American Cultural Concepts (My Notes) PDF

***Chapter 1 Terms*** America: Promised Land, New World, New Eden -\>unused potential, called New World = America, promoted as a classes land -\>clues about American Dream \* If you have opportunities, go use them but you have to work hard, they are not granted like in Europe \* Fear of tyranny...

***Chapter 1 Terms*** America: Promised Land, New World, New Eden -\>unused potential, called New World = America, promoted as a classes land -\>clues about American Dream \* If you have opportunities, go use them but you have to work hard, they are not granted like in Europe \* Fear of tyranny Pilgrisms(hacı) & Puritans(tutucu protestan) - Founded ideal community, chosen ones - Pilgrism divides church and critisizes church - Puritans try to purify church, anybody shouldn\'t come between the believers and god, - Settle down there and stay there -\> it is free, established the idealized community American Exceptionalism: this nation is unique, different and special than other countries of the world, American pride -\> have a right to get America America is different from others- \> free nation based on democracy, personal liberty Manifest Destiny: it is their destiny to get there, your are predestined for this Myth making: American Dream (having the promise but not the dream), Exceptionalism, Manifest Destiny Ethnicity: belonging to a social group that has a common national or cultural tradition Ethnic group: group or category set apart and bound together by common ties of race, language, nationality, culture WASP: White Anglo-Saxon Protestant - Idealized picture, An American of British or Northern European ancestors who is a member of the protestant culture. - Form of most privileged and influential group which formerly dominated US - Chosen people, work for the nation, built it Internalized racism: \"internalization of racial oppression by the racially subordinated.\", repress your identity and try to look like others who are idealized Hispanic: descends from a Spanish speaking country, especially with the 4th wave Chicano/ Chicana: Mexican American identity, descends of Mexico living in US, includes Spain not Brazil Latino/Latina: descends from Latin American country, includes Brazil not Spain Latinx: gender neutral term for Latina/Latino Immigrants were great at first, then people started to think how to manage them. Ideal of Americanness born. Americanness: The quailty or characteristics of being an American. Promise is to make them feel American besides all the differences and to make them say ''I am American''. National Identity: Nativism: discrimination toward others by the existing population, promoting or protecting the interests of native-born or indigenous people over those of immigrants, -\> one of the reactions to multiculturalism. Melting pot: pot is the nation, different races form one nation (America), nice way of saying assimilation - fear of separation, what if every community don\'t get into the nation and blend in and live their own culture - name of a play e pluribus unum: out of many, one Americanization: Salad Bowl/ Pizza/ Mosaic: metaphor for pularism/ multiculturalism - coexist in their separate identities, - 1960 with civil rights movements when they were trying to acknowledge who they were - ntegration/combining Xenophobia: fear, hatred of foreigners or their culture and politics Affirmative actions: to prohibit discrimination in areas such as housing, eployment match racial & sexual composition of the work place , encourage people to hire women, blacks, other minoteries or disadvantaged critics-\> reversed discrimination Religious of freedom, freedom of fate: granted by the Constitution Religious Pluralism: having respect to all religions (on paper) \*Freeman-landownership-related to the church-power colonial policies Having a strong central government; - grants individual rights - fearing it would turn tyranny or a big government (because of Europe trauma) Republicants: - understanding:\'\'survival of the fittest\'\' Darwin - people can't depend on goverment about everything, if they are the idealized ''American'' they should work - lower taxation so you can pay them - more conservative Democrats: - governments should provide people's basic needs - more taxes in exchange of better service - more tolerant Indivualism: You can\'t wait everything from government, you need to work hard and use the opportunities, if you can\'t do it you are the faulty one because you are not self-sufficient and not fit to survival of fittest Free enterprise system(serbest piyasa): production, distribution, rivalry - oppurtinies are not granted by your background as it was in Europe, work hard get it Survival of the fittest: Darwin Big business: skeptical for big business, support small - rise of factory and working class - uncontrolled power, means, efforts might go to tyranny - how far we can control and manage ''big'' Captains of industry: pride in building the nation, supporting it and working class, industrial capitalism Workers: they established the nation with the working class force Cultural activities divided according to how accessible for people; time and history orientated; - High culture: - Low culture: without of means, no training or education, no higher economies in order to meet it Declaration of Independence (1776): - summarized the colonists movements for seeking independence, - all men are created equal, - life, liberty, pursuit of happiness -\> were endowed by their creator with certain unalienable(devredilemez, elinden alınamaz) rights to them Founding Fathers: members of the Constitutional Convention - Drafted the fundamental laws of US The Bill of Rights: the first 10 amendments, - assure individual rights - \*first amendment: freedom of speech, press, religion **American Beliefs & Values & Traits** - Prosperitiy & success can be achieved through hard work - equality, freedom, opportunities - get the opportunities which are not provided in Europe ***Frontier*** a line or order separating the country, changes -American frontier: the advancing border that marked those lands that had been settled by Europeans \- It is characterized by the westward movements of European settlers from their original settlements on the Atlantic coast (17.th c) to the Far West (19.th c) -In American history the frontier was the edge of the settled country where unlimited cheap land was available, attracting pioneers who were willing to live hard but independent life in the West -Legacy for their children, they were preparing the land to descendences, first seeds for the civilization, promised protection and future for descendences -With the idea of pioneer, frontiers -\>\'\' go and get it\'\' -These are the people who settled there, with the destiny myth-\> they are chosen, they are exceptional - goes back to founding fathers -Cold War-\> new frontier will be the moon ***What is an American?