Hp MCQs PDF

**Which of the following CORRECTLY describes axon and signal transduction?** A. Forward axonal transport returns old cellular components from the axon terminal to the cell body. B. Slow axonal transport moves soluble proteins and cytoskeleton proteins in both directions. C. It function...

**Which of the following CORRECTLY describes axon and signal transduction?** A. Forward axonal transport returns old cellular components from the axon terminal to the cell body. B. Slow axonal transport moves soluble proteins and cytoskeleton proteins in both directions. C. It functions to enhance the electrical signals from the integrating centre of the neuron to the target cells at the axon terminal. D. The electrical signals reaching the axon terminal can stimulate the secretion of neurotransmitters. **Which of the following is the CORRECT order of generation of electrical potential once the neuron cells are activated upon stimulation?** 1. Potassium channels close 2. Sodium channel activation occurs 3. A temporary hyperpolarization occurs 4. Sodium channels are inactivated 5. Voltage-regulated potassium channels open and potassium moves out of the cell, initiating repolarization 6. Sodium ions enter the cell and further depolarization occurs E. 2, 6, 5, 1, 4, 1 F. 2, 6, 4, 5, 3, 1 lec 11 slide 8 G. 5, 3, 1, 2, 6, 4 H. 5, 3, 2, 6, 4, 1 **Which of the following CORRECTLY describes action potentials?** I. Second action potentials can be generated during absolute refractory period but not during relative refractory period. J. Suprathreshold and threshold stimuli can produce an action potential. K. A stronger and longer stimulus can increase the amplitude of the action potential as compared to weaker and shorter stimulus after achieving threshold potential. L. Absolute refractory period can have continuous action potentials in response to continuous stimuli. **Which of the following describes the inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) in a postsynaptic neuron upon neurotransmitter binding?** 1. Increases the membrane potential, less likely to fire an action potential. 2. There is the opening of postsynaptic Cl- channel. 3. Results in the depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane. 4. There is the opening of postsynaptic K^+^ channel. M. 1,3 N. 1,4 O. 2,4 lecture 11 slide 24 P. 3,4 **Which of the following describes the function of the gray matter in the central nervous system?** Q. It carries sensory and processed information to and from the central nervous system via the ascending and descending tracts, respectively***[. White matter]*** R. To carry information in tracts from the peripheral nervous system to the CNS***[. White matter]*** S. It speeds up nerve transmission and communicate with different brain lobes. T. It controls eye movement.\--\> (Mid brain) U. It is used for neural integration and synaptic communication. Lecture 11 slide 28 **The brain structure that plays important roles in learning, memory, and spatial awareness is the** V. Thalamus W. Hippocampus lec 11 slide 30 X. Pons Y. Medulla Oblongata Z. Hypothalamus **Which of the following sensory pathways can project to different parts in the brain, including thalamus, before sending their cerebral cortex?** A. Olfactory B. Sound (auditory) C. Equilibrium (balance) D. Taste (gustatory) **Which of the following describes the role of the adrenal medulla in sympathetic activation of the autonomic nervous system?** 1. It consists of modified sympathetic postganglionic cells. 2. It is a source of catecholamines. 3. The epinephrine and norepinephrine enter the bloodstream to reach target site. E. 1, 2 lec: 12 slide 30 F. 1, 3 G. 2, 3 H. 1, 2, 3 **Which of the following describes the origins and/or properties of sympathetic and/or parasympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous system?** I. Sympathetic and parasympathetic differ in terms of point of origin and location of preganglionic neurons. J. The major parasympathetic tract is the vagus nerve, which contains about 50% of all parasympathetic fibers. (About 75%) K. Sympathetic pathways have short preanglionic and long postanglionic neurons, while parasympathetic pathways have long preanglionic and short postanglionic neurons. Lec: 12 slide 28 L. Sympathetic pathways originate from the brainstem and sacral region, while parasympathetic pathways original from the thoracic and lumbar segments of the spinal cord. **Which following neurotransmitters and associated receptors involved in preanglionic and postanglionic neurons in sympathetic and/or parasympathetic autonomic nervous system?