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COMPUTING SKILLS (FPCS001) Semester 1, AY 2024-2025 Module 1 – Computer Fundamentals 10/20/2024 MODULE 1 - COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS 1 Learning Outcomes: Upon completion of the course, students should be able to: 1. Describe the main functional blocks of a...

COMPUTING SKILLS (FPCS001) Semester 1, AY 2024-2025 Module 1 – Computer Fundamentals 10/20/2024 MODULE 1 - COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS 1 Learning Outcomes: Upon completion of the course, students should be able to: 1. Describe the main functional blocks of a computer system and how they work in sequence to process information. 2. Describe the functions of different hardware components such as CPU, storage systems, types of memories like RAM, ROM etc. and common input and output devices. 3. Compare and contrast different types of computing and end-user devices. 4. Explain the essential terms related to computing such as Hertz and byte. 5. Describe the different types of software: operating systems, application software and programming software. 6. Install and uninstall software applications. 7. Explain the concept of software copyright. 8. Explain the terms shareware, freeware, end-user license agreement. 9. Describe computer ergonomics (seating, lighting, positioning, ventilation etc.). 10. Explain the common health problems associated with computer usage and ways to avoid them. 11. Be aware of new trends and developments in computing 10/20/2024 MODULE 1 - COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS 2 BASICS OF A COMPUTER What is a computer? A computer is an electronic machine that accepts data, stores and processes it according to instructions (programs) in order to produce the results (information). The word “computer” comes from the word ‘compute’, which means to calculate. 10/20/2024 MODULE 1 - COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS 3 Data: is a raw material and unorganized facts that need to be processed. Information: When data is processed, organized, structured or presented in a given context so as to make them useful, it is called information. 10/20/2024 MODULE 1 - COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS 4 Basic Parts of a Computer: 1. S Y S T EM U N I T : A C A S E C O N TA I N IN G TH E E S S EN TI A L C O M P O N EN TS O F TH E C O M P U TER. I T I N CL U D ES TH E M O TH E RB O A R D , C EN TR A L P R O CE S S IN G U N I T ( CP U ) , R A N D O M A C CE S S M EM O RY ( RA M ) , A N D O TH ER S. 2. MO N I TOR : WO R K S A S A N O U TP U T D EV I C E THAT D I S P LAY S G R A P H IC A L O R TE X T O U TP U T. 3. KE Y B OA R D : U S ED TO I N P U T TE X T, C H A RA C TE RS A N D O TH E R C O M M A N D S I N TO A C O M P U TER. 4. MO U S E: I S A N I N P U T D EV I C E U S ED TO P O I N T TO O B J EC TS O N TH E S C RE EN , C LI CK O N TH E M , A N D M O V E TH E M. 10/20/2024 MODULE 1 - COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS 5  CLASSIFICATIONS OF COMPUTERS Desktop Computer - a personal computer designed to fit on a desk. It is typically made up of a system unit, a keyboard, a mouse and a monitor. Laptop Computer - a portable computer with an integrated screen and keyboard. It is battery powered and more portable than a desktop computer. 10/20/2024 MODULE 1 - COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS 6 Tablet Computer - is a handheld computer that is more portable than a laptop. Instead of a keyboard and mouse, tablets use a touch-sensitive screen for typing and navigation. Smartphone - is a more powerful version of a traditional cell phone with a touch-sensitive screen. 10/20/2024 MODULE 1 - COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS 7 A server is a software or hardware device that accepts and responds to requests made over a network. The device that makes the request, and receives a response from the server, is called a client. 10/20/2024 MODULE 1 - COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS 8 Mainframe Computer, a very large and expensive computer capable of supporting hundreds, or even thousands, of users simultaneously. Supercomputer, the fastest and most powerful type of computer which are employed for specialized applications that require immense amounts of mathematical calculations, such weather forecasting, nuclear energy research, and petroleum exploration 10/20/2024 MODULE 1 - COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS 9 HARDWARE The term hardware refers to the physical component of the computer. Computer hardware incudes input devices, output devices, central processing unit (CPU), motherboard, power supply, random access memory (RAM), and other components. 10/20/2024 MODULE 1 - COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS 10 HARDWARE components Slot for CPU Slot for RAM Motherboard is the main circuit board of your computer. It is where most of the parts and peripherals are connected. Expansion Slots Central Processing Unit (CPU) is the central component of the computer system; it is called as microprocessor or processor. It is the brain of the computer. 10/20/2024 MODULE 1 - COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS 11 Processor Speed Processor speed is measured in Hertz. Parts of the processor: Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): A part of CPU used to perform arithmetic operations (MDAS) and logic operations such as comparison (, =). Control Unit (CU): It directs operations within a computer's processor. Register: It is temporary storage areas of the computer processor. 10/20/2024 MODULE 1 - COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS 12 10/20/2024 MODULE 1 - COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS 13 Memory is called the primary memory. Types of Memory RAM (Random Access Memory). It is the main memory where the operating system is loaded and also where your applications are copied to, when you load an application. The storage of data (or information) and instructions on RAM is temporary. So we can say that RAM is volatile memory. When the power is switched off the RAM becomes empty. 10/20/2024 MODULE 1 - COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS 14  Types of Memory ROM (Read-Only Memory): is a special chip held on your computer’s system (motherboard) which can be read only (not changed). The content in the ROM is permanent, so ROM is a non-volatile memory. 