-\> melting pot, meritocracy, equality, leaving old World behind, lands, freeman title, agrarian outlook*** -His agrarian outlook(like Franklin and Jefferson) -He virtues of simple living in a natural environment, idealization of former American life, rural, farmers life, characterization of it - ''...near the last inhabited districts, beyond the reach of goverment,... man against every wild inhabitant... living on the flesh of the wild animals when they can catch them...'' -Emphasis on American dream for everyone, without restrictions of the Old World (Europe); become a new person but you need to leave prejudices, habits of Old World behind - ''he is an american, who, leaving behind him all his ancient prejudices... a new mode of life.'' - ''the american is a new man, who acts upon new principles'' - '' great metamorphosis... it extinguishes all his European prejudices; forgets that mechanism of subordination...'' - high aspirations, land of opportunities-\> take part in the establishment of the civilaziton, tame the wilderness - ''... they will reform, and become polished and subordinate.'' - promise of progress and self-development as well as nation\'s development-\> you are changing the land while it changes you too -The myth of America/American Dream as a haven/shelter/refugee camp for the oppressed(mazlum); - ''...land,bread,protection, ad consequence'' - ''... this is every person's country: the variety of our soils, situations, climates, goverments, and produce, have sth which must please everybody.'' - land of opportunity - ''...the avenues of trade are infinite...'' - ''from nothing to start into being; from a servant to rank of master;from being slave of some despotic prince, to become a free man...'' - land of freedom - ''title of freeman'\' - ''here they rank as citizens'' - land of abundance/vastness of land/taming the wilderness - ''does he want uncultuvated lands?thousands of acres present themselves.'' - giver of hope, promises-\> land ownership and work - the American Dream - free and frontier - land of hope/ Promised Land/ the New Eden/ New World - shelter from political, religious etc. conflicts -adressing settlement in NY( northwest Europeans) -Comparison of the New and Old world, prasing the New World - '' If he travels through rural districts, he views not the hostile castle, haughty mansion, constrasted with the clay-built hut and miserable cabbin.'' - '' A country that had no bread for him, whose fields produced him no harvest, who met with nothing but the frowns of the rich, the severity of the laws, with jails and punishments; who owned not a single foot of the extensive surface of this planet?'' - ''...here they came... new lands, a new mode of living, a new social system.'' - ''the laws, the indulgent(hoşgörülü)laws, protect them'' - ''Europe contains hardly any other distinctions but lords and tenants;this fair country alone is settled by freeholders...'' -Praise of emerging American democracy and equality-\> democratic ideals, protection and superiority of law, no tyranny or monarchy there - '' It is not composed, as in Europe, of great lords who posses every thing, and of a herd of people who have nothing.'' - ''... no aristocratical families, no courts, no kings, no bishops...'' - '' We have no princes, for whom we toil, starve and bleed...'' -Land of equality/egalitarian society, classless society-\> beacuse they are not well established \- religious tolerance-\> there is just English, christian man-\> it is homogeneous ( still there is an idealization of indifference for religion) - ''... the title of freeman, religious indifference, are their characteristics.'' -he is idealizing with myth making-\> half true, half promise with just good sides( it is not mentioning wars, starvation etc), myths hide certain realities: exploitation of natural resources and destruction of nature and other civilizations -A new beginning/fresh start, new lands, manners, laws, life -Dynamic, energetic people with mobility - '' such is our progress, such is the march of the Europeans toward the interior parts of this continent.'' -Melting pot example, end product is American identity - ''here individuals of all nations are melted into a new race of men'' - '' They are a mixture of English, Scotch,Irish, French,Dutch... from this that races now called American have arisen.'' - ''an english man, whose wife was ducth, whose son married a french woman...'' - ''the europeans become americans'' -Meritocracy: hard work for a new beginning, your merit is what matters, not ypur background - ''there is room for everybody in America: has he any particular talent or industry? He exerts it..., and it succeeds.'' ***The Significance of the Frontier in American History*** -When the frontier is over, no free lands-\> a speech is delivered at the Columbian Exposition in Chiago in 1893 -Topic: theory of frontier with american exceptionalism -Beacuse people are mobile, the frontier is also mobile-\> mobility, fluidity -American traits hyped by the frointer experince: - innovativeness - enterprise - westward movement - restlesness etc -People changing the border, the border changes the people, but you need to get rid of the old mind set of Old World -\> new product: American man -You are the ones brining civilization -Evolutions of instutions, explorers etc -Establishmint of goverments,constituons -People did everything from sratch, worked together-\> established civilization -Rivalry between South and North-\> slavery-\> who will have higher promote of power ,free or slave state - equal number of slaves and others - more slaves-\> more voices of them-\> priviliges, advantages for Southern states -Slave struggle is part of the job, it is part of the experience -Westward experience= passing through the frontier= expedetion \ West Myth - If you go to west you will find yourself, new opportunities - in time it will become a past time activity, if you have any problems you need to go to west -You are far away from Europe in every aspect, there is a new existence effort \- People go there(for job, free land etc)- try to establish a system-new pioneers come- their contributions and innovations ***What is American about America?