Intro to Anatomy ANAT1521-2111 2024 T2 PDF

ANAT2111/ANAT1521 Introductory Anatomy Introduction to Anatomy Skeletal System Dr. Amaneh Mohammadiroushandeh Anatomy Department / School of Biomedical Sciences / Medicine and Health UNSW SYDNEY [email protected]...

ANAT2111/ANAT1521 Introductory Anatomy Introduction to Anatomy Skeletal System Dr. Amaneh Mohammadiroushandeh Anatomy Department / School of Biomedical Sciences / Medicine and Health UNSW SYDNEY [email protected] 1  Introduction to the course Course Convenor: Dr. Amaneh Mohammadiroushandeh Co-convenor: Kosta Kostidis and Patrick Chau Contact Information [email protected] [email protected] 2  Feeling overwhelmed or need some support? We are here for you. Contact the course convenors at any point in the term if you are feeling overwhelmed. We can help you and work through solutions and/or point you to the right direction for help. The top of the course Moodle page also has a link to access many Student Support and Wellbeing Services Check Moodle 3  Checklist and Weekly schedule ❖ Watch the welcome video at the Week 0 Moodle page for more information ❖ Week 0 “Ethics, Health and safety ❖ Attend the Tuesday seminar online via Teams. It is recorded and you can watch it. ❖ Attend ONE scheduled lab practical class on Thursday. ❖ Attend Friday Tutorial class online via Teams. ❖ Attempt the self-directed activities, short videos and formative activities. ❖ If you have any anatomy questions, post them in the Moodle Forum or Teams discussion forum 4 Resources Lectures slides Labs Manuals and Slides Textbooks Atlas Complete Anatomy Self-directed activities Complete Anatomy Platform 5  Introductory Anatomy ANAT1521-2111 Lecture 1 Skeletal System Dr. Amaneh Mohammadiroushandeh Anatomy Department / School of Biomedical Sciences / Medicine and Health UNSW SYDNEY [email protected]  Learning objectives Introduction to Anatomy ❖ Understanding Anatomical position, body planes, regions and body cavities ❖ Identify major tissue types and body systems Axial skeleton ❖ Define the axial skeleton and its bones. ❖ Identify major bones and features of the cranium, typical vertebra and differences between vertebral regions, ribs and understand the difference between ‘true’, ‘false’ and ‘floating’ ribs. Appendicular Skeleton ❖ Define appendicular skeleton, pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle. ❖ Identify bones of the appendicular skeleton, their main features and explain how limb bones articulate with each other. Joints ❖ Identify major joints of the human body, explain their types and movements possible. ❖ Identify features of the major synovial joints and understand the function, different structures such as articular discs, bursae, tendon sheaths, synovial cavity, ligaments at the shoulder and 7 knee joint  Anatomy definition From ana temnein Ana=Up Temnein =I cut I cut up=dissection Different fields in Anatomy Gross Anatomy (Macroanatomy) Histology (Microanatomy) Embryology (Developmental biology) Radiological Anatomy Functional Anatomy Comparative Anatomy Surgical Anatomy Surface Anatomy Sectional Anatomy NeuroAnatomy 8  Epithelial Tissue Level of body organization and body system Covering/ protection/secretion (Skin/Mucus) Connective Tissue Support and binding (bone, tendon, fat, blood) Muscular Tissue Contraction (Smooth, cardiac and skeletal muscles) Nervous Tissue Control function of other organs (Brain, Spinal cord, Nerves) 9  Body Systems Skeletal Muscular Cardiovascular Respiratory Digestive Urinary System System system System System System Protection Locomotion Transport blood through Supply O2 Breakdown of food Eliminates nitrogenous Support and shape Facial expression blood vessels and O2, Co2, Removes CO2 Absorption through wastes Framework for Maintain posture nutrient and waste. Gas exchange through intestine Regulation of water, muscles Stabilize joints Herat pumps blood the alveoli of lungs Produce faeces electrolyte and acid- Blood cells Produce heat from indigestible base balance in blood production food Storage of minerals Endocrine Nervous Reproductive Lymphatic Integumentary System System System System System Secret hormones Control system Produce offspring Collects fluids Covering for regulation of Response to Produce hormones leaked Protection growth, internal and Produce sperm and ovum Eliminate the debris Synthesis of vitamin D reproduction