10/20/2024 MODULE 1 - COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS 15  Input Devices Input devices: any peripheral (piece of computer hardware equipment) used to provide data and send instructions to the computer. 10/20/2024 MODULE 1 - COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS 16  Examples of Input Devices Keyboard: a device to input text and characters by pressing buttons (referred to as keys), similar to a typewriter. 10/20/2024 MODULE 1 - COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS 17 Examples of Input Devices Pointing Devices Optical Mouse: uses lasers, or more commonly LEDs, to track the surface under the mouse to determine motion of the mouse. Trackball: a pointing device consisting of an exposed extended ball housed in a socket that detects rotation about two axes. Touchscreen : It is a computer screen that can be used by touching it with a finger or a stylus pen, instead of using a mouse and keyboard. 10/20/2024 MODULE 1 - COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS 18 Examples of Input Devices Game controller – an input device used with video games or entertainment system to provide input to a video game. 10/20/2024 MODULE 1 - COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS 19 Examples of Input Devices Image Scanner - a device that provides input by analyzing images, printed text, handwriting, or an object. Scanners capture images from the paper document and convert them into a digital format. Webcam: a low-resolution video camera used to provide visual input that can be easily transferred over the internet 10/20/2024 MODULE 1 - COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS 20 Examples of Input Devices Digital Camera is used to capture pictures or video which is then stored into its memory card. Fingerprint scanner - is a type of technology that identifies and authenticates the fingerprints of an individual in order to grant or deny access to a computer system or a physical facility. 10/20/2024 MODULE 1 - COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS 21 Examples of Input Devices Microphone: A sound sensor that provides input by converting sound into electrical signals. Bar code reader - a hardware input device capable of reading a barcode using a laser. An example of a barcode reader is a supermarket barcode scanner. 10/20/2024 MODULE 1 - COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS 22 Examples of Input Devices Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR) - a character- distinguishing technology that makes use of special magnetized ink. It is largely used in banks and other organizations where security is a high priority 10/20/2024 MODULE 1 - COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS 23 Examples of Input Devices Optical Character Reader (OCR) - is used for taking an image of letters or typed text and converting it into data the computer understands. 10/20/2024 MODULE 1 - COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS 24 Examples of Input Devices QR (Quick Response) Code - is a two- dimensional barcode with a larger storage capacity than the standard UPC (i.e. barcode). A QR code reader app can be installed on a smartphone, allowing the user to scan a QR code and view the data stored in it. QR codes often contain information about a product or a direct forward to a website. 10/20/2024 MODULE 1 - COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS 25  Output Devices Output Device: is any piece of computer hardware used to communicate the results of data processing to the user. 10/20/2024 MODULE 1 - COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS 26 Examples of Output Devices Monitor or Visual Display Unit (VDU): it is used for outputting information in an understandable format for humans. Printers: an output device that used to print information on paper (referred as hard-copy) There are many different types of printers such as Dot-Matrix printer, Ink-Jet printer and Laser printer. 10/20/2024 MODULE 1 - COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS 27 Examples of Output Devices Plotters: it is an output device similar to a printer, but normally allows you to print larger images. 3D Printer: is a device that creates a physical object from a digital model by layering materials. 3D printers use materials, such as metal alloys, polymers, plastics, or even food ingredients. 10/20/2024 MODULE 1 - COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS 28 Examples of Output Devices Speakers: an output hardware device that connects to a computer to generate sound. Projector or image projector: It is an optical device projects an image (or videos) onto a surface, commonly a projection screen. 10/20/2024 MODULE 1 - COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS 29 Storage devices Storage devices are called secondary memory. They are non-volatile and persistent in nature and is not directly accessed by a computer/processor. It allows a user to store data/information for a long- term period of time. 10/20/2024 MODULE 1 - COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS 30 Examples of Storage Devices Hard Disk Drive - Hard disks are the main, large data storage area within your computer which are used to store your operating system, your application programs and your data. Solid State Drive: SSDs use nonvolatile flash memory chips to store data. 10/20/2024 MODULE 1 - COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS 31 Examples of Storage Devices Compact Disc (CD) - the most common type of removable media, suitable for music and data. Digital Versatile Disc (DVD) - a popular type of removable media that is the same dimensions as a CD but stores more information. It is the most common way of transferring digital video. 10/20/2024 MODULE 1 - COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS 32 Examples of Storage Devices Blu-ray Disc (BD) Drive: is a digital optical disc data storage media is capable of storing hours of video in High-Definition and Ultra High-Definition resolution. 