*** -Materialism -Intellect, values: colonial mention, founding fathers, things which reminds America -Historical cultural legacy which comes from frontiers-\>American Intellect -What makes an American; The Manhattan Skyline The Skyscraper: first signs of the nation, new pioneers build them Jazz The Constitution: what makes the nation American The Model-T Ford Ford Model T - Wikipedia Mark Twain's writing: black and white in good relationship, even father son relationship Whitman's Leaves of Grass: poems, celebration of individuality in relation to society and nature as well as a celebration of America Comic strips: they are mocking themselves but at the same time they are still acknowledging their exceptionalism Soap Operas Gridiron town plan: in which streets run at right angles to each other, forming a grid  -New pioneers are modernizing the land, builders of now, ones behind the American prosperity ***Chap 2 The Country*** ***Native American Cultural Regions*** -When Europeans arrived-\> estimated 10 million Native Americans, several hundred mutually incomprehensible languages, varying social structures Woodland eastern: **-\> maize culture, housing wood** - maize/corn regions, hunting(fish=\> men), gathering & farming(women, children), agriculture, housing wood - ''maize cultures''-\> most important staple(başlıca ürün) of the people' s diet - Iroquois, Huron, Mohica, Dleware, Shawnee in the North, Powhatan, Creek, Cherokee, Seminole, Natchez in the South - Northeast, southeast Great Plains:**-\> plains, buffalo/bison hunting, warrior hunting class, arriving of horse from Spanish, portable tipi** - prairies(çeyır) & plains(ova) - lived along waterways - riverbank farming,small game hunting, gathering - hunting-\> buffalo/bison - warior hunting class - 1700-1750: horses reached from Spanish-\> food supply increased when people hunted bisons on horseback - Nomadic culture-\> hunter, gatherer - Portable tipi/ American Indian's tent - Blackfoot, Crow, Chevenne, Dakota Southwest: **-\> Apache,Navajo, pueblos(stone,adobe(kerpiç) buildings), irrigated agriculture** - Nomadic-\> hunter, gatherer, farmers, irrigated(sulamak) agriculture - Hoci,Zuni, Acoma people - Adobe(kerpiç), stone buildings called '' pueblos'' The Navajo & Apache: - later comers - Hunter, gatherer - Adopted farming from the pueblo-dwelling people - Sheep raising, peach growing, silver working - Apache groups-\> take the aspect of nomadic plain cultures(tipi, hunting buffalo on horseback, cattle raising) The California-Intermountain: **-\> fishing salmon, whaling, slavery on coastal regions, seasgoing canoes, wooden lodges** - barren territory, Colorado plateau, most of the California - Nomadic hunters - Northwest people lived in coastal villages similar to indipedent city-states - Wild plants, fishing salmon, whaling - Seasgoing canoes, massive wooden lodges/cottage - Coastel peoples were among the few non-agricultural socities to practice slavery Inuit groups: **-\> stereotype of eskimo, sea hunting, underground sod-walled houses, dog sledges, hunting big game** - native of Alaska & Aleutian Islands - Sea hunters - Hunting big game - Stereotype of ''eskimo'': a nomadic sea-hunter living in an igloo comes from the Inuit culture of far North Canada - Settled villiagers, built underground sod-walled houses - Dog sledges Indigenous Hawaians: - Gatherer-\> food from tropical forests and terrace mountainsides and irrigated their fields to grow crops *USA Contemporary Regions*  - High mobility of the population adds to homogenizing affects of popular mass culture, modern transportation, urbanization, centralization of the economy and goverment, rapid spread of information through mass and social media. - Each tribe = different nation - Natives-\> respect nature, no landownership, this is your home, no contract for working - Europeans tought-\> we will make them civilize beacuse they are uncivilized, they didn\'t built anything, no commercial of soil, they don\'t think soil is money, don't know how to benefit from nature, they are ignorat, childlike =\>just beacuse they are seeing the land the way they see, underestimated them, cultural and philosophical difference-\> exceptionalism, with expention policy to justify, tame the land tame the people The Northeast: **-\> post industrial, culturally sophisticated, cultural superiority, aspects of nation's traditional culture, large number of early colonists, economic & cultural center** Northeast region map hi-res stock photography and images - Alamy - New England & Mid-Atlantic - Densely populated - Thrifty,reserved,hard working - highly urban, post industrial, culturally sophisticated - nations economic and cultural center - cultural importance/ superiority (colleges, writers etc) with the legacy of the founding fathers - Massachusetts: large number of early colonists from Britian - Can trace several aspects of the nation's traditional core culture: - Original settlers' goal of founding a model religious community - American exceptionalism - Puritan work ethic - Optimistic individualism - Self-reliance - Self-improvement - Thrift - hard work - belief in progress New England Yankees: **-\> cradle of industry, institutions of education, research, leader in innovative business, industry, economic mastery\ travelling peddlers** - Economic ingenuity/mastery as traveling peddlers(seyyar satıcı), clipper-ship captains, mill owners - Region the cradle(beşik) of American industry - Institutions of higher education,research - Now leader in innovative business methods, publishing, high technology industry, tourist industry Northern New England: **-\> woodland mountain areas, wildlife, lumber industries, seafood business** - Less densley population, industry, logging(ağaç kesme) and lumber(kereste) industries - Woodland mountain areas, wildlife - Fishing, seafood business Mid-Atlantic: **-\> Erie Canal, Rust Belt, smokestack industries, commercial-industrial center** - Nations commercial-industrail hub/center - Country's premier port cities - The Erie Canal: joining Lake Eric to New York City - A navigable water route from the Atlantic to the Great Lakes - 1825-\> man-made waterway in New York from Albany to Buffalo at Lake Erie - **The first system between the eastern seabord, New York city, western interior** - Urban core attracted people to jobs in a variety of ''smokestack'' industries ( manufacturing industries-\> iron,steel, automotive, chemical, electric) - Closeness of its racially and ethnically mixed industrial cities - Many Latino & Asian even today - Boston seems Irish, Italian, Buffalo is Polish, New York City mostly Jewish,Italian, African, Asian, Caribbean - 1970-\> migration of heavy industries abroad and high-tech companies to the South & West resulted in ''Rust Belt'' - Rust Belt: - **Industrial Heartland of North America** - What **once** served as the **hub of American Industry** - Large scale manufacturing, industrial products, thriving coal, steel industries - Today, landscape is characterized by the presence of old factory towns, post-industrial skylines - **1960-1970**: increased globalization and competition from overseas factories caused **dissolution of this industrial center**, deterioration of the industrial region - States-\>Pennslyvania, Ohio, Michigan, Indiana,parts of Wisconsin, New York, Kentucky, West Virginia, Ontario, Canada - Major industrial cities-\> Chicago, Baltimore, Pittsburgh, Buffalo, Cleveland, Detroit  South: **-\>Cotton King, Cotton Belt, Sun Belt, confederacy, Civil War, jazz & blues, chattel slavery, plantation,plantation aristocracy,slave legacy, bible belle, White trash,** **bitterness towards Northerners, conservatism, nostalgia (esp for slavery)** - 11 states of Virginia to