** M. Sympathetic: preanglionic (acetylcholine, muscarinic receptor) N. Sympathetic: postanglionic (acetylcholine, adrenergic receptor) O. Parasympathetic: preanglionic (norepinephrine, muscarinic receptor) P. Parasympathetic: postanglionic (acetylcholine, muscarinic receptor) 11. **Which of the following describes the types of muscles in the human body?** Q. Smooth muscles control the body movement while skeletal muscles lining the internal organs. R. Skeletal muscles and cardiac muscles are striated due to the alternating light and dark bands seen under the light microscope. Lec 13 slide 4-5 S. Smooth muscles can contract without conscious direction as compared to skeletal muscles and smooth muscles. T. Skeletal muscles and cardiac muscles contract in response to a signal from a somatic motor neuron. 12. **Which of the following describes myofibrils in the sarcoplasm?** A. Myosin forms the thick filaments, and actin forms the thin filaments. Lec: 13 slide 8-9 B. Titin and nebulin are two regulatory proteins for myosin and actin. C. One myosin molecule has two smaller light chains and one large heavy chain. (4 small light chain and 2 heavy chain) D. Thin filaments consist of two G-actin polymers twist together. (two F-actine) 13. **Which of the following describes the sarcomere?** A. An I band can have (2) three different sarcomere. B. H zone is occupied by both think and (thick filaments). C. M line serves as an attachment site for light filaments. D. A sarcomere has two Z disks with thin filaments found between them.lec 13 slide 11 - 12 14. **Which of the following is the correct sequence for skeletal muscle contraction?** 1. Ca^2+^ signal 2. Events at neuromuscular junction 3. Contraction-relaxation cycle 4. Excitation-contraction coupling 5. Muscle twitch and sliding filament theory A. B. C. D. 15. **Which of the following describes the myosin head movement along actin filaments during contraction?** A. The power stroke begins after Ca^2+^ binds to tropomyosin(troponin). B. ATP binding decreases the actin-binding affinity of myosin. Lec 13 slide 17-18 C. ATP hydrolysis provides energy for the myosin head to rotate and prevent from attaching to the actin. D. Release of inorganic phosphate (Pi) allows myosin head swing to the Z disk (M line). 1. **Which of the following primary functions of respiratory system is the most common? {Slide 4}** A. Regulates blood pH homeostasis B. Provides protection from inhaled pathogens C. Exchanges gases between the atmosphere and the blood D. Provides voice via vocalization 2. **Which of the following is the function of pulmonary surfactant? {Slide 5}** E. It increases the surface tension and lung compliance. F. It prevents the alveoli from collapsing after exhalation. G. It minimizes the amount of fluids present in the alveoli. H. It produces elastic fiber to increase lung elastance. 3. **Which of the following represents the percentage of O~2~ transport in the arterial blood? {SLIDE 7** I. \< 98% in HbO~2~, dissolved O~2~ \> 2% J. 93% in HbO~2~, dissolved O~2~ \> 7% K. \< 93% in HbO~2~, dissolved O~2~ \> 7% L. \> 98% in HbO~2~; dissolved O~2~ \< 2%; 4. **Which of the following two factors can increase the binding affinity of oxygen to hemoglobin? {SLIDE- 15}** M. Higher amount of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG) and high plasma O~2~ N. Lower blood pH and low plasma O~2~ O. Lower temperature and high amount of hemoglobin available P. Higher pressure and high amount of hemoglobin available 5. **Airway resistance is the force that makes it difficult for air to flow through the respiratory system. Which of the following hormones can decrease the airway resistance? {SLIDE 8}** Q. Epinephrine, estrogen, progesterone R. Epinephrine, insulin, oxytocin S. Estrogen, progesterone, testosterone T. Estrogen, progesterone, aromatase 6. **Which of the following is involved in calculating minute breathing? {SLIDE 21}** U. Expiratory reserve volume, breathing frequency V. Inspiratory reserve volume, breathing frequency W. Residual volume, breathing frequency X. Tidal volume, breathing frequency 7. **Which of gas partial pressure in the blood can be monitored by peripheral chemoreceptors (carotid body and aorta)? {Slide 24 and 27}** Y. pO~2~ Z. pCO~2~ A. pH B. pH and pO~2~ C. pH, pO~2~, and pCO~2~ 8. **Which of the following is NOT a part of the