General Biology 1 Final Exam - Summary

**GENERAL BIOLOGY 1** ===================== **FINAL EXAMINATION** *1st Term: 2nd Quarter* +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **TOPIC OVERVIEW** | | ==================...

**GENERAL BIOLOGY 1** ===================== **FINAL EXAMINATION** *1st Term: 2nd Quarter* +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **TOPIC OVERVIEW** | | ================== | +=======================================================================+ | 1. - - | | | | 2. - - - | | | | 3. - | | | | 4. - - - | | | | 5. - - - - - - | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **LESSON 1: ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION -- BASIC CONCEPTS** | | ===================================================== | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ **WHAT IS ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION?** - - - - - - +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **01** | METABOLIC PATHWAYS | | | ------------------ | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ **ANABOLIC PATHWAY** - - - - - **CATABOLIC PATHWAY** - - - - +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **01** | IMPORTANT TERMS | | | --------------- | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ **REDOX REACTION** - - - - - - **ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE (ATP)** - - - **DECARBOXYLATION** - **SUBSTRATE-LEVEL PHOSPHORYLATION** - - +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **LESSON 2: ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION -- STAGES** | | ============================================= | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **02** | GLYCOLYSIS | | | ---------- | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ **ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION GLYCOLYSIS** - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - **PHASES OF GLYCOLYSIS** - - - - - - - - - **PHASE 1: INVESTMENT PHASE** - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - **PHASE 2: CLEAVAGE PHASE** - - - - - - - - - - - - **PHASE 3: ENERGY HARVEST PHASE** - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - **SUMMARY OF GLYCOLYSIS** --------- GLUCOSE --------- [↓]{.math.inline} --------------------- GLUCOSE 6-PHOSPHATE --------------------- [↓]{.math.inline} ---------------------- FRUCTOSE 6-PHOSPHATE ---------------------- [↓]{.math.inline} ---------------------------- FRUCTOSE 1, 6-BISPHOSPHATE ---------------------------- [↓]{.math.inline} ------------ DHAP & G3P ------------ [↓]{.math.inline} ----- G3P ----- [↓]{.math.inline} ----------------------------------- 1, 3-BISPHOSPHOGLYCERATE & 2 NADH ----------------------------------- [↓]{.math.inline} ---------------------------- 3-PHOSPHOGLYCERATE & 2 ATP ---------------------------- [↓]{.math.inline} -------------------- 2-PHOSPHOGLYCERATE -------------------- [↓]{.math.inline} --------------------- PHOSPHOENOLPYRUVATE --------------------- [↓]{.math.inline} -------------------- 2 PYRUVATE & 2 ATP -------------------- +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **USED** | **PRODUCED** | +===================================+===================================+ | - | - - - | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **NET YIELD** | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | - - - | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **02** | FERMENTATION | | | ------------ | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ **CONCEPT OF FERMENTATION** - - - - **ALCOHOL FERMENTATION** - - - - - - - - - - - - - - **LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION** - - - - - - - - - - +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **02** | ELECTRON ACCEPTORS | | | ------------------ | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ **ORGANIC ELECTRON ACCEPTORS** - - - **INORGANIC ELECTRON ACCEPTORS** - - - - - +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **LESSON 3: AEROBIC RESPIRATION -- BASIC CONCEPTS** | | =================================================== | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ **WHAT IS AEROBIC RESPIRATION?** - - - - - - - - - - - +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **03** | DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ANAEROBIC AND | | | AEROBIC RESPIRATION | | | --------------------------------- | | | ------------------- | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ANAEROBIC & | | | AEROBIC** | | +===================================+===================================+ | AEROBIC | ANAEROBIC | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Uses oxygen | Doesn't use oxygen | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 2 Stages: | 3 Stages: | | | | | - - | - - - | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **LESSON 4: AEROBIC RESPIRATION -- STAGES** | | =========================================== | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **04** | GLYCOLYSIS | | | ---------- | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ **AEROBIC RESPIRATION GLYCOLYSIS** - - - +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **04** | KREBS CYCLE | | | ----------- | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ **PRE-CITRIC ACID CYCLE** - 1. 