Texas, The lowland South on the Coastal Plain and the upland South, Creole and Caiun areas of Louisiana an the Caribbean-African influenced Sea - Formed the Confederacy during the Civil War - The first colonist = English man - Economic rahter than religious, less schooling-\> couldn't find the gold - Regional identity is more pronounced - History: Civil War - Bitterness towards Northerners - Racial tensions - Southern dialect - Music: blues, jazz -\> derived from the black music - Antebellum South: period before the Civil War - Chattel Slavery: the enslaving & owning of human beings, their offsprings as property, able to be bought, sold, forced to work - Plantation: Huge farm with a white mansions, big framing houses - agriculture labor - White master & his family + overseers + slaves - Plantation Aristocracy: a social group made up of landowners in the South who had grown wealhty by farming cash crops(tobacco, indigo, rice, cotton), agrarion tradition - Agricultural prosperity of the South based on the domination by wealthy aristocracts & the exploitation of slave labor -\> caste system - White Trash: a working class person without education, especially one living in the countryside in the Southern US, who has prejudiced ideas about other nations. - Derogatory/ humiliating terms for very poor white people - Racist, classist epithets/adj - Characteristics: - Legacy of slavery - slavery based prosperity - conservatism - aristocracy - idea of nostalgia (especially after abolishing of slavery, nostalgia of slavery times, they couldn' let it go beacuse it was their normal and cultural and economic system) - very religious - Bible Belle: gracious, polite, charming, beautiful, well-bred, lady - Looking up to England - Cotton Belt: agricultural region where cotton is the main cash crop - One confined to the per-Civil War South, the Cotton Belt was pushed West after the war. - Today North & South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, wstern Tenesse, easteern Arkansas, Louisiana, eastern Texas, southern Oklahama Cotton Belt - Wikipedia - Sun belt:  The Midwest:**-\> swing states, Rust Belt, agribusiness, family farms, agriculture, small towns, unsophisticated, typicall American, less class division, commodities market, winter wheat** - Swing state: state changes its idea in every election - Comprise ''Rust Belt'' - States bordering the Great Lakes - Industry, agriculture - Typicall American - Fertile farmland, abundant resources, farm states, independent small farmer, small towns - Agribusiness: a huge factory, plantation, harvest, selling etc is all done there - In the naitonal consciousness, the Midwest remains one region: outdated picture of an American heartland of family farms and small towns - mainly provincial(köylü,geri kafaşı) optimistic but moral and social center - Class divions are less felt - Self sufficent, pragmatic - Unsophisticated - Great Plains-\> turning them into farmland and completing the settlement of the trans- Mississippi agricultural Midwest - 1900: machinery, winter wheat -\> most productive farmland in the World - Recent decades-\> Midwestern industrial cities have made great strides toward economic and environmental recovery despite loss of manufacturing jobs, slums, urban blight - Indianapolis, Pittsburgh, Cleveland, St. Louis, Chicago: national hub of the commodities market(trade in large quantities of substances or products such as oil, metals, grain, coffee,etc) West: **-\> West mtyh, cowboy image, transformed deserts, electronics, aerosapce companies, natural parks, Silicon Valley, minning, Mormons(Utah), gold rush(San Francisco), Hollywood movies(LA), gambling(Las Vegas), desert areas=test sites during WW2,CW** - Myth, a popular set of values - Myth: possibilty, freedom, self-reliance, future-\>Cowboy image - Independent - close to the land - self-sufficent - Southwest, the mountain states, the Pacific coast,New Mexico, Arizona, parts of surronding states - Mixture of old, unusually strong Spanish-Mexican, Native American communities - Cattle & sheep-ranching, dams(baraj) on the major rivers, transformed deserts into irrigated farmlands and metropolitan areas - Warm, dry climate, mountain West-\> arid - Electronics, aerospace companies, national parks - Federal goverment is the largest landowner, dominates the economy of the mountain states - WW2-CW: federal goverment used desert areas of the Southwest as test sites for a range of nuclear and conventional weapons with effects are still the subject of the heated debate - Mining mountains' mineral riches - California, Oregon, Washington: don't share the concern for scarcity of water like other western states - Competing interest: Mexicans, Mormons... - Hostality toward Eastern federal bureaucratcs - Distress: lack of control over western land and resources - Las Vegas & Reno-\> wealth through the gambling, entertainment industries - Salt Lake City: heart of Mormon center, Utah - Mormonism: - The doctrines & policy of the Church of jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints - Founded by Josep Smith-\> claimed to have received an angelic vision telling him of the location of golden plates containing God's revelation - 1830: translated it as the Book of Mormon - Smith & his followers accepted the Bible as well as the Mormon sacred scriptures - Berkeley, The Sillicon Valley: - Southern part of the San Francisco, California - Home to many start-up & global technology companies - The term-\> regions large number of silicon chip manufacturers & came to be known as the high-tech Capital of the World - Leading high-tech hub-\> engineers, computer scientists venture capitalist & innovators - Pacific coast began with the establishment of Spanish missions in California - Russian & British domination of the Pacific Northwest - In Pacific Northwest-\> - less Latino, more New England and northwest European influence - mixed economy based on agriculture, forestry, tourism, high-technology industries - **1849:** gold rush, San Francisco-\> the first to experience rapid devepolment because its port was the entry fort he gold rush ''forty-niners'' - Los Angeles metropolis - maze of superhighways - Hollywood film - Media conglomerates, energy, defence, aerospace companies - Large Asian and Latino elements - Hawai & Alaska: - 1959: Alaska won state-hood, Hawaii became state - high immigration,majority Asian American, Japanese - Alaska-\>fishing, hunting, logging - 1898: Klondike gold rush - 1950-1960: Alaska received a wave of immingrants, wanted to escape the congestion and pollution - Negotiations over how to preserve the environment while profiting the oil - Many sided debates over the development and preservation of natural resources - Nation's management of its energy supplies - Sustainable, accelerating energy consumption - Negative side effects of fracking(hidrolik kırılma), methods of extracting fossil fuel supplies - Few Americans are ready to give up modern