and external changes Part of immune Cutaneous receptors metabolism and stimuli system and house Thermal regulation immune cells Antibacterial barrier Water maintenance 10 Terminology ANATOMICAL POSITION “stand erect with feet flat on the floor, arms at sides and palms, face and eyes facing forward” Unless stated otherwise, assume that anatomical descriptions are in reference to the anatomical position Anatomical position …..with smile Prone Supine 11 Body Planes Coronal Plane 12 Directional terms ❖ Superior/ supreme/upper ❖ Inferior/ Sub/ lower ❖ Lateral /External/Extreme ❖ Medial/Internal/Innermost ❖ Anterior ❖ Posterior ❖ Proximal ❖ Distal ❖ Rostral/cranial ❖ Caudal ❖ Ventral ❖ Dorsal 13 Skeletal system Functions Shape Without bones we would Structures have no shape Support The lower limb bones support the body while ❖Bones standing ❖Ligaments Movement Movement occurs where two bones meet. ❖Tendons Protection The cranium protects the ❖Joints brain Blood cell formation Bone marrow makes blood 14 Classifications Flat Bones Bone shape and morphology Parietal bone Short Bones Short bones Carpal bones Irregular Bones Long bones Flat bones Vertebra Irregular bones Sesamoid Bones Sesamoid bones Long Bones Patella Humerus 15 Classifications Appendicular Axial 1. Axial - provide the axis of the 2. Appendicular - provide movement and body and support and protect the support structures of the limbs. organs of the head, neck and Pectoral girdle trunk. Upper limbs Skull Pelvic girdle Vertebral column Lower limbs Rib cage Sacrum Coccyx 16 Skull Cranium (8 bones) and Face (14 bones) Frontal bone( forehead) Parietal bones Temporal bones Sphenoid bone Ethmoid bone Occipital bone Maxilla bone Mandible bone Lacrimal bones Nasal bones Zygomatic bones Anterior View Lateral View 17  Frontal bone( forehead) Parietal bones Temporal bones Sphenoid bone Ethmoid bone Occipital bone Maxilla bones Palatine bones Zygomatic bones Vomer bone Base of Skull Intracranial view 18 Skull Fontanelles (Non ossified regions in skull in neonate) Superior view Posterior view Coronal suture Sagittal suture Lambda (Posterior fontanelle Bregma Lambdoid in infant) (Anterior suture fontanelle in infant) Occipito- temporal suture 19 Skull Orbit Optic canal Frontal bone Sphenoid bone Roof Ethmoid bone Lat wall Lacrimal bone Zygomatic bone Nasal bone Floor Maxilla Superior orbital fissure 20 Vertebral column Support Carries the weight of the head and body (above the pelvis) Protection Provides protection to the spinal cord within the vertebral canal. Movement It has a role in both movement and posture. 21 Curvatures Primary curvatures: Thoracic & sacral – convex posteriorly Secondary curvatures: Cervical (baby lifts head) & lumbar (baby learns to walk) – concave posteriorly 22 Features in a typical vertebra Body Vertebral foramen Pedicle Lamina Superior articular facet Inferior articular facet Superior vertebral notch Inferior vertebral notch Transverse process Spinous process 23  Features of Typical vertebra in different Cervical, Thoracic and Lumbar regions Cervical Thoracic Lumbar Specific feature: Foramen in transverse process Specific feature: Facets for articulation Body: Small and oval/ square with ribs Vertebral foramen: Triangular Specific feature: Large body and cylindrical Body: Medium in size, kidney shaped, Spinous process: short and bifid, directed Vertebral foramen: Triangular costal facet posteriorly Transverse process: Thin Vertebral foramen: Triangular Spinous process: very thick, Directed posteriorly Spinous process: long and thin, oblique and directed inferiorly 24 Cervical region Thoracic region Lumbar region 25  Atypical cervical vertebrae C1 (Atlas) No body or spinous process C2 (Axis) Dens Facet for dens Large spinous process Groove for vertebral artery Lateral masses 26 Intervertebral foramen and intervertebral disc (IVD) Articular processes of two adjacent vertebrae articulate to form the zygapophyseal/facet joint Superior and inferior vertebral notches of two adjacent vertebrae unite to form intervertebral foramina – a passageway for the spinal nerves Intervertebral disc provides compressive resistance, mobility, and helps maintain correct spacing of the intervertebral foramina. 