Week 5: North American Ethnic Food Landscape PDF

THE AMERICAS South and Central Americas United States of America 1  Food History of the Americas Part 2: South & Central America and the USA...

THE AMERICAS South and Central Americas United States of America 1  Food History of the Americas Part 2: South & Central America and the USA 3. The United States 1. Pre-Columbian 2. The Columbian America Exchange Historical Slavery Modern The Inca The The Background Food (South Aztecs Cahokia Scene America) and (North Mayans America) (Central Ingredients Ingredients Sugar Cane America) Originating Originating and the Story The 13 History America the from Outside of the Colonies “Melting Pot” America America Modern The Civil History History World Founding War Development of History Fathers and Regional Cuisine Organization Importance The American Civil Rights Agriculture of Corn Revolution and the 20th Prohibition and Agriculture Century Impact on Bar Agriculture How big Declaration of Culture Cities Fall The Humble Three Independence Impact on Potato Sisters American The USA on the Landmark Food World Food Quinoa Cacao Events Culture Scene 2 Chile Vanilla Chile and others To fully understand the impact of World Cuisine on North America, we must first understand the impact of pre-Columbian foods on the world. FOOD8000 A. Rajabalee 3 Pre- Columbian American Empires FOOD8000 A. Rajabalee 4  FOOD8000 A. Rajabalee 5 Note: Captain Blood at de.wikipedia South America: The Inca Empire (“Sky People”)  Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Chile, Columbia, Argentina,  Inti, the god of the sun – Gold is “the sweat of the sun”  Walls and buildings were covered in sheets of gold. Most of it was melted down by the Spanish conquistadores.  Machu Pichu (discovered 1911) FOOD8000 A. Rajabalee 6 Terraced Farming FOOD8000 A. Rajabalee 7 Potato Corn Chile Chocolate FOOD8000 A. Rajabalee 8 QUINOA  Referred to as the ‘mother grain’  Native to the Andes, high in protein a good source of protein for vegetarians.  200 years ago German scientist Alexander Humboldt said “quinoa was what wine was to the Greeks, wheat was to the Romans and cotton to the Arabs”  resilient to droughts and poor soil could help boost global food security, according to UN's Food and Agriculture Organization. Note. BBC News FOOD8000 A. Rajabalee 9 POTATO FOOD8000 A. Rajabalee 10 Potato in Peru  Domesticated between 3700 & 3000BC  Over 4,000 varieties used by the Inca which forbade peeling a potato  Invented freeze-dried potatoes (chuños) as insurance against food shortages  Varieties of root crops were a significant source of carbohydrates, but it was the potato that captured world attention.  Protein shortages were not uncommon https://c1.staticflickr.com/5/4100/4805435220_490c3edec5_b.jpg FOOD8000 A. Rajabalee 11 North Americans LOVE potatoes… http://www.mcdonalds.ca/ca/en/menu/full_menu/snacks/fries.html#/ FOOD8000 A. Rajabalee 12   After the conquest of the Inca Empire, the Spanish bring the potato to Europe in the 16th century  Slow to be adopted, most of The Potato in Europe regarded potatoes as dangerous, even causing Europe such ailments as leprosy, syphilis, narcosis, early death, sterility, nymphomania, and of destroying the soil where it grew FOOD8000 A. Rajabalee 13   Reluctance gradually dissipates and the potato becomes widely grown in the US in 1719  In France, 1771, Antoine- Auguste Parmentier, a chemist and botanist examines the famine relieving properties of the potato. Adoption  Parmentier convinces Louis XVI to grow them in closely guarded fields.  