innate immune system? {slide 17}** D. Skin (epithelial membrane) that covers the body surfaces. E. Production and activation of lymphocytes F. Glandular secretion of mucus, enzymes, and antibodies G. Low pH in the stomach 9. **Which cells are responsible for increasing or recruiting additional leukocytes in the adaptive immune system? {Slide 30}** H. Plasma cells I. Cytotoxic T cells J. Regulatory T cells K. Helper T cells 10. **Which method in the following that antibodies use to inactivate antigens? {Slide** L. Agglutination, precipitation, neutralization M. Agglutination, precipitation, chemotaxis N. Agglutination, neutralization, chemotaxis O. Agglutination, complement proteins activation, chemotaxis 11. **Which of the following adaptive (acquired) immunities that a fetus receives the maternal antibodies across the placenta? Slide 24** P. Artificially acquired passive immunity Q. Artificially acquired natural immunity R. Naturally acquired passive immunity S. Naturally acquired artificial immunity 12. **Which of the following immunities describe that a human injected with an animal plasma containing self-made antibodies after viral injection? {slide 24}** T. Innate immunity U. Passive immunization V. Active immunization W. Adaptive immunity 13. **Which of the molecules or proteins secreted by natural killer cells and cytotoxic T cells to kill the invaded pathogen by making a membrane pore that allows the granzymes to enter? {Slide 14}** X. Membrane attack complex Y. Histamines Z. Complements A. Perforins 14. **Which of the two hormones that surge to trigger ovulation in the menstrual cycle? {slide 9}** B. Estrogen and progesterone C. Estrogen and luteinizing hormone (LH) D. LH and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) E. Progesterone and FSH 15. **Which of the following CORRECTLY describes the hormones with their function in parturition?** F. Estrogen and progesterone are the signal to begin labor later. G. Oxytocin triggers labor by stimulating uterine contraction. H. Corticotropin-releasing hormone maintains at higher levels during labor. Prolactin is involved labor triggering. 1. Physiology is the study of A. the structure of the body. (anatomy) B. growth and reproduction. (Human development) C. the normal functions of the organ systems. D. the tissues and organs of the body at the microscopic level. (histology) 2. Which sequence lists the levels of organization in the proper order of increasing complexity? E. Cells, chemicals, organs, tissues, organ systems F. Cells, chemicals, tissues, organs, organ systems G. Chemicals, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems H. Chemicals, tissues, organs, cells, organ systems 3. What are the four primary tissue types in the human body? I. Bone, nerves, brain and skin J. Muscle, nervous, epithelial and connective K. Epithelial, nervous, cardiovascular and alimentary L. Skin, epithelial, connective and integumentary 4. Which of the following systems is matched most accurately to the life function it provides? M. respiratory system -- digestion N. nervous system -- excretion O. muscular system - maintaining boundaries P. integumentary system -- movement Q. nervous system - responsiveness 5. The system that controls and coordinates the body through hormones is the \_\_\_\_\_\_. R. digestive system S. nervous system T. endocrine system U. skeletal system 6. The two organs systems that are most responsible for protecting the body against pathogens are V. integumentary and lymphatic W. skeletal and circulatory X. digestive and urinary Y. muscular and endocrine 7. Elimination of metabolic wastes from the body is the function of the B. immune system. C. urinary system. D. nervous system. 8. The extracellular fluid is composed of B. interstitial fluid only. C. plasma and intracellular fluid. D. plasma and interstitial fluid. 9. What type of fluid resides within cells? Z. Plasma A. Systemic B. Intracellular C. Extracellular 10. Which organelle is responsible for ATP production? D. Endoplasmic reticulum E. Golgi apparatus F. Mitochondria G. Nucleus 11. The cellular organelle(s) responsible for packaging and transporting proteins is/are the B. ribosomes C. Golgi complex D. rough endoplasmic reticulum (synthesis) 12. Which organelle is the main site for the synthesis of fatty acids, steroids, and lipids? H. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum I. Golgi apparatus J. Mitochondrion K. Rough endoplasmic reticulum. 