lifestyles and technology, quality of life in the future is dependent on reconciling environmental and pro-development interest ***Chap 3 Immigration*** Statue of Liberty/ Mother of Exiles: -America = refuge for the poor, oppressed, a nation of nations -At first for most of the foreign-born US = improvement over their situation in the old country( working class -\> middle class, poverty -\> prosperity, rise of common man) hopes for landownership \# for later generations = progress, rags(paçavra) to riches rare -cultural pluralism,plurasit society, forms of multiculturalism, metaphors of ''melting pot, salad, stew, pizza'' = question of whether integrate, assimilate, homogenization of newcomers - Liberty's torch: - light = knowledge, wisdom, civilization - enlightening the path, nation - Liberty: - woman = mother of exiles - welcoming these poorest, exiled ones - first welcoming/ intimacy - representation of hope and American dream, welcome for ''everybody'' - The New Colossus poem: supporting the ideology, myth making-\> american dream, idealization of immigration, emphasize American's mission as a refuge, remşnd immigrants they are immigrants or descends of immigrants - Contrary to Liberty's symbolism; - Struggles of newcomers - Resistance to pluralism \ transformative for their life style, expand their food opportunities harita, metin, atlas, dünya içeren bir resim Açıklama otomatik olarak oluşturuldu The Great Chain of Being:  - European mentality - Taming the nature comes from this idea-\> try to civilize the nature, own the land, service of nature - Blamed natives for laziness Pantehism: - Native mentality - The view that God is identical with cosmos, there exist nothing which is outside of god, equates god with the forces and laws of nature. - Universe = nature = god - The Founders: **-\> indentured servants, Maryland, Massachusetts, Catholics, Pilgrims, Puritnas, Pennsylvania, Quakers,** - E pluribus unum = out of many, one - The settlers who established the colonies, created customs, laws, institutions - Spanish: Florida, Southwest, California (1500-1600) - French: trade - English: Jamestown, Virginia (first permanent settlements of English) - Crown legalized companies that undertook the colonization of America as private commercial enterprises. - Search for gold, sea passage to Asian market - 1619-\> first African laborers as indentured(sözleşmeli) servants = free people who contracted for five to seven years of servitude - First African laborers moved to frontiers when their contract was done English Colonial Settlements 1600s Map » Shop US & World History Maps -- Ultimate Globes Maryland 1630s: **-\> haven for catholics, rice, indigo** - Haven for Catholics - Most persecuted(zulüm edilmiş) minority - English aristocrats financed Georgia, Carolinas as commercial investments, experiments in social organization - Cash crops-\> rice, indigo(çivit otu) - Warred with the natives Massachusetts: **-\> established by merchants, Pilgrims, Puritans,** - established by merchants, looking for gold, unsettled land, trading activities, explorers, merchant colonies - Pilgrims( radical separatist from the Church of England) founded the first northern - wanted escape religious oppression in England - Puritans(purify the church) established much larger Massachusetts Bay colony in 1630 - City on a hill - Reformed - Intolerance towards dissenters, other religious groups -\> most homogeneous region Middle Colonies: **-\> Dutch, Swedish, Quakers** - New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania - Dutch, Swedish were here -\> fur trade - Cheap land, religious freedom = tolerance - Dutch: New York, New Jersey - Precedent/examplary of toleration for many ethnic, racial, religious groups - Pennsylvania: - William Pen( an aristocratic Quaker) was sent to as a religious refugee - Quakers: founders of Pennsylvania - A member of Religious Society of Friends - A faith that emerged as a new Christian denomination in England (mid 1600s) - Inward Light: God is accesible to everyone, the spirit of God is in everyone - Direct Access-\> church authority & bible are subordinate - Holy days, buildings, rites, ceremonies, clergy are-\> unnecessary, distractions - Value all people equally-\> social equality - Social activism, simplicity, peace, tolerance - Against alcohol, war =\> peace movement 1\. Wave, Colonial Immigration, 1680-1776: **-\> tradition of pioneers of the frontier, WASP originiated, first mention of melting pot, slave ships, German, Ireland, Scoth-Irish** -domination of Anglo-Americans remained clear but the first wave had played a major role in leaving America a tradition of pioneers of the frontier -diverse, religious tolerance, federal system of goverment -dissimilar states -British, German, Irish, Scadanivian, Northern + Western Europe, Anglo-Saxon protestant culture,basically from Europe -\> welcoming anglosaxon culture -WASP orginiated from this era - Came for economic gain, religious freedom - Anglo-American culture - ''individuals of all nations are melted into a new race of man'' = melting pot, first stated by an immigrant French farmer in 1782 -\> only race to melt was northwest Europeans - Africans arrived after surviving the appaling conditions, brutal treatment on slave ships - Scots-Irish: - Largest group of immigrants ( voluntary newcomers) - Paid their passage across the Atlantic by becoming indentured servants - When their services was finished, most took their ''freedom dues'' = a small sum of money + tools, settled on cheap frontier land - Stereotype of frontier folk - German immigrants: - the largest non-English speaking group - Lived closely, in frontier - ''Germanize us instead of us Anglicizing them'' - Ireland: - Catholic male servants - Religious discrimination - Compact settlement, religion, school = communial life style 2\. Wave, Old Immigrants 1820-90: **-\> frontier over, pull factor=jobs, industrializaiton, mechanisation,mass production, Germans, Irish Potato Famine, Irish Ape Stereotype, Homestead Act 1862, Chinese Exclusion Act 1862, Know Nothing, American Party,discovery of gold, setamships & trains** - Largest immigraiton groups: German, Irish, Britans, Scandinavians, including French, Canadians, Chinese, Swiss, Dutch - Frontier was over = no more lands to offer, jobs offered instead-\> pull factor was work, US needed skilled and unskilled labor - no need for people to settle down, need for workforce/labor, not freedom vs aristocracy ( almost all contries have democracy in this stage) - be nation builders-\> evolution of the dream, promise - discovery of gold - multiculturalism - Territorial goverments sent immigration agents to Europe - industrializaiton started - Pull factors: attractions-\> education, second change, idea of refugee, employment, landownership, jobs, religious freedom, tolerance of politics and religion - Push factors: push people from their own home town, push them to immigrate, poverty, lack of