10/20/2024 MODULE 1 - COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS 33 Examples of Storage Devices Universal Serial Bus (USB) Flash Drive – is a flash memory data storage device integrated with a USB connector, typically small, lightweight, removable, and rewritable. External Hard Disk - External hard disk drives typically connect via USB; which has slower data transfer rates when compared to internally mount hard disk. 10/20/2024 MODULE 1 - COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS 34 Units used to Measure Memory Capacity 10/20/2024 MODULE 1 - COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS 35 Units used to Measure Memory Capacity 10/20/2024 MODULE 1 - COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS 36 Convert into bytes Convert the following storage capacities into bytes: 1MB = _______________________ 5TB = ________________________ 10/20/2024 MODULE 1 - COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS 37  SOFTWARE Software is a set of instructions (programs) that makes the computer work. 10/20/2024 MODULE 1 - COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS 38  Types of a Software Systems Software The system software is a special type of programs that load automatically when you start your computer. They control or maintain the operations of the computer and its devices. Application Software – these are softwares designed to make users more productive and assist them with his personal tasks The following are some examples of application programs: 10/20/2024 MODULE 1 - COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS 39 Examples of System Software Operating System: is a system software that allows a user to run other applications on a computing device. Also, it communicates with hardware devices and manage the files storages. 10/20/2024 MODULE 1 - COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS 40 Examples of System Software Utilities software: a type of system software that adds functionality to your computer or help your computer perform better. They include antivirus, backup, disk repair, file management, files compression, and many more. 10/20/2024 MODULE 1 - COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS 41 Examples of System Software Device driver: is type of system software that is designed to enable interaction between the hardware device and the operating system or programs that use it. Without the device driver, the hardware device fails to work. Many hardware devices need drives such as: printers, graphic cards, sound cards, network cards and modems. 10/20/2024 MODULE 1 - COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS 42  Examples of Application Software 10/20/2024 MODULE 1 - COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS 43 Installing and Uninstalling Software Installing from: A disc or USB Flash From the web Uninstalling from: Control Panel Settings Please refer to the course materials, pages 25-27. 10/20/2024 MODULE 1 - COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS 44 SOFTWARE COPYRIGHT Computer Software is usually protected under a single site or multi-site license based on number of users, type of users, number of computers, and size of institutions. Software copyright is commonly used by proprietary software companies to prevent the unauthorized copying of their software. Open source licenses also rely on copyright law to enforce their terms. 10/20/2024 MODULE 1 - COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS 45  END-USER LICENSE AGREEMENT (EULA) End User License Agreement (EULA) is a legal contract between the manufacturer and/or the author and the end user of an application. EULA details how the software can and cannot be used and any restrictions that the manufacturer imposes. The user has the choice of accepting or rejecting the agreement, often without reading it first. The installation of the software is conditional to the user clicking a button labeled "Accept". 10/20/2024 MODULE 1 - COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS 46 Shareware Refers to proprietary software that is provided to users without payment on a trial basis. Once the trial period has passed, the program may stop running until a license is purchased Example: Microsoft Office, Adobe Photoshop etc. Freeware Software that is fully functional for an unlimited time with no cost. The author usually restricts one or more rights to copy, distribute, and make derivative works of the software. Example: Mozilla Firefox, Google Chrome etc. 10/20/2024 MODULE 1 - COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS 47 Proprietary software Any software that is copyrighted and bears limits against use, distribution and modification that are imposed by its publisher, vendor or developer. Open-Source Software Software made by many people and distributed which grants all the rights to use, modify, and share the software in modified and unmodified form. In Oman, a national intuitive for Free and Open-Source Software (FOSS) was launched in 2010. The initiative has many objectives such as: introducing FOSS as a good choice along with proprietary software, developing IT solutions based on FOSS, and encouraging the public to use FOSS in order to limit the use of unlicensed software. 10/20/2024 MODULE 1 - COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS 48 CHOOSING THE RIGHT COMPUTER Students of all ages are using computers more often than ever. They use computers for schoolwork, online classes, chatting, e- mail, games, and surfing the internet. However, choosing the right computer for a student can be a difficult task. Operating system, computer size, hard drive size, processor speed, and available hardware and software all help determine which computer you will decide to buy. 10/20/2024 MODULE 1 - COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS 49 10/20/2024 MODULE 1 - COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS 50 10/20/2024 MODULE 1 - COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS 51 10/20/2024 MODULE 1 - COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS 52  ERGONOMICS Ergonomics is the science of designing the job, equipment, and workplace to fit the worker, necessary to prevent Repetitive Strain Injuries (RSI), which can develop over time and can lead to long-term disability. 10/20/2024 MODULE 1 - COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS 53  ERGONOMICS The image below demonstrates the correct posture ergonomics: 10/20/2024 MODULE 1 - COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS 54 10/20/2024 MODULE 1 - COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS 55 Do the Keyboard Typing Practice 1. Open Ainsworth Keyboard Trainer 4. 2. Add your Name, if it is your first time using the program. 3. Click Lesson. 4. Choose Alphabet Keys. 5. Type the letters using the correct fingers. 6. Enjoy ☺ 10/20/2024 MODULE 1 - COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS 56