Curiosity peeked, French farmers take advantage of a deliberate pause in security, steel the potatoes and grow them on their own land. Jules Bastien Lepage FOOD8000 A. Rajabalee 14  Potage Parmentier http://colnect.com http://www.cuisineculinaire.com/recipe/potage-parmentier/ Parmentier’s Legacy Hachis Parmentier Pommes Parmentier http://regimeweightwatchers.centerblog.net/139-hachis-parmentier FOOD8000 A. Rajabalee 15 http://www.cuisinealafrancaise.com/fr/recettes/feculents/pommes-parmentier Squash  Squash originated in Bolivia and surrounding areas as early as 500BC  Today there are many varieties we don’t see outside of South America.  The male blossom is used in cuisine.  Commonly seen in what cuisine? FOOD8000 A. Rajabalee 16   Wide variety of fruits are indigenous to the Andes that we are slowly seeing in North America now:  Cape gooseberry, pepino, tamarillo, cherimoya Fruit  Giant Colombian blackberry, inga pods (or ice cream bean) FOOD8000 A. Rajabalee 17 Pre- Columbian American Empires FOOD8000 A. Rajabalee 18 Central America: The Aztecs and Mayans Note. Aztec calendar. pexels.com. 273099 FOOD8000 A. Rajabalee 19   Mayans farmed efficiently. Instead of fields spread apart, time consuming to get to, they combined their three staple crops – corn, bean, squash – known as the ‘three sisters farming’ THREE  Corn stalks grew straight up, SISTERS acting as a trellis to support the beans as they wound upwards FARMING and at the base the squash plant’s big, broad leaves kept moisture in the soil.  Bees also appeared throughout the codices. Cinnamon, cloves, nutmeg, allspice used for seasoning. Note. University of Illinois Extension FOOD8000 A. Rajabalee 20  Note. Metate. Mexicolore AZTEC  Aztecs built their capital city, Tenochtitlan [ten-OHCH- teet-lahn] on an island in the middle of a lake because of a spiritual sign, an eagle landed on a heart shaped Agricultural cactus fruit.  Aztecs very powerful, skilled engineers, built roads Revolution above the lake water, drained swamps.  Invented chinampas, land and irrigation ditches that looked like floating fields! FOOD8000 A. Rajabalee 21 VANILLA  Vanilla is the only edible member of the orchid family  Originated in the lowland tropical forests of Central America & northern part of South America  Used to perfume temples as the Europeans had done in the Middle Ages with cinnamon.  Grows on vines that climb supporting trees, called ‘tutor’ trees. Flower opens one morning for at most 8 hours, when they have to be hand pollinated. The flower never opens again.  9 months later the vine produces long green pods FOOD8000 A. Rajabalee 22  The word corn first used to describe any grain, like barley or wheat.  The word maize (what Americans mean to describe corn on the cob) came from the Spanish, who learned it Corn and from the indigenous tribes of the Caribbean Maize  Domesticated in central Mexico by 3400BCE. Note. University of Alaska, Fairbanks Confusion  Became a basic crop which spread north into the American southwest and south to the Inca empire.  Chicha – corn beer 23 FOOD8000 A. Rajabalee CORN USES tamales tacos tortillas “Mexican Truffles” Huitlacoche [wheat-la-COH-chay] A fungus which grows on the ear of the corn. Start out white then turns black. Considered a delicacy. Farmers hate it, consider it a blight because it destroys the corn. To them it is just corn smut! Note. Wikimedia Commons FOOD8000 A. Rajabalee 24 The Many Forms of Grains: Corn Cornmeal Hominy Grits (used for masa harina) Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada, Inc. FOOD8000 A. Rajabalee 25 Cacao Tree  One of the most important trees to spring from maize god’s body was the cacao tree. FOOD8000 A. Rajabalee 26 Drinking chocolate  Chocolate was the beverage of nobles, warriors and Aztec emperors.  It was served after a banquet with tobacco to smoke for male bonding Note. Mexicolore FOOD8000 A. Rajabalee 27 FOOD8000 A. Rajabalee 28 CHILE PEPPERS  Chile peppers are the number one spice in the world  Originated in Bolivia 7,000 years ago. Domesticated 4,000 years ago.  