opportunity, nobility, class society - German Jews, push factor -\> religious persecution, political unrest, economy - Germans: - were welcomed -\> technical knowledge, industry - stereotyped: criticized for clannishness, habit of drinkinng - targets of temperance(ölçülülük)movement - Americans excluded German Jews - Rapid growth of cities, growing population encouraged farmers to switch to large-scale production-\> machinery in farming, mechanisation, mass production - 1800s -\> industrial revolution, international trade spread from Britan to US & Continent - Cities offered work, people moved where the jobs were - Stage migration: moving first to the city, after some years, from there a foreign country - Steamships and trains-\> made migraiton safer, faster, cheaper - Homestead Act 1862: a federal law that gave an applicant freehold title to 160-640 acres of undeveloped land outside the original 13 colonies - Required steps: - Land for the taking-\> to anyone who registered & pledged to live on it & cultivate it for 5 years - Ended in 1976 (in Alaska 1986) Settlement Patterns & Nativisim: -settled farmlands -manufacturing center of Northeast -frontier cities of Midwest and Pacific coast -markets for domestic servants, mill, factory workers, miners, sailors, fishermen, building workers -immigrants arrived in 1840s-1850s - The Irish Potato Famine 1845-49: - Ireland - Irish: - Catholic - Anti-Catholic bigots(yobaz)-\> burned convents(manastır), churces,1830 - Schools' attempt to Americanize immigrant children - Potato crop failed in succesive years - Consequences: death of roughly 1 million - survivors immigrated to US in order to survive - 1845-1855: more then 1.5 million left the land to seek refuge in America - Most were poor, suffering from starvation, disease - Settled in Boston, New York other cities - The Irish Ape Stereotype: black and Irish are equal - xenophobia, fear of losing white supremacy -\> myth making was used in negative way - Nativisim: - Opposition to immigration or efforts to lower the political or legal status of specific ethnic or cultural groups bc the groups-\> hostile, ailen to natural culture, can not be assimilated - How we can have white supremacy - Anti-foreign agitation/ worry peak-\> 1850s - Started groups such as ''Know Nothing, American Party''-\> must triple the time to gain US citizenship, restrict immigrations' voting rights - Nativist: people who were born in America & were opposed to immigrants - Complains: newcomers were uneducated, poor, non-democratic background, Catholic (Irish), willing to work for next to nothing ( which drove down American wages) - **Chinese Exclusion Act 1882:** - The **first significant law restrictting immigration** into the US - Reasons for opposition: - Many Americans on the West Coast attributed declining wages & economic ills to Chinese workers - they are stealing our jobs - you can not assimilate them so they have to go 3\. Wave, New Immigrants 1890-1930:**-\> falling transportation prices, employment in agriculture, Lower East Side Tenements, settlement houses, buffer zones, eugenics, Zangwill's Melting Pot play, National Quota Act, Immigration Restriction 1920,Immigration Act of 1924/The Johnson-Reed Act, WW2= bracero program,interment camps, CW= Mc-Carran Waltar Act 1952, brain-drain, The Immigration Act of 1965, family reunificaiton** -arrivals from southern and eastern Europe -largest groups: Italian, Jews(bc of religious persecution), Poles, Hungarians, Mexicans, -Russians, Czechs, Greeks, Portugues, Syrians, Japanese,Filipinos -religions, languages, manners, dress of Slavic and Asian peoples-\> exotic, incomprehensible -immigrants-\> dream of bettering their own and their children's future -religious persecution/ oppression -late 1800s-\> falling train and steamship ticket prices = migration affordable, cheap travel -birds of passage: new immigrants, who stayed only long enough to save money to buy land or small business in the old country -bc frontier is closed, employment in agriculture -Japanese-\> California -industries in the big cities of the Northeast and Midwest Lower East Side Tenements: \# to effort to progress - Section of the city was home to Africans freed from slavery, followed by Irish, German, Southern Italian, Eastern European,Sepharic Jewish immigrants-\> fleeing from starvation,political turmoil,oppression,economic deprivation - Overcrowded, poorly lit, ventilated tenements of the Lower east Side NY were once home to hundreds of thousands of recent Jewish immigrants - Children were working-\> advertisement of education A renewed immigration debate and immigration restriction: - Crime,overcrowding, unsanitary conditions, epidemics, immigrant - Foreigners can't be assimilated, integrated - Settlement houses: reformers established, organizations that provided support services to the urban poor and immigrants - Buffer zones: where immigrants could use their mother tounge and follow their country's traditions - Superior: with nordic origin, close to WASP, must rule bc of their genetics - Inferior: immigrants, they inherited bad features, like laziness - Didn't want to mix inefior to superior - 1908, ısrael Zangwill's play The Melting Pot-\> popularized the idea, diverse groups in US would eventually fuse/join many races and cultures through intermarriage and become a new people. - Melting pot-\> mongrelizaiton(melezleştirme) of white race - Cultural pluralism - Restriction, regulation of immigration - Foreigners could apply for citizenship as soon as they have arrived-\> become citizens and vote in 5 years - Ellis Island: - Screening deport for immigrants in New York Bay - Detention center to interrogate Asian immigrants - National Quota Acts: - Climax of a campaign for restriction - Listing of banned groups, included contract laborers, Chinese,convicts,prostitues,lunatics,idiots,paupers,polygamists - (çok eşli),political radicals,Japanese,illiterates - Eugenics(ırk ıslahı): early 1900s - Pseudo-scientific(sözde bilimsel) racism - Superiority of Anglo-Saxons over all other ''races'' - Argued that parents from '' good stock'' produce healthier & intellectually superior children - ''traits'' ( poverty, shiftlessness, criminality, poor work ethic) were inherited - people with Nordic ancestry -\> inheritly superior to others =\> despite an obvious lack of evidence & scientific proof - racial improvement - planned breeding - If they are having problems it is bc they inherited bad qualities, poverty, idleness, this won\'t change so we shouldn\'t allow them to come -\> if they marry they will reproduce and these bad qualities will pass on - Philosophy & social movement that argues it is possible to improve the human race & society by-\> - Immigration Restriction 1920: - a series of immigration quotas - Were applied by a country-by-country basis - Restricted immigration from Southern & eastern Europe more than from Northern & Western Europe - Immigration Act of 1924(The Johnson-Reed