiac | yes | single, center | involuntary | Heart | **Smooth muscle cells do not have striations, unlike skeletal and cardiac muscle cells.** Skeletal muscle cells also have several nuclei, while cardiac cells have just one. Cardiac muscle tissue also has intercalated discs, specialized regions running along the plasma membrane that join adjacent cardiac muscle cells and assist in passing an electrical impulse from cell to cell.  ## Nervous Tissue: * Nervous (neural) tissue are made of cells specialized to receive and transmit electrical impulses between different regions in the body (neurons) and supportive cells (glia).  * **Neuronal dendrites receive electrical input, cell body (soma) integrates it, and axons transmit impulses (called action potentials).** * **Glial cells are smaller and do not transmit electrical impulses; they keep the chemical balance (astrocytes), provide electrical insulation for efficient impulse transmission (oligodendrocytes) and/or protect from damage (microglia)** ## Neuronal connections (synapses) | Synapse Type | Description | | ----------- | ----------- | | Synapses with another neuron | Synapses with another neuron. Dendrites and Axolemma are shown. | | Neuromuscular synapses | Collateral branch, terminal arborization, terminal boutons, and skeletal muscle are shown | | Neuroglandular synapses | Neuroglandular synapses shown with a gland and gland cells |  ## Central and Peripheral Nervous System | Neural System | Description | | ----------- | ----------- | | Central nervous system (CNS) | Brain and spinal cord. Integrates signals and performs higher cognitive functions. | | Peripheral nervous system (PNS)| All nerves outside of the CNS (spinal & cranial nerves). Connects the CNS to peripheral organs and muscle. |  ## PNS: Spinal and cranial nerves control muscles and glands important for speech  * **Spinal nerves attach to the spinal cord (dorsal = sensory; ventral = motor)** * **Cranial nerves attach to the brain** *(On Old Olympus Towering Tops A Friendly Viking Grew Vines And Hops)* ## Autonomic Nervous System * **Autonomic: sympathetic & parasympathetic divisions (often antagonistic)** * **Sympathetic - 'fight or flight' (norepinephrine)** * **Parasympathetic – 'rest and repose' (acetylcholine)** | System | Examples of Functions | | ----------- | ----------- | | Sympathetic NS | Increased metabolic rate & Increased heart rate & Increased blood pressure & Dilate airways & Reduced digestive and urinary function & Pupil dilation & Sweating | | Parasympathetic NS | Decreased metabolic rate & Decreased heart rate & Decreased blood pressure & Constrict airways & Stimulates digestive and urinary functions & Pupil constriction |  ## Lecture 2: ### Development of the head and face **Learning objectives:** * Describe the processes of gastrulation and germ layers formation. * Recognise which tissue types arise from endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm. * Understand the formation of the neural tube. * Identify the roles of the notochord and neural plate. * Distinguish the pharyngeal arches, how they fuse and which structures they give rise to. * Describe the development of the head and neck, including the face & palate. ## Early Embryonic Development **1. Cleavage division**  **2. Germ layers - bilaminar disk**  **3. Gastrulation forms the three primary germ layers**  **4. Endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm** * **Endoderm:** * epithelium of the gut & accessory organs * respiratory epithelium * **Mesoderm:** * connective tissue * cardiovascular system * blood * bone marrow * skeletal muscle * skeleton * reproductive organs * lining of the body cavities * **Ectoderm:** * epidermis & its derivatives * pharyngeal cartilages & their derivatives * central & peripheral nervous systems * sensory epithelium of the nose, eye & ear ## Neurulation: **1. Formation of the neural tube**  **2. Formation of the neural tube**  **3. Neural crest cells**  **4. Early brain development**  **5. Developmental vesicles, flexures and temporal lobe curvature**  **6. The paraxial mesoderm forms the somites**  **7. Development of the head & neck: 3 weeks**  **8. Pharyngeal arches appear in the 4th and 5th week**  **9. Pharyngeal arches & their derivatives**  **10. Pharyngeal arch muscle derivatives**  **11. Neural crest: migratory cells that make the face**  **12. Palate fusion**  **13. Cleft lip and palate**  ## Lecture 3: ### Bones of the Head **Learning objectives:** * Describe the structure, development and growth/repair of bone and how these relate to bone function. * Identify the bones of the head and neck. * Relate skeletal structure to speech (articulation, resonance) and swallowing functions. ## The skeletal system * Components * Bones * Cartilages * Ligaments/joints ## Regions of the skeletal system * Two divisions: * Axial (80) * Appendicular (126) ## Functions of the skeletal system: * Support & protection * Movement (levers & joints) * Produces blood cells (hematopoiesis) * Red bone marrow * Mineral storage and release * Calcium & phosphorus  ## Cartilage structure * Cells: * chondroblasts/chondrocytes in lacunae * **Two Main Types:** * Hyaline (most common, weakest, glassy) * Fibrocartilage (extreme durability)  ## Microscopic structure of bone * EC Matrix * 10% H20 * 25% protein fibers (collagen & other proteins) * 65% crystallized mineral salts (calcium phosphate) * Cells * Osteogenic cell (develops into an