27  Sacrum & coccyx Coccyx Sacrum (S1-S5) 3-5 fused vertebrae 5 fused vertebrae Vestigial tail Anterior and posterior sacral foramina Functions as a ligament and muscle attachment site. Large facet for articulation with hip bones 28 Rib cage Serves to protect the contents of the thoracic cage, and as an anchor site for muscles of ventilation 12 pairs of ribs True ribs: Ribs 1-7 False ribs: Ribs 8-10 Floating ribs: Ribs 11-12 A typical rib has A head with facets A neck A tubercle with facet An angle A costal groove Costal cartilage anteriorly 29  Atypical ribs Rib 1 - wide and short, has two costal grooves, and one articular facet, and a tubercle for neck muscles Rib 2 - has tubercles for neck muscles on its superior surface Rib 10: only one facet on the head Ribs 11 & 12: No neck or tubercle Rib 12: No angle or costal groove 30 Sternum Comprised of 3 parts Manubrium Body Xiphoid process Articulation site for clavicles and ribs 1-7 Fibrocartilaginous joints Manubriosternal joint Xiphosternal joint Articulation with rib 1 Synovial joints Clavicular joint Articulations with ribs 2-7 31  Costo-vertebral joints Costo-corporeal joint (synovial) Head of the rib articulates with the demi facets on two adjacent vertebral bodies Costo-transverse joint (synovial) Tubercle of the rib articulates with the transverse process of a single vertebra. Rib number matches the vertebra taking part in the costotransverse joint. 32 Appendicular Skeleton ❖Define appendicular skeleton, pectoral girdle, and pelvic girdle. ❖Identify bones of the appendicular skeleton, their main features and explain how limb bones articulate with each other. 33 1.Axial - provide the axis of the body and support and protect the organs of the head, neck and trunk. Skull Vertebral column Rib cage Sacrum 2.Appendicular - provide movement and support structures of the limbs. Pectoral girdle Upper limbs Pelvic girdle Lower limbs 34 Upper limb and shoulder girdle Shoulder girdle Clavicle Scapula Arm Humerus Forearm Ulna Radius Hand Carpals Metacarpals Phalanges 35  Sternoclavicular joint Acromioclavicular joint Shoulder girdle The shoulder/pectoral girdle consists of the scapula and clavicle. It serves to attach the bones of the upper limbs to the axial skeleton. The clavicle articulates with the sternum (sternoclavicular joint) and the scapula (acromioclavicular joint) The sternoclavicular joint is the only bony joint between the axial skeleton and the pectoral girdle Clavicle Flattened medial/sternal end Rounded lateral/acromial end 36  Scapula Scapula held in place by muscle only Articulates with humerus at the glenoid fossa (glenohumeral joint) and the clavicle at the acromion (acromioclavicular joint) Supraspinous fossa Acromion Acromion Coracoid process Coracoid process Spine Medial border Glenoid fossa Lateral border Lateral border Infraspinous fossa Subscapular fossa Lateral Posterior Anterior 37 Humerus The humerus is the longest and largest bone of the upper limb. It articulates proximally with the scapula and distally at the elbow with both the radius and ulna. 38 Humerus The humerus is the longest and largest bone of the upper limb. It articulates proximally with the scapula and distally at the elbow with both the radius and ulna. ANTERIOR POSTERIOR Head Greater tubercle Anatomical neck Lesser Surgical neck Intertubercular groove tubercle Deltoid tuberosity Trochlea Shaft Olecranon fossa Medial Capitulum epicondyle Lateral epicondyle Lateral epicondyle 39 Trochlea  ANTERIOR Radius & ulna LATERAL Head of radius Proximal radio- ulnar joint Olecranon Ulna on the medial aspect of the forearm. Radius on the lateral aspect (thumb side) of Ulnar tuberosity Trochlear the forearm. notch Radial tuberosity Elbow joint (synovial hinge) Radius articulation with the capitulum of the Ulnar humerus. tuberosity Ulna articulation with the trochlea of the humerus. Interosseous membrane Radio-ulnar joints (synovial pivot) Proximal and distal articulations between the ELBOW radius and ulna Humerus Allows pronation and supination (rotational movements). Ulna Capitulum Trochlea Wrist joint (synovial condyloid) Radius Articulation between the radius and the carpal bones Distal radio-ulnar joint Head of ulna Radius Ulna Styloid processes 40  Hand Phalanges: Distal Posterior ❖ Carpus Middle The wrist consists of 8 carpals bones bound by ligaments. Proximal Carpals are arranged into a proximal and a distal row. ❖ The palm of each hand contains 5 metacarpal bones. The digits are numbered 1-5 (starting at the thumb) and contain 14 phalanges in