Act) - Russian Revolution of 1917 - Quota Act reduced the annual number of European comers - 1924: Asian Exclusion Act, ended all immigration from Asia nations - National Origins Quota Act reduced European nationality quotas to 2 percent Wartime Policies and the Search for Principle in Immigration Policy: -Writing immigration law -Quota Acts ended the new immigration, arrivals of old immigrants fell -Non-quota states in the Western Hemisphere -\> Mexico, Puerto Rico -The depression of 1930 -\> stop to mass immigration -Nazi and facist regimes caused an enormous flow of refugees -Rising of anti-Semitism (hatred of Jewish) -WW2, Cold War caused several contrasting shifts in policy - During WW2: - Bracero program: Temporary farm labor from Mexico \ - Cold War: - Cold War refugees from communist countries ( exp Hungary, Cuba) came - Mc-Carran Waltar Act 1952: - Stated that race was no longer a reason for refusing sm an immigrant visa, instead it started ''brain-drain'' - Still kept the national origins principle, gave many Third World countries tiny quotas, made communist or socialist associations a bar to immigraiton -The Immigraiton Act of 1965: - Replaced national origins quotas with hemispheric limits to annual immigration - Set principles for selecting immigrants - Family reunificaiton - Relatives of American citizens or resident aliens - Brain-drain by reserving 20 percent of visas for skilled people -make up for past injustices to southern and eastern Europenas with family reunificaiton visas for siblings, grown children -\ hope would lead to reappearance of the ''new'' immigrants \- but in time it became clear that other nations benefited from this much more than the Europeans -\> Asians, Latin Americans students from Third World countries esp(Asians) 4\. Wave 1965-present: **-\> hemispheric limits to migration, undocumented or illegal immigrants, Asian-Americans, recruited Latino women, chain migration, invention of word Hispanics, Vietnam War, IRCA, Immigration Act of 1990,1990 economic boom, 9/11 attack, USA Patriot Act of 2002** -Immigration with hemispheric limits -Thousands of immediate relatives and refugees outside, illegal ailens who cross borders without papers or with false ones or arrive at airports on studet or tourist visa and overstay -10.8 million were in the country as **undocumented or illegal immigrants** **-Central America, Asia** -\> chief global regions to send people to US -Mexican immigration began to fall -Latin-America -including those coming in illegally- was surpassed by Asia, **Asian Americans** replaced Hispanics -\> **most rapidly growing racial group** -1970s-1980s: bc of **Vietnam War** people from Southeast Asia came **-Latino women were recruited** ( finded to work) by agencies as live-in domestic servants, nannies - They caused -\> Chain migration: immigrants from a particular area follow others from that area to a particular destination Attitudes to Immigrants, Contemporary: \- large foreign-born settlements have given rise to contemporary racism and nativism -broad stereotypes -**increasing acceptance-\> exception of non-white groups** (their integraiton takes longer) -**opposition of Latinos**: - Grown to be a larger community than African Americans - Brown skinned, culturally distinct - word **''hispanics'' invented**-\> in the popular mind it means illegal immigrants bc of the large number of immigrants unlawfully crossing the border with Mexico until 1990s \- **opposition of Muslims** -republicans made immigration restriction and the elimination of illegal entries major goals -undocumented, illegal immigration: - People say tolerating illegal immigration-\> encourages disregard of law, lowers wages for other workers, undermines the 1965 law (gives all nations an equal chance for immigration visas) - Others say-\> illegal immigrants take unwanted jobs that gives less than the legal minimum wage, work in substandard conditions, while needing the benefits of social welfare programs don't dare to reveal themselves with the fear of deportation - illegals: Mexicans(52 percent), also from Ireland, China, Nigeria,Iran etc - stagnation(stop developing) of wages, disappearance of industrial jobs for Americans with a high school educaiton or less -\> opinions against illegals - **IRCA/ Immigration Reform and Control Act**: - Response to debates - Attemped to **reduce illegal immigration** & expressing **acceptance and giving rights to people already inside** - Set **fines and penalties -\> employers who hire illegals** - **Prevent employment discrimination** - **Offered amnesty**(legal immigrant status)-\> who had stayed in the US for 4 years, many temporarily resident farm workers - Encouraged surge of illegal immigrants -Asians-\> became model minority-\> respect for parents, educaiton, hard work. But this ignores-\> those who come with little money and education, problems of ones who exprienced wartime traumas, job discrimination, violence -**Immigration Act of 1990:** - national policy became more liberal - **raised immigrant visas** - **removed restrictions** of -\> homosexuals, communists, people from nations adversley affected by the 1965 law, and additional family members -**economic boom of 1990**: the shortage of labor made Americans willing to overlook illegal immigration \- **9/11 attack:** - Majorities favored-\> strengthening border controls, decrease in legal immigrations - In response -\> **USA Patriot Act of 2002:** - **Biometric identity checks** - Intensified **surveillance**(gözetleme) of foreign-born - Called in immigrants for **questioning**, possible **detention,deportation** -\> esp **Arab Americans** -legal new comers: long-term temporary residents(foreign students,visiting skilled, profesional workers, green card holders) \- the rises in total immigration annualy-\> what captures attention of public debates \- DREAM Act/ Development,Relief, Educaiton for Alien Mİnors Act of 2010: FAILED WITH ONE VOTE - Obama administration's attempt - Rally congressional majorities by carefully limiting its aid to deserving children and young people whose entry or birth in the US was their parents choice - Applicants: - Had to have come when they were minors(under 16), who couldn't legally decide for themselves - Must lived in the same community in the US - Have no criminal record - Be enrolled in a school or graduate or be a member or a veteran of army Reason for its failure: they would use their legal status to help immediate relatives enter under the family reunificaiton, would cause an unacceptable surge(akın) in immigration -DACA/ Deferred Action program for Chilhood Arrivals: - Obama - Give new chance to the same young people he tired with DREAM Act -Trump has promised tor verse Obama's executive orders, claims deport undocumented immigrants who have criminal records, potential terrorists, erect an effective barrier on the nation's southern boundary ***Owen Wister:* -\> cucko vs eagle, losing our nation, they are