13. Homeostasis means that the internal environment of the body is B. constantly changing drastically. C. not changing at all. D. relatively stable in spite of constant changes. 14. What are the three actions that the body's control system must perform in order to maintain homeostasis? L. Control external environment, record information and make adjustments M. Control internal environment, record information and detect adjustments. N. Detect information, integrate internal environment and control changes O. Detect deviations, integrate information and make appropriate adjustments. 15. During homeostasis, increasing or decreasing the activity of effectors is the primary role of the P. sensor. Q. stimulus. R. efferent pathway. S. integrating center. 16. What are the four most common chemical elements in the human body? T. oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen U. water, salt, protein, and fat V. iron, carbon, oxygen, and potassium W. blood, muscle, fat, and bone 17. The direct source of energy for cells is usually B. glucose. C. DNA D. fats 18. Which two compounds are important for energy storage in the body? X. Proteins and phospholipid Y. Glucose and cholesterol Z. Glycogen and fats A. DNA and cellulose 19. Chemical reactions in a living system function to B. transfer energy from one molecule to another. C. use energy stored in a molecule. D. both B and C are correct. 20. An enzyme may become inactive when: B. the pH of body fluids becomes too acidic C. homeostasis is being maintained D. both A and B only **[Topic 2]** 1. Which of the following accurately describes the characteristic of the plasma membrane? A. Permeable B. Selective permeable C. Non-permeable D. Porous 2. Which of the following does not describe the function of protein in the plasma membrane? A. structural support B. DNA synthesis (DNA polymerase found in nucleus) C. receptors for hormones and regulatory molecules D. cellular "markers" or antigens 3. Molecules on the outer surface of cells that serve as receptors or binding sites for hormones or other chemical messengers are primarily A. lipids B. proteins C. cholesterol D. carbohydrates 4. Voltage-gated channels and antiport carriers are both types of B. enzymes. C. transporters. D. receptors. 5. Oxygen molecules are transported across the lung membrane via E. osmosis. F. pinocytosis. G. carrier protein. 6. Which of the following correctly describes the primary active transport across the cell membrane? A. It does not require ATP utilization. B. It is coupled to the hydrolysis of ATP. C. It is how water moves across the membranes. D. It moves substances down their concentration gradients. 7. Which of the following statements about the Na+/K+ pump is FALSE? H. It is present in neurons. I. Its activity requires the expenditure of metabolic (cellular) energy. J. It transports Na+ and K+ in a 1:1 ratio. (3:2 ratio) 8. What are the two types of vesicular transport? A. Active transport and passive transport. B. Endocytosis and exocytosis. C. Protein transport and liquid transport. D. Intercellular and intracellular transport. 9. The significant difference between a paracrine and an autocrine signaling is K. the method of transport. L. the route of transport. M. There are no differences---they are the same. 10. Which of the following allows direct cytoplasmic transfer of electrical and chemical signals between adjacent cells? A. contact-dependent signals B. long-distance communication C. gap junctions D. local communication 11. As opposed to endocrine signaling, paracrine signal molecules diffuse locally throughout an organ communicating among target cells located within that organ. (True/False) 12. Substances that readily dissolve in water and do not readily dissolve in lipids are N. hydrophilic and lipophobic. O. hydrophobic and lipophilic. P. hydrophilic and lipophilic. 13. Receptor molecules are located Q. in the cytosol. R. in the nucleus. S. in all of these places. 14. Signal molecules that are nonpolar can diffuse through the cell membrane to enter target cells. (True/False) 15. Neurotransmitters and neurohormones both T. affect only cells with a specific receptor. U. travel in the blood to their target cell. V. are released by neurons and affect only cells with specific receptors. **[Topic 3]** 1. In a \_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ feedback control system, the output/response inhibits the original input/stimuli to restore the regulated variable at relatively steady set point. Answer: negative feedback 2. The hormone oxytocin is controlled by a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ feedback loop during the childbirth process. 