total Metacarpals Digits 2-5 have proximal, middle and distal phalanges 1 2 3 4 5 Digit 1 (the thumb) has only a proximal and distal phalange. Carpals The wrist joint (synovial condyloid) Articulation between the radius and the proximal carpal bones. Radius Ulna 41 Lower limb and pelvic girdle Pelvic girdle Hip bone/ Pelvic bone/Os Coxa Thigh Femur Leg Tibia Fibula Foot Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges 42 Hip Bone Each Hip bone is made from 3 fused bones: illium, ischium and pubis. Left and right pelvic bones articulate with each other anteriorly (Pubic symphysis/ Cartilaginous) and with the sacrum posteriorly (Sacroiliac joint/ Synovial + fibrous). Sacroiliac Joint (SIJ) Lateral Medial Iliac crest Iliac fossa Gluteal surface Anterior superior Ilium iliac spine Anterior inferior iliac spine Greater sciatic Greater notch Acetabulum sciatic Pubic ramus notch Ischium Pubis Ischial tuberosity Obturator foramen Interpubic disc 43  Pelvic Bone Each pelvic bone is made from 3 fused bones: illium, ischium and pubis. Left and right pelvic bones articulate with each other anteriorly (pubic symphysis) and with the sacrum posteriorly (sacroiliac joint). Lateral Medial Iliac crest Iliac fossa Gluteal surface Anterior superior Ilium iliac spine Anterior inferior iliac spine Acetabulum Greater sciatic Greater notch sciatic Pubic ramus notch Ischium Pubis Obturator foramen Ischial tuberosity 44  True and False Pelvis Pelvic brim Pelvic brim Pubic symphysis Pubic symphysis Greater/False pelvis Lesser/True pelvis is located superior to is located inferior to the pelvic brim the pelvic brim 45  Anterior Posterior Femur and Patella The head of the femur articulates with the acetabulum of the pelvic bone to form the ball and socket of the hip joint. The greater and lesser trochanters [from the Greek “to run”] are attachment sites for muscles used to move the femur at the hip joint. The condyles are smooth, rounded articular regions for articulation with the tibia (knee joint) The distal end of the femur also has a smooth flattened area anteriorly for articulation with the Posterior Anterior patella (patellofemoral joint). 46  Anterior Tibial plateau Tibia and Fibula Lateral condyle Medial condyle The Tibial plateau (superior surface of the tibia) articulates with the condyles of the femur to form the Tibial tuberosity knee joint (synovial modified hinge) Head Tibial tuberosity is the attachment site for the Interosseous patella tendon membrane Shaft The head of Fibula is in the proximal end Fibula Tibia Medial malleolus and lateral malleolus are distal features of Tibia and Fibula Tibia and fibular articulate with each other at a Medial proximal tibiofibular joint (synovial plane) Lateral malleolus and distal tibiofibular joint (fibrous) malleolus 47 Foot Anterior Phalanges: Distal Middle The foot contains 7 tarsal bones including the talus and Proximal calcaneus. Tarsal bones bound by ligaments. 1 2 3 Metatarsals 4 5 The foot contains 5 metatarsal bones The digits are numbered 1-5 (starting at the big toe) and contain 14 phalanges in total Digits 2-5 have proximal, middle and distal phalanges. Talus Tarsals Digit 1 (the big toe) has only a proximal and distal phalange. Calcaneus Posterior 48 Foot The ankle joint (synovial hinge) Articulation between the tibia, fibula and the talus allows for dorsiflexion and plantarflexion. Two non-rigid longitudinal arches along each side of foot and one transverse arch Function: distribute body weight over foot; yield & spring back when weight is lifted 49 Joints ❖ Identify major joints of the human body, explain their types and movements possible. ❖ Identify features of the major synovial joints and understand the function, different structures such as articular discs, bursae, tendon sheaths, synovial cavity, ligaments at the shoulder and knee joint ❖ Compare and contrast structure-function relationships at the shoulder and knee joints. 