2. 3. **AEROBIC RESPIRATION KREBS CYCLE** - - - - +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **REACTANTS** | **PRODUCTS (per 1 pyruvate)** | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | - - - - | - - - - - | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ **THE 8 STEPS IN THE KREBS CYCLE** - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **04** | OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION | | | ------------------------- | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ **OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION** - - - - - +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 4.1 | ### ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ - - - **THE 4 STEPS IN ETC** - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 4.2 | ### CHEMIOSMOSIS | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ - **STEPS IN CHEMIOSMOSIS** - - - - - - - - - - - - +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **LESSON 5: EVOLUTION** | | ======================= | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ **EVOLUTION** - - +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **05** | HISTORY | | | ------- | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ **ARISTOTLE (384 - 322 BC)** - - **CAROLUS LINNAEUS (1707 - 1778)** - - **GEORGES CUVIER (1769 - 1832)** - - - - **JAMES HUTTON (1726 - 1797)** - **CHARLES LYELL (1797 - 1875)** - - **JEAN-BAPTISTE DE LAMARCK (1744 - 1829)** - - **CHARLES DARWIN (1744 - 1829)** - - - - - - - - **ALFRED RUSSEL WALLACE (823 - 1913)** - - - - - - +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **Ideas from the "The Origin of Species" by Means of Natural | | Selection** | | | | - - | | | | By Charles Darwin, MA | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 5.1 | ### DESCENT WITH MODIFICATION | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ - - - - +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **05** | NATURAL SELECTION | | | ----------------- | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 5.2 | ### ARTIFICIAL SELECTION | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ - - - +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 5.3 | ### NATURAL SELECTION | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ - ----------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Observation \#1 Members of a population often vary in their inherited traits (as seen in the picture, the ladybugs vary in their color) Inference \#1 Individuals whose inherited traits give them a high probability of surviving and reproducing in a given environment tend to leave more offspring than do other individuals  Observation \#2 All species can produce more offspring than their environment can support, and many of these offspring fail to survive and reproduce (a characteristic of all organisms) Inference \#2 The unequal ability of individuals to survive and reproduce (favoring those with better-inherited traits) will lead to the accumulation of favorable traits in the population over generations ----------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ - - - +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **05** | GENETIC DRIFT AND GENE FLOW | | | --------------------------- | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ - - - - **POPULATION** - - **GENETIC DRIFT** - - - - - - - - - - - **GENE FLOW** - - **ADAPTIVE RADIATION** - - **EXTINCTION** - - - +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **05** | EVIDENCE OF EVOLUTION | | | --------------------- | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ **FOSSIL RECORDS** - - +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 5.4 | ### COMPARATIVE ANATOMY | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ **HOMOLOGY** - - - - **CONVERGENT EVOLUTION** - - **BIOGEOGRAPHY** - - **DIRECT OBSERVATIONS** - - - - - - - - - - +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **05** | PHYLOGENETICS | | | ------------- | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ **TAXONOMY** - **LINNAEAN CLASSIFICATION** - **BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE** +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | - - - | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ - **PHYLOGENY** - **PHYLOGENETIC TREE** - - - - - - - +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **05** | EVOLUTION OF HUMAN | | | ------------------ | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ **SHARED CHARACTERISTICS OF PRIMATES** - - - - ***Sahelanthropus tchadensis*** - - ***Ardipithecus ramidus*** - - ***Australopithecus afarensis*** - - - - - - ***Homo habilis*** - - - - - ***Homo erectus*** - - - - ***Homo sapiens*** - - - - - **RECENT DISCOVERIES** - - - - - - - - - - **PREPARED BY:** Aria A. Yavari Johan Phillip C. San Luis