Like the Inca, Maya, Aztecs natives of now American Southwest seasoned their food with chile peppers  After the Columbian Exchange, many cultivars of chili pepper spread across the world, used for both food and traditional medicine.  China is currently the #1 producer, producing half the world supply.  Brought to Spain in 1493, literature about the medicinal effects. Chilies were grown as botanical curiosities in monasteries. FOOD8000 A. Rajabalee 29 Chile peppers  Christian monks experimented with the culinary potential; pungency offered a substitute for black peppercorns.  Chili peppers spread to Asia with Portuguese traders  Spice trade routes then dominated by Portuguese and Arab traders.  Introduced in India by the Portuguese towards the end of 15th century  Today chilies are an integral part of Indian and Southeast Asian cuisines. FOOD8000 A. Rajabalee 30  HEAT LEVEL TYPE OF PEPPER  0-100  Bell  2,500 – 5,000  Jalapeno, Mirasol HEAT SCALE -  5,000 – 15,000  Serrano SCOVILLE  15,000 – 30,000  Chile de Arbol UNITS  50,000 – 100,000  Chiltepin, cayenne, tabasco  100,000 – 350,000  Habanero, Scotch Bonnet  1,150,000 – 2,000,000  Civilian pepper spray Note. ©KyivnataliS/shutterstock  2,500,000 – 5,300,000  Police - grade pepper spray  15,000,000 – 16,000,000  Pure capsaicin FOOD8000 A. Rajabalee 31 https://www.goodfreephotos.com/albums/united-states/illinois/cahokia-mounds/illinois-cahokia-half-picture-of-cahokia.jpg North America: Cahokia FOOD8000 A. Rajabalee 32   In the centre of pre-Colombian North America, a city of huge pyramids rose from the flat lands on the banks of the Mississippi river in 700 CE, just east of present day St. Louis  100 flat top pyramid mounds, aligned with the rising North and setting sun, and constellations. America:  Cahokia reached a population of 10,000 – 20,000. In Cahokia 1250 it was larger than London, England.  Historian believe the city was wiped out by European diseases spread by the Spanish from Mexico. By the time Americans reached the Mississippi in 18th century, Cahokia was a ghost town. This would then happen to the Inca, Aztecs and other indigenous peoples FOOD8000 A. Rajabalee 33 Common Native American Foods  A: Succotash  B: Bean Bread  C: Fry Bread  D: Baked Acorn Squash  E: Fish and Corn Mush  F: Baked Beans https://www.journalofethnicfoods.net/article/S2352-6181(16)30075-0/pdf FOOD8000 A. Rajabalee 34 The Columbian Exchange FOOD8000 A. Rajabalee 35  Standard Spanish food which would have been mostly dried or salted: rice, and dried chickpeas; beef pork, anchovies and sardines preserved in salt. Casks of olive oil; enough wine to provide each man with 1 ½ litres ration each day. FOOD ON Hardtack = unleavened, rock hard flour, water and salt biscuit which was more hospitable to weevils & parasites BOARD Supplemented with any fresh fish they caught. Dried fruit, if any, was for the officers. No vegetables. No cook on board, crew took turns cooking the midday meal over a fogon, an open iron box. FOOD8000 A. Rajabalee 36 FOOD8000 A. Rajabalee 37 Beginning of the end Aboriginals had no immunity to European diseases, not even the common cold. Stage is set for one of the most devastating population annihilations. Smallpox was believed to be carried by one of Columbus’s crew. Spread like wildfire in early 1500’s. https://www.sciencemag.org/sites/default/files/images/contact-1-BAL-209236_0.jpg FOOD8000 A. Rajabalee 38  https://www.statista.com/statistics/1171896/pre-colonization-population-americas/ https://native-land.ca/ FOOD8000 A. Rajabalee 39 Genocide of Indigenous Peoples  Pre-contact estimates over 10-113 million Native Americans living here  By 1900 estimated population was under 300,000  Native Americans were subjected to many different forms of violence, all with the intention of destroying the community.  