trying to make our home their home** -1921, post-war -racist, nativist, anti-immigrant, against communists, marxists -taking the side of the uncle Sam -1917 Bolshevick Revolution: - They seize power - marksits plans of world revolution and protestant rule gained control of Russia\'s goverment lead by Lenin - 1921 the first red scare,zenophobia,KKK revival -cucko vs eagle = immigrants vs Americans: - Cucko = immigrants, eagle = US - Cuckos never build their own nest, lay their eggs in the nest of some other bird - ''Our country is crowded with cuckos, all very busy laying eggs.'' - Immigrants-\> worm their way into natives schools,colleges, inflame the minds of their native youngs - ''Trotzky Cuckos, Marx Cuckos, Kaiser Cuckos'' - Ailen eggs are being laid in American nets-\> native blood is diminishing - Inheritence of Liberty is undermined,polluted - Want to make our home theirs, replaced their home here - ''...cuckos who would like to change New York's name to Moscow and call Broadway Lenine Street,... Washington Dublin.'' - We are losing our nation ***Madison Grant*:-\> eugeneicist, mixing of races = domination of inferior, can't change genetics, acting American doesn't make you American, with mixing we will have their problems** -Eugeneicist \- Environment has no impact on heredity - ''...widespread and fatuous/idiotic belief in the power of environment, education,opportunity to alter heredity'' \- mixing/mongrelizaiton of two races will always result with the domination of inferior race - ''what that melting pot actually does in practice can be seen in Mexico, blood of original Spanish conquerors by the native Indian population has produced the racial mixture called Mexican'' - '' The cross between a White man and a negro is negro, a White man + a hindu = hindu, any of the three European races + Jew = Jew'' \- If you have mixing of people (with inferiors), we will have the same problems with them \- Metaphor of light: - Light: privileged, pure & dark: undesirable, almost evil -othering \- Supporter of Eugenectic, against melting pot, mixing of races(miscegenaiton) \- There were laws against interracial marriage(anti-miscegenation laws) and later they were overturned by the Supreme Court in 1967 -Even if inferior came here and act like us he will not change bc heredity decides people fate, situation - ''speaking English,wearing good clothes,going school, to church, doesn't transform a negro into a white man'' -supported supperior and inferior qualities -development are fixed for it by heredity and not by environment ***Michael Lee Cohen, David:* -\> Koreans = spacegoat of White people's actions, blacks are intimidating, not qualified, Hispanics and Koreans have things in common, Watts Riot 1965, Rodney King Case 1991, Latasha Harlins 1991** -1993 \- Korean + Hispanic vs black \- came for economic opportunities \- language barrier \- Koreatown to suburbs -South Central LA = urban decay, street crime - ''Lotta blacks'' - '' doesn' t have good things to say about blacks'' - 'I was intimidated'' - '' a lot of frictions between Koreans and blacks'' -He didn't hire any black bc - ''... know none of them are qualified'' -but hired Hispanics - '' work reall hard'' -Hispanics and Koreans = lots of in common - ''Spacegoat/victims of what white people are doing, we become the white people of the region'' Watts Riot 1965: - The first major racially-fueled rebellion of the 1960s - Riot due to the racial tension in Watts ( neighborhood in LA-\> mostly black and poor) - Lasted 5 days - 34 died, 1,100 injured, 4,000 arrested, 600 buildings destroyed, 35 million dollars damage Rodney King Case 1991: - King-\> seen as speeding & refused to pull over, police chased him - When he stopped he didn't obey commands to lie down, charged one of the officers - Police struck King with a baton & put him on the ground (mixed interpretations) - He didn't listen commands, they say he may have taken some drugs - They used a stun-gun, they beat him-\> bc they believed he was dangerous - 4 cops indicated/ 4 acquitted by a jury of 10 whites, 1 Latino, 1 Asian Latasha Harlins 1991: - 15 years old Latasha-\> shot and killed by a Korean-American liquor store owner in South LA store - Harlin's death came just 13 days after the videotaped beating of Rodney King - Soon Ja Du saw thought Harlin's was stealing - Du confronted & grabbed Harlins, Harlins punched Du 4 times, Du shoot Harlins in the back of her head while she was living the store - Du convicted manslaughter & given 5 years probation(şartlı tahliye), 400 hours community services, fined 500 dollars - The store was later firebombed -The incident & sentencing heightened already existing tensions between African American residents & Asian American merchants in the area -\> these tensions would be one of the catalysts of the 1992 LA Riots ***Joan and Charlotte:* -\> Vietnam war, Vietnamese politician who became liquor store owner, moral differences=respect for parents, materalism=West, spituarislm=east,corruption of young immigrants** -Right after Vietnam war \- Marshall Ky: - Vietnamese politician - served as the PM of South Vietnam, then Vice President - after defeat of South Vietnam in 1975, he fled to the US, lived in California and ran a grocery -People believed political refugees are rich, have hidden money and thus people thought he is the same -Problems with adjusting esp morally: - Moral difference regarding respect, child raising, controlling children, cultural corruption in US - east = spituarilsm, west = materialism - ''I know a multimillionaire in here but all he worries about is making more money'' =\> difference in mentality - first generation problem, fear of losing their identity - '' teenagers adjust very quick and it corrupts them'' - difference betwwen East and West - ''we believe in destiny'' \- Southern California - ''hate politics, business opportunities are better, biggest concentration of Vietnamese'' ***Al Santoli:* -\> wetbacks, illegal immigration, 1996 Immigration Law, employers paying chas bc of law=immigrants can't prove they have been there for enough time in order to get the amnesty** -Mojados/ wetbacks/ river people -burros: men who carry people on their backs to cross them to other side of the river -\> illegal immigration, undocumented immigration - Dangers: - River itself - ''some friends of mine have died'' - Thiefs waiting on the land - Migra: petrol police \- work in farmers across the river, not steady jobs \- difficulties - '' we hoped to find a job and live comfortably, but our main purpose is to survive'' -1996 Immigraiton Law: strict penalty on businesses hiring illegal workers - ''landlord threw all of the receipts, we have no proof that we have been living here enough years to qualify for amnesty(genel af)'' - ''...employers wanted to protect themselves. They didn't pay us with checks, it was always cash.'' - '' immigraiton police are putting presure on people who hire undocumented workers.''