osteoblast) * Osteoblast (forms bone matrix) * Osteocyte (maintains bone tissue) * Osteoclast (functions in resorption, the destruction of bone matrix)  ## Bone tissue * **2 types of Bone tissue:** * Compact bone * solid, dense bone * basic unit of structure is osteon * Cancellous (spongy) bone * no osteons, but trabeculae * trabeculae = struts of bone surrounded by red bone marrow * contains lamellae, osteocytes, lacunae & canaliculi  ## Bone growth (endochondral ossification)  ## Intramembranous ossification 1. Primary ossification centres develop: Mesenchymal cells differentiate into osteoblasts which secrete osteoid & collagen 2. Osteoid calcifies; osteocytes surrounded 3. Woven bone & periosteum develop 4. Lamellar bone replaces woven bone  ## How does bone grow? * A long bone grows in length due to interstitial growth of hyaline cartilage in the epiphyseal plate * Growth in a bone's diameter occurs as a result of appositional growth ## Bone growth in length * **Epiphyseal (or growth) plate** * **Four zones** * **Addition of bone on diaphyseal side of plate** * **Plate thickness remains constant** * **Fracture damages plate – premature closure** * **Between ages 18 to 25, epiphyseal plates closes** * Age skeleton <25yrs  ## Growth in diameter * Occurs between the circumferential lamellae and the periosteum * Increasing bone width  ## Bone surface markings * Descriptive terms * Characteristic markings/features on surface * Some not present at birth – develop in response to forces  ## Examples **1. Foramen = opening** **2. Fossa = shallow depression** **3. Sulcus = groove** **4. Meatus/canal = tube-like passageway or canal** **5. Condyle = large, round protuberance** **6. Facet = smooth flat articular surface** **7. Trochanter = very large projection** **8. Tuberosity = large, rounded, roughened projection** **9. Notch, line, tubercle, fissure etc......**  ## Functional classification of joints * Functional classification of a joint determines how much it moves. | Type | Description | | -------- | ----------- | | Synarthrosis | 'syn: together' - no movement (fibrous joint) | | Amphiarthrosis | 'amphi: of both kinds' - little movement (cartilaginous joint) | | Diarthrosis | 'di: two' - free movement (synovial joint) |  ## The Axial Skeleton * The Axial Skeleton: * Skull * Vertebral Column * Thoracic Cage ## Describe the function of the Skull * Protection * brain, inner ear (hearing and balance), eyes, entrances to digestive and respiratory systems * Attachment site for different muscles * Blood cell formation * Foramina and fissures provide a pathway (for nerves & vessels) * Assists in mastication, facial expression, and articulation ## Cavities & Sinuses of the Skull * **Cranial Cavity** * **Orbit** * **Nasal Cavity** * **Oral Cavity** * **Paranasal Sinuses** * **Frontal** * **Ethmoid** * **Maxillary** * **(Sphenoid, Temporal air cells)** * **Pneumatic sinuses ≠ Cavities**  ## List the bones of the skull | Bone Group | Bones | | ----------- | ----------- | | Cranium | * Occipital Bone | * Parietal Bones | * Frontal Bone | * Temporal Bone| * Sphenoid | * Ethmoid | | Facial | * Maxillae | * Palatine Bones | * Nasal Bones | * Inferior Nasal Conchae | * Zygomatic Bones |* Lacrimal Bones | * Vomer | * Mandible | | Associated | * Auditory Ossicles |  ## 8 Cranial Bones  ## 14 facial bones  ## Bones of the skull  ## What are Sutures? * A type of synarthrosis (fibrous joint) * Preventions movement between bones (very strong) * Connects cranial bones * **FOUR sutures in the skull** * Lambdoid Suture * Sagittal Suture * Coronal Suture * Squamous Suture  ## Fontanelles * Ossification is incomplete at birth * Fontanelles enables: * Passage through birth canal * Permit postnatal growth * **There are TWO fontanelles in the skull** * Posterior fontanelle closes ~2-9mths * Anterior fontanelle closes ~15-24mths  ## Cavities (full) & Sinuses (empty) * Cranial Cavity * Orbit * Nasal Cavity * Oral Cavity * Paranasal Sinuses * Frontal * Ethmoid * Maxillary * (Sphenoid, Temporal air cells) * Pneumatic sinuses ≠ Cavities  ## Paranasal Sinuses  ## The orbit * Space in skull for eyeballs * Wall and margin compromised of many bones  ## The Mandible * What is are the structures of the mandible? * Alveolar processes (supports lower teeth) * Divided into two rami and the body * Condylar Process * Coronoid Process * What is the function of mandible?  ## The Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ) * Structurally classified as a synovial hinge joint that creates the 'jaw' * Synovial Diarthrosis * Condyle of the mandible rests within the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone * **Unique Features** * Contains a thick fibrocartilage between the joint. * Effectively two synovial joints * Multiple actions: elevation/depression, protrusion/retrusion, lateral deviation * Loose articular capsule * Ease of dislocation  ## The Thoracic Cage * 12 pairs of ribs * 7 true ribs (i.e. attaches to the sternum) * 5 false ribs * 2 of which are 'floating' ribs' * The sternum (aka breast bone) * Manubrium * Body * Xyphoid process  ## Functions of the thoracic cage * Provides surface area for muscle attachment * Supports/protects the thoracic organs * Attaches to/supports the pectoral girdle * Respiratory movements ## The Pectoral Girdle * Two bones of the Upper Appendicular Skeleton that articulates (joins) with the Axial Skeleton * The scapula (shoulder blade) * The clavicle (collarbone)  ## Questions?