In the late 1800s, blankets from smallpox patients were distributed to Native Americans in order to spread disease.  Wars, and violence was encouraged; for example, European settlers were paid for each Penobscot person they killed.  Food Systems were intentionally destroyed  Residential School systems destroyed families and culture  In the 20th century, civil rights violations were common, and discrimination continues to this day. FOOD8000 A. Rajabalee 40 From Europe, Africa & Asia to the Americas GRAINS & VEGETABLES, HERBS, SPICES & FRUITS ANIMALS LEGUMES Lettuce Apple  Beet  Cat  Barley Mustard Banana  Broccoli  Cattle  Chickpeas Nutmeg Cherry  Cabbage  Lentil Olive Grape  Chicken  Carrot Onion Lemon  Oats  Celery  Dog Parley Melons  Rice Pepper-black Orange  Cilantro  Donkey  Rye Radish Peach  Cinnamon  Goat  Sugar Cane Sage Pear  Cucumber  Horse  Wheat Salad greens Pomegranate  Coffee  Pig Sesame Plum  Eggplant Soy Quince  Rat  Garlic Turnip Watermelon  Sheep Yam  Ginger  Lavender FOOD8000 A. Rajabalee 41 FROM THE AMERICAS TO EUROPE Grain, legumes, Animals Vegetables & spices Fruits medicine, nuts  Allspice  Beans, kidney, lima, navy  Avocado  Turkey  Amaranth  Cashew  Blueberry  Muscovy Duck  Beans –green  Corn (maize)  Cacao  Jicama  Peanut  Cranberry  Peppers, bell  Quinoa  Tomato  Peppers, hot  Tobacco  Papaya  Potatoes, sweet  Wild rice (a grain, not rice)  Pineapple  Potatoes, white  strawberry  Squash, incl. pumpkin  Sunflower  Vanilla FOOD8000 A. Rajabalee 42 Paella: Old and New World  Paella refers to the pan in which it is cooked  Classic ingredients are Old World rice, several kinds of meat, olive oil, and saffron  New World green beans, tomato, paprika Note. Wikimedia FOOD8000 A. Rajabalee 43  The introduction of chocolate, coffee, and tea into Europe caused a rise in demand for sugar, while availability of sugar increased the demand for chocolate, coffee and tea. A sugar spiral developed: as sugar became more available, its price dropped, it became more available to more people. Caribbean: Sugar What had been a medicine for the rich in the Middle Ages was a staple for even the poor by the middle of the eighteenth century. FOOD8000 A. Rajabalee 44 TRIANGLE TRADE  Caribbean: sugar and rum from Caribbean to Europe, goods from Europe to Africa, slaves from Africa to the Caribbean.  American: molasses shipped from the Caribbean to New England, where it was processed into rum, then the rum was traded for slaves in Africa, the slaves were sold in the Caribbean, molasses was shipped to New England and the whole process was repeated. Note. Wikimedia, unknown FOOD8000 A. Rajabalee 45 UNITED STATES 46 47  48 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W0wxJ4KYp64  EARLY HISTORY: THE 13 COLONIES 49 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Thirteencolonies_politics.jpg  THE FOUNDING FATHERS G E O R G E WA S H I N G T O N , J O H N A DA M S , T H O M A S JEFFERSON, JAMES MADISON, ALEXANDER H A M I LT O N , J A M E S M O N RO E A N D B E N J A M I N FRANKLIN https://www.flickr.com/photos/donkeyhotey/23966663103 50 51  HISTORY Founded July 4, 1776-July 4th. Independence Day American Revolution: April 1775- 1783 Declaration of Independence (Thomas Jefferson) drafted June 1776, and delivered to Great Britain November 1776 52 THE CIVIL WAR 53 Note. Gill, T. Civil War. Flickr  54 Note: Wikimedia  War of 1812: against the British trying to cutoff supply lines to the French Civil War 1861-1865 – State rights vs. federal rights, slavery, abolitionism World War I & II KEY DATES 1960 Civil Rights Movement, 1964 segregation IN stopped HISTORY 1961 Cuba and U.S.A. – nuclear conflict climax of the Cold War 1961 