50  Joint classifications Joints Joints hold bones together Fibrous Cartilaginous Synovial but permit movement Adjoining bones separated by a joint Adjoining bones united Adjoining bones united cavity, covered with articular cartilage by collagenic fibres by cartilage and enclosed within a capsule lined by Point of contact between synovial membrane o two bones o cartilage and bone o teeth and bones Mostly immovable joints Slightly movable joints Freely movable joints Classified according to movement allowed (functional) or the tissue types involved (structural) 51 1. Fibrous joints Continuous connection BONE FIBRES BONE Fibres connect articulating surfaces Low/no mobility Gomphosis Syndesmosis Tooth peg and socket Interosseous membrane Synarthrosis Sutures [to bolt together] [to bind together] [to join together] 52 2. Cartilaginous joints BONE BONE Continuous connection, no joint cavity Cartilage connects two articulating surfaces Some mobility Synchondrosis (Hyaline cartilage) Symphysis (Fibrocartilage) Joint between 1st Rib Growth plates Intervertebral discs Pubic symphysis and manubrium 53  3. Synovial joints High mobility Articular surfaces covered in hyaline cartilage Joint cavity filled with synovial fluid and lined by synovial membrane Supported by ligaments, articular discs, and a fibrous joint capsule Fat pads, tendon sheaths and bursa protect surrounding structures 54  3. Synovial joints Multi-axial Non-axial Ball and Socket (Plane) Uni-axial Bi-axial Flx-Ext Acromioclavicular joint Pivot Hinge Saddle Condylar Abd-Add 2nd-4th CMC Rotation Flx-Ext Flx-Ext Glenohumeral Rotation Flx-Ext Abd-Add Abd- Radio-ulnar Elbow Opposition Add 1st CMC MCP Gliding 1st CMC 55 MCP  Coracoacromial Shoulder joint (glenohumeral joint) arch & ligament Bones: Scapula (glenoid fossa) Bursae Humerus (head) Joint type: Tendon sheath Synovial – ball and socket (long head of biceps brachii) Movements (Multiaxial): 1. Flexion/extension 2. Lateral/medial rotation 3. Adduction/abduction Subacromial bursa 4. Circumduction Synovial cavity Tendon sheath Features: Ligaments Glenoid fossa Synovial membrane and cavity Tendon sheaths and Bursa Glenoid labrum Glenoid labrum Joint capsule 56 Knee joint Synovial cavity Bones: Femur (condyles) Femur Tibia (tibial plateau) Patella Patella (secondary joint) Prepatella bursa Joint type: Infrapatella fat pad Synovial – modified hinge Tibia Movements: 1. Flexion and extension 2. Lateral or medial rotation of tibia or femur (respectively) “locks” the knee during full extension 3. Gliding patellofemoral joint 57 Knee joint Synovial cavity Femur Patella Features Prepatella bursa ❖ Collateral and cruciate ligaments Infrapatella fat pad ❖ Synovial membrane and cavity Tibia ❖ Tendon sheaths, bursa and fat pads Anterior cruciate ligament Posterior Lateral collateral cruciate ❖ Articular capsule ligament ligament Medial ❖ Medial and lateral menisci collateral Lateral - C shaped cups of fibrocartilage ligament meniscus - Shock absorbers Medial - Deepen the articular surface meniscus - Lateral meniscus is more moveable - Medial meniscus merges with articular capsule Patella Medial ligament meniscus 58  Knee joint ligaments Patellar ligament: From patella to the tibial tuberosity. Stabilize the pull of the quadriceps muscle Medial/tibial collateral ligament: From the medial epicondyle of the femur to the medial tibia. Patellar Ligament Stabilize the hinge motion of the knee and prevent medial opening/valgus movement of knee. Lateral/fibular collateral ligament: From the lateral epicondyle of the femur to the lateral fibular head. Stabilize the hinge motion of the knee and prevent lateral opening/varus movement of knee. Med collateral Lat collateral 63  Anterior cruciate ligament Knee joint ligaments Lateral collateral Posterior cruciate Anterior cruciate ligament: ligament ligament From the anterior intercondylar region of the tibia to the posterior Medial intercondylar region of femur. Lateral collateral Prevents anterior dislocation of the tibia against the femur. meniscus ligament Medial Posterior cruciate ligament: meniscus From the posterior intercondylar region of the tibia to the anterior Patella intercondylar region of femur. ligament Prevents posterior dislocation of the tibia against the femur. Anterior cruciate ligament Lateral meniscus Ant cruciate Post cruciate Posterior Medial cruciate 60 meniscus ligament Shoulder joint radiology https://dontforgetthebubbles.com/shoulder-x-ray-interpretation/ radiopaedia.org 61  Lower limb joint radiology Knee Ankle Hip https://dontforgetthebubbles.com/hip-x-ray-interpretation/ https://dontforgetthebubbles.com/knee-x-ray-interpretation/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK542324/figure/article -17597.image.f2/?report=objectonly 62 The human body is simply the most beautiful complexity 63