3. Your body thermostat is located in a part of the brain called the hypothalamus. Which of the following elements of a control system does this area in the brain represent? A. Stimulus B. Afferent pathway C. Efferent pathway D. Effector E. Integrating center 4. Which of the following describes homeostasis? F. It is the maintenance of rigid, fixed states in the cellular environment. G. It is dependent on positive feedback mechanisms. H. It is the maintenance of the dynamic steady-state of the internal environment. I. It requires the reproductive system to be fully functional at the individual level. 5. Chemical messengers of the endocrine system are known as \_\_\_\_\_\_. J. stimulus K. synapses L. hormones M. peptides 6. The releasing and inhibiting hormones that are produced by the hypothalamus travel to the anterior pituitary via portal blood circulation. (True/False) 7. Neurosecretory cells secrete oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone to the anterior pituitary gland for storage. (True/False) 8. Hormones are long-range chemical messengers that are specifically secreted into the blood by endocrine glands in response to an appropriate signal. (True/False) 9. Hormones are delivered to target cells by blood but in general, only target cells with specific receptors for a particular hormone will respond. (True/False) 10. Lipophilic hormones bind to intracellular receptors and primarily produce their effects in their target cells by activating the transcription of specific genes. (True/False) 11. Hormones can be classified according to their chemical structure: N. peptides, amino-acids and steroids O. catecholamines, amines and cholesterol P. amino acids, amines and thyroid hormones Q. steroids, amino acids and thyroid hormones 12. What is the precursor molecule for steroid hormones? R. Peptides S. Thyroxin T. Cholesterol U. Amino acids 13. Steroid hormones are synthesized in the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ of the cell. V. rough endoplasmic reticulum W. smooth endoplasmic reticulum X. Golgi apparatus Y. Mitochondria 14. Catecholamines are derived from which type of amino acid? Z. Lysine A. Tryptophan B. [Tyrosine] C. Arginine 15. What hormones do the posterior pituitary gland release into the blood? B. Cortisol and epinephrine. C. Vasopressin and oxytocin. D. Secretin and cholecystokinin. 16. Secretion of the hormones by the anterior pituitary gland is closely regulated by the D. hypothalamus E. posterior pituitary gland F. adrenal cortex G. thymus gland 17. Which of the following *most accurately* describes trophic hormones? H. Stimulate nervous tissue I. Stimulate prostaglandins J. Stimulate other endocrine glands to secrete hormones K. Stimulate the thymus gland to secrete hormones 18. Which of the following *most accurately* describes trophic hormones? L. Stimulate cellular differentiation M. Stimulate cellular respiration N. Stimulate cellular growth O. Stimulate cellular metabolism 19. Most endocrine organs are stimulated into action by other hormones; this type of stimulus is called P. neural stimulus Q. humoral stimulus R. hormonal stimulus S. receptor-mediated stimulus 20. Peptide/protein hormones general mechanism of action involves the following EXCEPT: T. membrane receptors U. enzyme-linked receptors V. G protein-linked receptors W. direct transcription activation The human nervous system is capable of a wide What is the basic unit of N.S range of functions Aw: Neuron How do neurons communicate with one another. Aw: Electrically & Chemically A recived neural impulse travels from dentsita into cell body E down the axon How are K+ ions typically moved out of a neuros when the membrane is at rest\... Am. Concentration gradients move potassium ions out of the cell. Which of the following is Not receptor for Aceylcholine (Ach) Adrenergic )All chemical changes changes in an organistes is reffered to as A Metabolism A group of tisever that wout togethen to form a parte tock is called an Ans: Organ Which system is responible for the secretion of honou An Endocrine Sydem 9\) Which biomolecule is mast abundant & is the major source of energy in our body? Sew. Carbohydrates Endergonic xxn involves the following except: Au Catabolism Endergonic xxn involves :1) Active Transport 2\) Cell movement 1\) Anabolism