Man in space 1963 death of John F. Kennedy Vietnam war 1962 55 THE PECULIAR INSTITUTION 56  SLAVERY 57 Note. National Archives and Records Administration, cataloged under the National Archives Identifier (NAID) 533232. Note. African Slave Ship Diagram Wikimedia  SLAVERY IN BRITISH NORTH AMERICA (CANADA) Slavery was practiced through out North America, As a country that abolished slavery, Upper Canada South America and the Caribbean from the 1500’s (now Ontario) was a destination for those escaping through 1800’s including in British North America slavery (now called Canada) Windsor, Kingston & Niagara were all terminus of More than 4,000 enslaved people of African descent the underground railroad were forcibly brought to lands we now call Canada. Approx. 30-40 thousand former enslaved African As early as 1793 Upper Canada (now Ontario) Americans reached Canada between 1800 – 1860. passed an act to gradually end the practice of slavery. Buxton Ontario is an Underground Railroad The Slave Trade was abolished across the British community deemed the most successful of all Empire in 1807 planned settlements for Black refugees escaping slavery in the United States. Slavery was abolished by 1834 in the British Empire 58 AMERICA AND AFRICAN AMERICAN CULTURE 59 Note. Piqsels FOOD8000 A. Rajabalee 60  IMMIGRATION Proportion of immigrants Number of Immigrants (Million) 1970 1980 1990 2010 35 1.2 25 30 1 20 25 0.8 15 20 0.6 15 10 0.4 10 5 0.2 5 0 0 0 1970 1980 1990 2010 1970 1980 1990 2000 Immigrant Native Born 0 61  Rapid infusion of people from all around the world Exposure to wide diversity of religions MELTING Holiday spectrum is broadening POT Regional distinctions in food specialties are fading “Fusion” food is the norm Gap between urban and rural setting 62  RELIGION CHRISTIANITY IS THE HOLIDAYS-CHRISTMAS, RELIGION WITH THE EASTER, LARGEST THANKSGIVING REPRESENTATION 63 IS THE USA A DEMOCRACY? 64 65  WHAT WAS THE RATIONALE FOR THE RULING? In the court’s opinion, Justice Anthony Kennedy wrote that limiting “independent political spending” from corporations and other groups violates the First Amendment right to free speech. The justices who voted with the majority assumed that independent spending cannot be corrupt and that the spending would be transparent, but both assumptions have proven to be incorrect. Lau, 2019, Para.5 66  REGIONAL CUISINE Northeast: Native Midwest: Britain, Americans, Pilgrims, British Scandinavian, German, Isles Italian Southern: England, Africa, Southwest: Spanish, France, Spain, Caribbean Mexico 67 68  SPECIALTIES Boston brown bread – steamed, flour, molasses, soda, milk, currants Boston cream pie – cake, vanilla pudding, chocolate glaze Apple Pie Boston/Manhattan clam chowder – Tomato based Grits – thick cornmeal porridge Red-eye gravy – drippings from fried ham, coffee Biscuits http://www.cocinandoenmarte.com 69  MORE SPECIALTIES Hush puppies Pralines Cajun cuisine Gumbo Jambalaya Beignets Creole cuisine Tortilla 70  BEVERAGES Coffee Soft drinks (Coca Cola, Pepsi) Alcoholic Beer Bourbon 71  FAST FOOD CHAINS 2016 SALES 1) McDonald’s ($36.4 billion) 11) Panera Bread ($4.9 billion) 2) Starbucks Coffee ($17.9 billion) 12) Sonic Drive-In ($4.5 billion) 3) Subway ($11.3 billion) 13) KFC ($4.5 billion) 4) Taco Bell ($9.4 billion) 14) Applebee’s Neighborhood Grill & Bar ($4.4 billion) 5) Burger King ($9.3 billion) 15) Olive Garden ($3.9 billion) 6) Wendy’s ($9.1 billion) 16) Chipotle Mexican Grill ($3.8 billion) 7) Dunkin’ Donuts ($8.2 billion) 17) Buffalo Wild Wings ($3.7 billion) 8) Chick-fil-A ($7.9 billion) 18) Arby’s ($3.7 billion) 9) Pizza Hut ($5.8 billion) 19) Little Caesars Pizza ($3.7 billion) 10) Domino’s ($5.3 billion) 20) Dairy Queen ($3.6 billion) 72  NEXT WEEK: Quiz 1 – Covers weeks 1-5 (10%) 73